For more information about this or any episode of the podcast check out, the website at philosophy is this org? We have additional content further reading transcripts, so every show all pre, of course, But if you value this shows an educational resource and you want to help keep it going, you can find. Not more about how to do that at dot com, philosophize this or natively if you're buying something from Amazon this week anyway, clicking through our banner it's at the bottom center of the landing page of philosophize. This org Small percentage goes back to the show. It may just be a click for you, but every little bit adds up key for wanting to know more today than you did yesterday, and I hope you ll have to show the episode today is kind of a weird why? What I really want to do is talk about why tolerance was so important to Voltaire and the Enlightenment thinkers and hopefully, in that process. Understand a little bit more about ourselves and why we treat people the way that we do want to start by asking questions as usual

what comes to your mind when I say the word tolerance, what comes your mind when you think about how tolerant he walked towards the beliefs of other people and what you who are personally willing to do in the name of ending intolerance in the world around you. What are you willing to do? I keep these questions in mine. I'm about to read you Story- and the only thing I ask you to do when you're listening to this story- is to make a mental note of how you feel about the actions of the woman in question. Remember how you feel in your stomach, because, after I tell you the story, we're going to look at tolerance from multiple different angles, and at the end of the show, I'm going to ask you what you think about this woman again, no any sort of changes that occur in the way that you feel towards the actions of this woman and if, at the end of the shell, theirs

absolutely zero change made then there's two options: you're either a super genius one or my show is absolutely terrible and I think we're both very aware of which one's more likely out of those two. So anyway, I want to tell you a story about a bus driver. Okay, let me take you back in time for a second. The year is two: thousand eight be setting is a little town called Carmel Indiana, and the woman in question is one Betty Campbell she's a bus driver in up. About three p m on the day that this happened pretty material was normal. You know the kids came a, but she drove them to school. They went into class, they went to recess lunch, they had their history exam. Then they got out of school and Betty Campbell, like any other day, wants to drive them home. That's our job right, just as a carpenter is supposed to make things out of wood. Betty Campbell is supposed to. Right. These kids are now she's driving these kids home from school that day

there's a conversation going on about three rows back from her. It's between a girl named Rachel Zimmer and one of her classmates, and what they're talking about is the upcoming election, the presidential campaign of Barack Obama versus John Mccain, what a wonderful time in american history that was right, tons of great cable news to watch tons of divisive issues that could see, the country down the middle and make us hate each other for a while. What more could you ask for an election cycle, so the bus driver overhead, Rachel them are talking about her political beliefs. She says that she would never vote for Barack Obama because of his positions on gay marriage and abortion. She just couldn't do it now. The bus driver

strongly disagrees with this. Ok, and there are many different thing she could have done at this point to try to defuse the situation or even just ignore it. But let's talk about what she decided to do so at this point. After hearing the girl talk about how she doesn't want gaze to be able to get married or women to be able to get a bush and she pulls over the bus, she pulls her little portable soap box out from under neither overstep chair and cheap begins to evangelize to the rest of the bus. She begins to publicly flogged this girl for believing the step that she does it. Point she calls her a quote stupid little bigot at one point. She says that she will actually eat her alive if she says anything racist, it escalated pretty quickly. Now, at this point, she gets off the soapbox. She gets back in her over stuff. Chair continues, her route home. She drops everybody off, including this girl, and at this point you decided the double back, stop at the girls House bring her and her sister back up under the bus and continue to

am based them for another half hour. Forty five minutes about how they are wrong, she's right and they should change their opinion about what they believe mentally the girl breaks down and starts crying in the bus. The woman lets her out. Her parents call the school district and eventually a lawsuits wildly around But I want to add just kind of like an alternate ending to the story. Let's say if at this point, when the girl for its breaking down and cry That's not enough of a concession for the bus driver, what's she wants the girl to change her mind around she's. Not let her get off that bus and say that the girl refuses to change, which he believes but say the bus driver pulls the handle. The lock the doors to dry or creepy school bus behind a bale of hay or a barn or whatever have in Carmel Indiana, and she kills her head at the stake, beheading whatever you feel like now, let's break down the story, a little bit. Okay, what would you have done in that very same situation. How far would you have been willing to go to change that person's mind? If you disagree with them, because this probably said

