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welcome to start off your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. Nor talk begin right now. This is our target, feel the grass ice in here your personal Ashraf businesses, with my coat jackknife check a baby a white, satin and right jack shock. You know today is it's it's a rare thing. What we gotta do this, because we, I think people will want us to do it. This is its entire episode is a shameless plug for the very latest start talk book, then just coming out at it, and that is the reason why it's a chip- maybe it's maybe not shameless babies.

The point is it's. The title of the book is cosmic queries, and this is a cosmic queries Edition of STAR Talk. The book was inspired by this spin off of the star talk flagship, and so I just want to celebrate that with aura fan base and with you, and so I just I just put them out there tat. I love it so so there's that and its published by National Geographic books, who politeness start talk book less right. The first start taught book was called. Let me hold on from the start. Talk book script is looking at over here where it was called the star talk about us at our talk book, but this one inspired by this, this spin off branch of the star taught universe right and so it so it's questions. Ten chapters in each chapter is a real, delete deep question that we barely have time to address, given the

Nature of what we normally do, Anna cosmic queries. So what for this episode we're gonna? Do we get it focused on chapters three four and five are well that those are. How did the universe get to be this way? How old is the universe, tat cell impolite and her at once? universe beta. Oh, so we will see what we have if we are to reach uptown for our sort of cosmology in How's, Jan Eleven, JANET welcome back, I am star talk and your published on these top. You got your own right, so first there's together check. The black hole,

I hope I just I live for then I live for that. So so you got that that book and a better, more recent one call to survive black holes. Survivors guide, very pocket sized book and everything you need to know the visit and not die in a black hole. Tat, I think, is that like characterized that Braga exile. Clearly, black holes are one of the things in the universe, but could you just tell Jenna how do we get to be this way? what does it mean to have forces and matter in energy, space Universe Y gotta be like you got be likewise Realitas universal. I thought we were calling. I thought we should have a startup book idea for you now you could write a book or self help book for like university. on how to be better like how to a cooler better. How to be a very, very see

this is where the further Multiverse Ass, all the more as well. I did not. I mean I saw what what what is it what's the basic for I can feel has an astrophysicist. I can say we ve got stars galaxies and plan and yeah, but You look at it as a physicist at a much more so to refine level, and I see things I gather according to forces of what was What's been going on to give us, the universe was I understand you mentioned stars galaxies and planets and those among those. Those are things like that actually, sugars allowed one really bad. Although on Gaza, girls lemme get audience eleven hours, jugs laughing, very? Well, you my favorite gas and happy everybody generating problem

really introduce you you'll, professor of astronomy and physics, up at Barnard College. As I said, we go up, the street could react two miles north of the American Museum of Natural history, and you can doing this since childhood. Anything just been great talent, enthusiasm and push you you, you hosted a PBS special. Are you out on black holes? What was the title of the whole apocalypse? You see what I'm saying TAT night you're the on camera host of that nobody, one of my sons, favorite that seriously it I had a little black hole. My hand got zero chemicals easier broke. I go in Basel, so you all this, doesn't you listed stars galaxies planet? or luminous objects, meaning they reflect remit light, and I actually makes up much less of the universe. As you well know, on them used to believe it's actually less than five percent of what's out there, but if you think about everything anyway,

but he has ever seen or ever will see, makes up less than five percent of the universe. The universe in its volume has dark energy. Permeating every part his face, and yet it is. It is really We called invisible because it's not dark. Looking its literally visible. We see right through it and theirs. matter and those Rachel when people think of dark matter. Why is it that just black holes right so they Who is really an area where he had see yeah, because it's not giving your light and matter that you can never see because it will never give you like, There have been distinguished you're. No, no, it's it's a really good point of a black hole is really just a shadow. It just casts a shadow. and you have to eliminate behind it around it to notice the shadow just like a tree doesn't make a shadow in the darkest night. So you need, you need some lights worse to cast a shadow so that a black hole

is just absorbing that lighten cast which have deep I've thought about them. But, as we know, a tree shadow was there because there's light yet surrounding the shadow? The shadow is the absence of the light yeah exact, of the tree is the absence of a tree as absorbing some of the late and and I Casting a shadow falls in the forest. Well then you know, then only the shadow now have their desperate people. Don't appreciate about black holes stepping into the event horizon with a black hole is just like stepping. The shadow of a tree. There is really nothing dramatic about it. You're just you're just going to that region where the light is being absorbed, but the a little because, like confined behind you by having said that dark matter, which is why we were originally talking about, doesn't interact with delight.