some point in the story that you agreed with the driver's actions. But she crossed the line see the problem is there's many different layers The story. She seems reasonable up until a certain point and then she keeps Vampa it up. She keeps more and more extreme measures to get her point across as we can go back. Those layers, fewer and fewer people agree with what her reaction was until eventually, at the end, the directors caught ending checks should be heads the person for disagreeing with her I'm pretty sure, not many people, listen to the show. We're gonna agree with that. Let's just break it down. Let's look at the layer, you can identify where you stand and all this so the first thing at the beginning of the story, when the bus drivers is listening to the conversation going on behind her, the girl says something that she doesn't agree with something that's very bigoted and intolerant in her opinion now the

a certain percentage of people listening to this show right now that would react in this very same way. They would hear a belief that somebody holds that is actively causing harm to somebody else, and they would not say anything they usually say. Why should I? What business is it of mine? What they think, I'm not going to take it upon myself to go and put least everybody's thoughts for the rest of my life. No, I don't agree with them at all, but I'm gonna. Let them make the mistakes that they have the right to make. I'm gonna stay out of this one. Now. The second layer of the story is when the lady pulls over. The bus gets out. Her portable soap box stands up and begins publicly flogging the girl for believing what she believes in front of all of her classmates now this may be, A little extreme. The public flogging may have been a very extreme version of this layer, but what I'm talking about us certain percentage of people that would hear someone say a belief that they think could potentially hurt themselves others around them and at that point they feel. Listen. Obligation to change that person's mind, to approach them, and at least try to do something good.

You know. Maybe they won't get through to them in one conversation, but maybe they'll chip away at the veneer. Eventually enough, people have that same mentality. That person will change their mind about it. This person would say well maybe I'll fail, but I have to at least try right. I'm gonna feel terrible going on throughout my day, knowing that this person feels The third layer, the stories when the lady finishes her route, and actually as the double back to the girls house. Invite her and her sister back up under the bus and land based them. For thirty to forty five minutes, trying to the extent of our capabilities to change there, When, when it comes to gay marriage, abortion abortion, the equivalent here, is that there's a a percentage of people there were listening to this, show that women

here someone say a belief, that's destructed to themselves or people around them. They would go to the extent of their capabilities to try to convince them, otherwise they wouldn't let up after one conversation that would keep pressing them relentlessly and eventually, hopefully that would change their mind about it or they would break down into tears. Because that's what happened now, the fourth layer of this story is obviously the director's cut ending. It is where the lady drives a school bus behind the barn and behead her for believing what she believes- and I know, there's not many people listening to this right now. Hopefully, none that would think this is a good tactic to go about dealing with intolerance. To think about it. You don't got to go much further than the five o'clock needs nowadays to find a group of people that are willing to be head or kill other groups of people that don't agree with them simply because they believe that

Eradicating any opposing viewpoint is the proper way of dealing with that sort of thing. Now we all agreed with the bus drivers decision making up until a certain point in the story. The question I have for you is, which point was it for you? When did she crossed the line in this story? The irony here the deeper question its underneath, the storing it's actually a famous question of philosophy is, if you consider yourself to be tolerant person, how intolerant should you, towards the intolerant? Let me think about it. The reason this bus driver did anything the reason she decided to pull over the bus and start publicly flogging. This girl is because she heard the girl proudly supporting intolerant, leaves so a reaction to the intolerance. What to call her names threatened to eat her alive silence her she fought intolerance with intolerance. If tolerance is a virtue that you strike

to emulate. Then what? If any obligation do you have when it comes to combating other people's intolerant beliefs? And one thing I want to make clear right now, just real quick. It's a mistake that a lot of people make when they think about in color, versus tolerance. Is that when you say that you're, a tolerant person or that you strive to be as tolerant as possible, that doesn't mean that you never disagree with anyone Tolerance isn't saying that everyone is right and no one is wrong. Tolerance is accepted the other beliefs exist and not taking. To silence or condemn people that disagree with you there's a big difference between that and merely disagreeing with someone. Okay, now that we're past that look. If you live in a first world country, I would like to congratulate you right now. Okay, you live in one of the most tolerant society. but he said, has ever existed in the history of the world. Just my everyday life out see many people walking around taking to the streets championing the cause of intolerance mean just going