There's no shadow cast, there's no darkness. It just passes right through so there's a cloud of dark matter, Zimbabwe between me and my computer. we're not very much in the local universe, but I want I want everyone affected and giving it affects gravity rights so it interacts gravitationally. So there's a lot of it and there's a big halo of it around our galaxies. When we look at our galaxy, we think it is kind of plane despite IRAN is so beautiful, since eleven aided by the stars, but really there does halo around it of dark matter. We look right through the dark matter, and that HALO effects behaviour the galaxy evolution of the galaxy and and Please dominates the mouth of the galaxy, so it's just we're invisible the dark matter to you have to realise it doesn't see us either dark matter Technically it had a happy look right through us too, So this is a sign of my story dark matter. People coexisting with regular medical allegiance walk through. We tried to exactly what I can tell you. I could be in the same body.

dark matter alien and we weren't because good I gravitational field is so tiny, there are no molecules, won't interact at all costs that uses forces. The dark matter doesn't respect yeah, there's a movie about that. It is still a movie waiting to happen and media man, man, ok, so I'd, so we got dark matter, dark energy. Ninety five percent everything and so so is a powerful. Now, where were we know, is a possible we're the anomaly if ninety five percent of everything it so Is the man if my opposite of everything is the thing? Is it possible that we are the norm that, where the thing my word for it depends on how you look at it the confusing thing about turk manner, we know examples of dark matter. We know neutrinos neutrinos exist, they emanate Fraser from a sign from thermonuclear reactions. They don't interact with lighted

all they are technically invisible. We know examples of dark matter, but we know that neutrinos that we know about can't be dark matter in the universe. We just can tell it's not heavy enough evaluate property, so something like neutrino A new treaty is an example of the type of matter of a physical objects that doesnt really interact with us It only weaken only very weakly sudden, so it could be matter if it's matter at all that interacts even less that's with less strength than neutrino. That's right now, shocks question is like really interesting, because it could just be the fact that There is so little of us. I mean there should be none of us because you asked: why does the universe got to be this way and it it doesn't. We don't really know why. There's a little bit access for instance of matter, then anti matter, and so it doesn't

have to be this way. We're trying to figure out why it is this way if, if there was an equal amounts, are matter and anti matter when the universe was created, there'd be none of us because we would just merge when their anti matter and annihilate and there nothing left, but the There are still some water physics that we take as as cannon was broken, yeah violated in the early universe. Yet, and we still don't under matter, always comes in matter antimatter pears and we won that contest right as this excess froth right at so So you just declare that some rule got broken in the early universe. The sound very like that shoe. We don't know, what's going on, but we still have a beer here. We do know that there are slight matter, anti manner, violations and the laws of physics. Why there are these tiny violations? We don't know it there's an exam,

all the universe was created with a lot more matter and a lot more and a lot more anti matter. It all just went away and this little ass. She residue was left of this little excess of matter right, so so that that's what goes into us so. You can imagine how our universe where, in fact the matter if the matter were strictly equal, all the way down and still have a functioning universe, maybe not with stuff in it, but is actually Would it be its own space, its own place, could you have a universe, there has just dark matter. dark energy in an irregular matter, you absolutely could have a there's. Even if you imagine the multiverse, which you made very quick reference to the beginning near like, if you keep kind of making universes like babies they're all slightly different, I may have a certain genetic code. no it's still the underlying laws of physics, but me be certain slight parameters can be seated differently, and so maybe there's a universe that has no access of matter,

granting matter and that really depends on whether or not it's absolutely fundamental to the laws of physics or something that got broken. Like you said enough, refreshes universes left right symmetric. I don't expect it the different on my left on my right ranks that does even really matter I can with the euro, should be the same, but I know that in this room it's not. I know that my microphones on my left and that's different- that's broken it just physically, even though the laws of physics should be the same in my life. Damn right, I love the looks on your basins and anyone who is just listen just like for eyes, What guy when you reservoir you, you had me a baby universes, because my miser started going after all these other universes them. Just like you.