my everyday life. I don't see many people walking around on the street. Holding up signs proud of how intolerant they are towards other people's belief is not how we do it in Modern America, I mean just the fact that the Westboro Baptist Church are. Back jobs that are worthy of putting on the nightly news? Just to show you how rare that kind of behavior really is. Maybe the best way to understand how important tolerance was to the enlightenment. Thinkers is to give a little bit of historical context, so bear with me for a second. In modern times, we all fancy ourselves extremely tolerant people, don't we being too Laurent in today's society is a paradigm is a virtue to strive for this call the people listening to this show right now. You guys have to listen to a bunch of stuff that you disagree with I mean I do episodes on tons of philosophers that are opposite opinions of each other. You guys don't stop listening to the show, just because you don't agree with something. That's said on this show you guys are tolerant when we hear this all the time people saying you know what I'm cool. Alright, I don't care what race

call: Tara, Krieger from do whatever you want. Why does it bother me? I'm going to mind my own business, you do your thing, that's fine! This is widely held. As a very admirable and respectable way of viewing other people in the world, but unfortunately for pressing human history. It hasn't always been this way. All hair was living during a time period. We're being tolerant was seen as the opposite. It was seen as cowardice being ambivalent. About the strongly held religious convictions of all the other people around you was seen as laziness, and there was a long history of this the long dialogue within the church about just how much responsibility the average person had over the eternal fate of their or are friends right, saint, St Saint Thomas Aquinas, few other people. contributed to, but these people systematically made religious intolerance into a virtue, and if there's any party, that's confused about that. If there's any party, that's confused But how they could sell something like that to the masses you know, how could you ever convinced the average person that they need to be

unexacting of their religious views of their friends. It just doesn't make sense. Why would they ever do that? But let me explain whether coming from for a second conceptually, not that crazy, there thinking was but could you ever honestly see yourself passively sitting on the sidelines as your neighbours or friends burned to death in a house fire. Now, if you, them screaming inside their house and you could put up the ladder or do something to rest. Freedom from that house fire? You do anything you could to save them. So if that's true, they argued How could you ever justify sitting on the sidelines and just watching your friends and neighbors get condemned to the eternal house? Fire The house fired in house fires, Hell Satan's Anna, whatever you want to call it now on. That I am no during the time before Voltaire, when people mostly lived under monarch rule as apart, living in one of those societies. You would never just sit around and watch your friend organise against the king or speak out against the king. Now you try to do something about it. If anything, you'd report em but

try to change his mind and get him to fall in line right. So, if that's true, these people argue Why would you just sit around and watch your friend speak out and organise against the king of all kings? Lord got you can see whether coming from here intolerance was a virtue. It was an admirable thing to do it's really, not that crazy. I mean if, in fact, you truly believe that your friend is gonna, be sentenced to billions upon billions of years of torture, horrific torture, just not having a few drops of water sprinkle on his head, when he was a baby, I would you just sit around doing nothing about that. Does not make you a bad person by the way that was a widely held belief back there and it's no different than the sorts of arbitrary rituals that religious leaders say condemn you to hell in today's world. The point of this is to illustrate just how different the world was back during these times of intolerance was a virtue, ok

We see the Westboro Baptist Church in their parading around on the streets with their signs and that's disgusting to us in today's world, but just a few short sink. Ago, what they were doing would have been. As an incredibly selfless virtuous act seriously. Back, then they were sacrificing. All kinds of worldly pleasures in the name of showing their friends and neighbours the heirs of their ways- theirs, Part of me that really respects the Westboro Baptist Church, because, even though I don't agree with their particular viewpoints, You got to admire their conviction. You got to admire how motivated they have to be to get up be hated everybody around them and continue to hammer that message home. The point is these people leave, that their saving others from eternal damnation. It is an admirable thing that their doing so, if you think about it, that we vote hair and the rest of the enlightenment thinkers had a giant task on their hands. I mean imagine if all of Western Europe was populated by members of the Westboro Baptist church. Just imagine that world for a second ok

like first off? If you live in that world, good luck, going down to a craft store and getting poster board anytime soon Poster Board would be like bread in world war. Two, if you invested in Poster Board right before at world became a reality, be rich you'd, be Mitt Romney, but seriously. What sort of magical intervention, would it take to change the way that they viewed intolerance towards other beliefs in power? it's a self sustaining thing! Really! Tolerance is the opposite of that. What we're talking about here is actually a very important and very interesting paradox in velocity and its known as the paradox of tolerance. Lots of commentary on it and it actually reminds me of something that we've talked about on the show before you know, Protagoras in ancient Greece, the sofas right he has the famous beginning to reputations? That man is the measure of all things? You know that there is no good good or bad in the world, but man makes it so there is no absolute good or bad or just or anew

just only one individual societies and people deem to be just or unjust, and the obvious contradiction here is that if everybody is right, regardless of what they say, then what about the guy that says he's right and everybody else is wrong: either he's wrong or protagonists is wrong, No protagonists his position is known as relativism and, although it's not the same as tolerance in what we're talking about today, tolerance runs into a very similar problem when taken to the extreme. There was a famous instant philosopher in philosopher in the century century, we're certainly going to be talking about in time. His name was Karl Popper, and I think It is a really good job at shining, a lantern on the inherent problem that arises. If we simplify things down to you know, taller is good. Intolerance is bad. Is it really that simple call popper says? No, he says quote: unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance. If we extend unlimited tolerance, even to those who are intolerant,

we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, did the tolerant be destroyed and tolerance with the input so think about what, Karl Popper saying here, if all Governments are the world at a meeting one day, not the big tolerance summit, and they decided from this day forward, we're all gonna be tolerant of any set of beliefs, regardless of what they are, then that eventually, as Karl Popper says, destined tolerance to be done Freud, because if the tolerant are always tolerant towards people who are intolerant, then eventually intolerant gain followers and power, and they our intolerant towards the people who are tolerant and Tolerant people are going to sit by and be accepting on the sidelines of all the intolerant people who will continue to gain power and eventually do away with the tolerance sounds like a tongue twister, but it makes sense if you think about it, The important thing to consider here is that, even though you may strive as hard as you can be, a tolerant person in your everyday life is absolute

tolerance really, what you're going for as an individual is tolerance taken to the extreme tolerant about anything, no matter what it is, is really something we should be striving for as a society. I would argue. No. I would argue that every single person listen to this right now actually is a much more intolerant person than they realize. In fact, I would argue that way, you realize it or not. There are hundreds of sets. A beliefs You work towards eliminating every single day when you just clock into your job. Let's talk about this for second okay, there are people out there in the world right now that hold a strong belief that killing people that do something wrong to? You is not a bad thing to do. That murder is okay as a course of retribution. Are you tolerant of that belief that they hold here's another example? There are people out there right now that believe that molesting children, is perfectly ok that that should be well within their rights. Are you tolerant of this belief that they hold

fact: what are our laws other than just a collectively agreed upon set of intolerance is don't we all active weep? into a system that's designed to prevent certain beliefs of certain people from coming to fruition. We do structure of government is a tyranny of the majority right There are so many people out there, including me, and hopefully everybody listening to this- that murderers, child molesters drunk drivers, all these people, should not be able to exercise their beliefs that that's! Okay and we created a society or if they do walk down the street and wantonly kid someone we throw them in a cell for the rest of their life, that is intolerance, plain and simple now. Don't get me wrong. I'm not not saying rapists and and murderer should be able to walk the streets. Let's call it what it is right for every line, that you agree with. You are intolerant of a set of beliefs because of that ok- and the point of this is it's not as cotton dry, is just saying. Tolerance is a good thing in

elements is a bad thing right, but it's ok, you shouldn't want to be too in every single situation and, on that same intolerance can actually be a great thing sometimes and pure tolerance, if you take it to the extreme. That inevitably leads to the downfall of tolerance. Karl Popper pointed out so can't hover around these extremes as individuals, we're all presented with a very difficult choice. It's one that we're going to analyze today. What criteria do you use to determine how tolerant you're going to be towards a set of beliefs, because they're be to be a criteria if there's no criteria, just you just walk around like guys ever known. Somebody like somebody like this mean at least, agent. Somebody that aside, himself, the burden of policing, the beliefs of everybody that disagrees with them about anything. Just imagine how miserable that life would be someone with no filter right. They never pick them I was about anything not just religious beliefs or cultural bullies. I'm talking down to the most basic police like let's say there: a fan of hot pockets,

and they see somebody in the break room eating a lean pocket. You know you really shouldn't deep lean pockets, hot pockets, taste better than lean pockets and hot pockets have more calories per cost and they both cost the same. So that's more calorie to cost ratio efficiency, and you really should do see half a hot pocket instead of a full lean pocket, No, how maddening would that be just walking around everybody that you see that disagrees with you? You tell them what you think they're doing wrong. Nobody listened to this. When advocate going around spinning your entire life just trying to change people's minds about stuff like that, so we need a criteria we criteria. Do we used to determine when we step in and try to enforce laws against opposing viewpoints. Now, there's some! I said in the belief episode about every belief that we hold that's actually very relevant here. Every belief that we hold is a leap of faith, but not all leaps of faith are created. Equal.