I think here your kid you're ready to do what it can be. A bunch of whores is out there, some of which are are you? Can save less successful on the basis of what we think important, which is the emergence of censure life. You know I'm going to make a licentiate life out of dark matter. Presumably now, There could also be this thing where the dark matter sector hasn't whole reality. It it makes stars and galaxies. We just can't see them. It sees them in. It has his whole other reality and we're just like in parallel completely want to each other dark galaxies, dark stars, dark planet and so from what I've read, and I have a cursory understanding this I like an evening news account of this at different times the early universe to today.

matter, gravity dark matter, dark energy all have different ways or different strengths of their capacity to manifest yeah. Ok, so so whose dominating today said today? We know that the overall energy density of the universe is dominated by dark energy and exactly as you said, that was not true very very far in the past it it's like it's like soup of ingredients. Second, Peter different phases, and the dark energy is changing. The dark energy as a universe expands gets a dark energy is everywhere it think it feels more of it. So the expansion it's a little faster, and then it feels even more of it recently rage it doesn't. It doesn't dilute right like if I, if I took a hot gas- and I accept, candidate, it would dilute and get weaker dark energy that's what happens to the the primordial?

soup of matter in the early universe. It's really powerful its total what I our I with them, during our gravity and not diluting the dark energy. Yes, oh that's right, the expansion is is weird getting further further away from other galaxies. So that's diluting their gravitational effect on us, but but our energies disdain the same location ere the to the dark energy systematically. Eventually it'll win, even if, in the beginning the girl, you know, that's not necessarily going like the stuff dominated and then the universe. Is expanding and got more and more dilute and weaker and weaker, and then dark energy. There was, and I just took over so dark energy feeds off the vacuum of an expanded. I've lived it may mean the energy of the value of the expanding. So the more vacuum you get, the more energy from the vote.

You know, weirdly that reminds me of the weeping angels episode of Doktor who were reaping angels. They feed off of your life energy and You disappear out of your time and you shop in the past because they took your present life energy from you, so the dark energy is is, is taking whatever we possibly had left of our said, cosmic vampire rampart. Do it if it keeps going like this. You know a friend of mine, used to say we have to do astronomy now before us eventually really in the future. There will be no galaxies view any more, though all be too far away for us too silly no cause Malagigi did you know cause mediocre. Margie will just see our galaxy and the rest they'll be empty. Imagine strong me under those circumstances, we'd never know that there is anything outside of our galaxy. That's was until nineteen twenty nine July

in twenty. No out any idea that the fuzzy objects were galaxies. There was just the sources and the stars in the night sky, and that was the universe effect that was the universe, the ice There was no understanding of a big bang or any thing out and it was, In fact, when did who's the guy, who first advanced the big bang, the the money or the priest alone. I'm the main market look, look Lear matter. Imagine Jim Priest right who really but the math behind Einstein's equations, did he by then have hobbles expanding universe so Friedman and the mission in some of these Non Robertson walk under a bunch of cosmology costs that we're thinking about this long before. Actually, help An Einstein thought they were wrong. Sir Einstein publishes his theory, but he doesn't, he doesn't know, there's a big bang. It's not like it's is hitting the face. You got it. You gotta study,

the mechanics of the theory and some people jumped in even more heated. They realized. This is really strange. If you imagine a universe dominated by matter. They didn't know about dark matter, but just stuff. It's actually wants to expand its actually that universe doesn't want to just stay static, sexually really really hard to make it static so days or other from one thing? It is their imagining and expanding universe before they even knew anything about Galaxy. That's right! You just thinking about stars in the night sky and just imagine the universe. Yet there were just imagining like a hot stuff everywhere. You know just press hang it is commonly end so without galaxies, we're no knowledge of and origin of the universe, and we be dumb stupid. Yes, so yet we have to do astronomy now, yeah. Because when they were going back to that same state, yes, but only because it those galaxies won't be observable.

right. I don't think there's only to be, somebody will be like son, believe it or not. There was a time where people looked up in bed and they had they thought that they saw things on my grandpa Chuck TAT. You were a child, believe it or not. Suddenly they used to look up day and see things but no longer needs to know lonely most. The evidence that we had a big bang in our past will eventually just fadeaway social agenda before we take a break and then get your actual cosmic queries with people's questions. What I do sleep at night wondering whether we today live in a time where, in entire chapter of data has been removed. From our awareness, just as it will be in the day when there are no galaxy in