I think, one of the main things that we use to distinguish between all these different leaps of faith, that we make is how much they hurt ourselves and the other people around us. Okay, Now most people, when their answering this question of win a particular leap of faith that we make needs to be policed or have laws and acted against it or they need to step in and try to choose. Someone's mind about it. Usually, that comes when it starts to hurt themselves or other people you're right. To swing your fist ends where the other guys knows begins. You know do whatever you want just as long as it doesn't hurt me or anybody else around us now. On that note, most Christians in today's world wouldn't want to outlaw atheism if they could just push a button and atheism would be illegal. Most of them don't think that you should be killed or locked in a prison for just not believing in God, After all, the ages does wrong about. It isn't really only hurting himself in the long run and in that same way, most atheists don't have a problem with me Monitored denominations of Christianity, they see them as completely benign they don't

walk out and evangelize against people. They don't crusade their problem with that leap of faith comes when they start to nail people to a wooden x who disagree with in the long run. Ultimately, if Christian is wrong about what they believe they're only hurting themselves. Why should the atheist worry about that. Pure intolerance is a fascist dictatorship and pure tolerance, As a lawless anarchy. Now what Voltaire is trying to do with the power of the pen during his time is to move away from the old ideas of intolerance being a virtue.

An usher in a world of religious tolerance on a government level, but although Voltar's focusing on the benefits of tolerance when it comes to maintaining order in a government or a state, the message that he's sending here is also extremely interesting to think about when it comes to how we treat each other in our personal lives, especially considering the fact that our government is so connected to the opinion of the masses. Let me think about it. We live in a representative republic, our lawmakers and our laws. For that matter. They collectively agreed upon set of intolerances that we choose are chosen. By tyranny of the majority, we're in a democracy but close to a thought: experiment: real. Alright, let's pretend that ninety nine percent of everybody in the United States thought that game it was not only wrong, but that it should be outlawed theirs. The law against at preventing people from getting married. They would go to the ballot box and they would reflect that opinion in the people that they elect. Those people would pass laws against it and

the one per cent of people that thought there was nothing wrong with gay marriage, but they would feel like the one per cent of people but think there's nothing wrong with murder and our current society. The fact is, the intolerance, that people carry around on a personal level the society that we live, it it's our system of government over the years as people have become more and more comfortable with gay marriage and more people are thinking that it shouldn't be outlawed. The resistance at the ballot box has died down, eventually, this large and of pockets of people that aren't intolerant of it any more and in certain states they pass laws, words aloud, eventually, if the momentum continues in that direction, these sentiments spreads to Georgia, the country and its past at federal level, the only difference between the old world were gay marriage, illegal in the new world where gay marriage is legal, is a shifting of public opinion about what they're going to be intolerant towards and that of public

opinion is really just millions of people. Shifting their own personal intolerance is something interesting to think about. Is that this goes for anything. Enough people believe that murder was okay. If we lived in a world where ninety nine percent of people believe that murder was okay, we could, truly live in a world where people walked around on the street two guys a disagreement about something at the home depot at the price of a shovel, one guy gets beaten to death with a shovel, and nothing happens. Consider the fact that this, both be extremely worrying and extremely empowering. At the same time, the reason it's empowering The only thing stopping you from living in the exact country that you want to live in is a few million people being convinced one where the other about their intolerance is think about that think about how,

possible that is like? Have you ever had a conversation with somebody, my friend, maybe who was intolerant towards a certain group of people, a co worker and after having a few conversations with you, they eventually start coming around shifting their intolerance is Well, isn't this all that Voltaire did on a massive scale with his writing during his lifetime. Think about how powerful that is think about the potential. If everybody had those conversations. That's looked ass, not to say that this is always gonna work. Ok, there are definitely people out there that are a lost cause. Trust me, I know not a lot of people out there that aren't willing to listen to opposing viewpoints, they believe what they believe, because it's what they've always believed he last thing they're going to do is: take an honest look in the mirror, because then, then they have to stop clinging to this matter. Easier over simplified way of looking at the world and that scary to them. Let's go back to the beginning of the EP is ok now that we ve talked about the power of engaging people.

Now that we ve talked about how changing the mind of somebody that holds believes that are hurting people currently, how that could only be one conversation away. Let's consider the initial question again: how intolerant are you willing to be towards intolerance? How far are you willing to go, let's think about the bus driver again. She vehemently believed that the views of this high school girl were bigoted and intolerant towards gay people and women. She truly believed that the prejudices that she held were actively causing people harm. Paradise is a conversation away and knowing that you have that power, given our structure of government, how far are you willing to go to change the mind of someone who holds intolerant since that are hurting others. But the fact is, the bus driver didn't do the director's cut ending to our story. She didn't actually drive the girl behind the barn and behead her for not believing what she believed. She declared a

war of ideas and look I, but I dont condone what the bus driver did at all, but it's a seventeen year old girl. I severely question her judgment when it comes to who she's declaring it against, but it definitely gives you a different perspective. Maybe this bus driver had good intentions. Maybe it wasn't driven out of anger and hostility, and it's really not that much different than what Voltaire supports all throughout his philosophical letters. Voltaire was kind of like a general. In this war of ideas that was going on and lucky for us, Voltaire won the battle of tolerance. So this is the end of the main part of the episode and I'd like to announce the winner of this week's. Dollar Amazon Gift card the winner at Reilly harangue.

Score. Nine on Twitter, because apparently Riley harangues want through aid were already taken before he came on Twitter. He says quote what are some ways you cope with a tough situation and are there any quotes that you live by daily end quote, will first and foremost thank you, rightly for contributing to the show you truly make it possible. Couldn't do this without you all that stuff, like the advice that I give to anybody, that's going through a tough period in their life. regardless of what it is, is that please understand that what you're really going through is a tough mental state or a series of tough mental states, and if you can find a way to control what your mind is focused on, you can really get through anything. Personally, I meditate twice a day thirty minutes, because I think it's magical or anything? I just truly think it's a useful exercise when it comes to cultivating that ability to focus and control your thoughts,

Now I do a lot of visualizations I like to visualize. Myself is exactly the type of person that I want to be loving. Others constantly a lot of compassion, lot of appreciation exercises Look, there's a lot of people out there that believe in the secret. You know that they think that their brain and waves are manifest in the future. Man I dont really agree with that, but I don't agree with it. I don't believe in it look. I just think that, as we think so we become the famous fake Buddha Because you're nervous system, as a really hard time, differentiating between some vivid imagination, that's played over and over again in your head and reality. It starts to think but the imagination is real as a hard time differentiating between those two, this techniques and cognitive behaviour therapy that do similar things in psychology MCA ramble about.

This any longer when it comes down to it. The reason why I do it is because I've experienced a lot of positive results myself, and I think that, with enough practice, you can become the boss of your own emotions when you're, faced with things. It becomes much easier to deal with adversity because you can focus your mind where you want it to be. What's the other thing he asked quotes that I live by daily daily. That's tough. I feel like there's a lot of quotes that affect me in general. A lot of quotes that I build my life around it daily. I feel like it's only one, and it kind of reminds me of a question that I like to ask people. Maybe you can ask people this in your everyday life, try to get to know them better. I like to ask people if you were forced to get a tattoo. You know if a terrorist reason

He AK forty seven to your head and said you are getting a tattoo right now. What's it going to be well, if that happens, ok, here's the way to evade it. Just say that you want a single dot right on your arm. So it looks like a freckle or something like that right, that's the way to get out of that terrorist scheme if you're ever held hostage. I don't know why you would be why talking about this right now, the tattoo that I would get the thing that I say back and people posed. The question back to me is that the only thing that I I feel strongly enough about to tattoo on my body for all of eternity. The only thing that I live by daily as far as quotes are concerned is the famous one by Socrates. The unexamined life is not worth living personally, it's just something, I believe in deeply anyway, congrats to Riley Congrats to everybody else. That's one in the past. Please keep submitting your questions and you have a great chance every week at winning a twenty dollar Amazon gift card. Thank you for listening I'll talk to you next time.