Indeed, I would oppose apocalyptic civilization. They will know nothing of church stories about the day gone by and they will try to figure out the universe with what they ve got. Yes, oh, what? What chapters are we missing today? Thinking we have full access to all the data. Yet we don't panic as I lose sleep because I normally drink vodka before we sit here, we should have all shots were fired. We have you get that we get the cosmic query wrong. So you know Don't worry about whether we're missing something I told you, but I think this is a really interesting questions. People say things like if there no way to observe the multiverse than it's, not a scientific question. I think that's false, for instance, in the far future

people say, there's no way to observe other galaxies, and I dont know why and one person pontificates. Maybe it's because the universe was expanding so rapidly that there now, beyond our view, they'd be right, but its technically contestable for them So I do you think it's a scientific question, even if you can't resolved observational together things like if the universe has extra spatial dimensions and right now there really small and we're really big, maybe that something we can't test right now, but maybe in the far far past it was technically testable, we're sure chuck she same one day. A new dimensions, gonna grow at the side of your body lay made sense. The pandemic has already happens. We're all like from from here check as undeclared work the great when we come back Jana you're here for us, I willingly take questions from our future on members, Wednesday,

hurry, we haven't talked to belts. where space in a little while so I'm so happy to do it because you know the square space is one of our favorite supporters of start talk. Radio is the perfect time to turn your cool idea to a new website. How do you do it, you. Do it with square space? You'll find what you need, whether you're showcasing your work blogging or publishing content, whether you're selling products and services announcing upcoming events. It doesn't make a difference. What you're doing online you need to be doing we're square space buying a domain from squares basis, easy because there are no hidden bees or price hikes and get to know your audience with her analytics tools. Those include inside on page views. Try

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things go better when they go your way and with Windows pc power by until you can make share and do what inspires you and impacts others. What do you want? A laptop or tablet a pen to take notes on screen, something that can handle all your apps and games or the graphics and speed for gaming with windows pc powered by Intel? You have a device that was made for you till you can keep making what inspires you and everyone else, windows and Intel made to inspire learn more at Wendell that calm, slash me to inspire windows, dot com, Slash made to inspire I'm jolt Jericho and I make pottery. You can see my pottery on my website: cosmic mugs, dot, com, cosmic mugs, art that lets you taste the universe every day and I support star talk

unpatriotic, this star talk with kneeled grass, Thyssen Crap cosmic works, calibration of the release of the second start. Talk book called Cosmic wearies inspired by this spin off of our show at one or one of our more popular formats of the star, talk a portfolio and Chuck. I gotcha here for this, of course that's right and we would do being a chapters three four and five, and I gathered titles renew. How did the universe get to be this way? How old is the universe and was the universe Meda then shut. You been collecting questions. Let me just led off agenda. I've heard people say universes design just for us, ok, just so that we can have life, but it seems really inefficient if life as we care about it, human life,

has been around only for a couple hundred thousand years, and universe has been around for fourteen billion such a scene, really inefficient. So so, if you want to say you know everything set up for us, that's a pretty big waste of time and space yeah, especially if we Just cheered, make plastics further while and then we're gonna go ahead. You suddenly the plastic mind you know, there's a classical survivors. It's like a George Carlin Scare he's like the planet just wanted us to make plastic for it and then begone great rivers. No, no that dissolves plastic rape and yeah right, not yet Chuck Gimme. Some questions do here we go let's Adrian everybody's from patriotic, and this is rich. The money received money says: first, we Jana nailed shop. Thanks for taking a question, so we know about

The alleged see at CERN, which has made huge discoveries in particle physics. But do you have any knowledge of a larger project that it is consideration that will further our knowledge of the quantum world. Uganda, is there another particle that people think is out there, and now we need some bigger than the large hadron collider defined it well dark matter, so so the our children, gliders, then very success was very exciting, discovered the Higgs Protocol, which explains, Why anything has mouse had already Hicks particle Harry? Was kids, I have a little different, that exactly Its practical explains why you eat Possum. Actually insensitive. Yes, it just be fired on coal. Is this lot? I believe our own wives level.

You'd have passed well, so you know it's called the God particle in leg sort of colloquially. By its it was originally called the goddamn particle by Liam Letterman. They know The prize. When are you wanted to write a call, his book, the goddamn particles? They had found it yet, and is publisher, made him change to the God particle, which he said ended up alienating two groups, those that believe in God in those that didn't Consider as then restart since stack yet so, but the other she couldn't take, dark matter and that would have been really like that would have just Ben what everybody had mostly hope for, and it hasn't so could we go higher energy and higher energy. If you think of the energy of the large John collider, it's from a very early euro in the universe is history need expect to be able to make the kind of everything the earlier back. You go the more you can make more.

Kinds of part of all. May I never thought of that. Will you tell me the alleged she is a kitchen here it's a cosmic kitchen, and so, if you, whatever energy you hit, you just look on your cosmic scale, is a I gotcha back to her I seconds and the big Bang exacted a higher energy. I got your back to one and a half seconds. Yes, so we're what We have much more energy gonna need to get to the formation dark matter in the early universe alike. ten million times higher That's all in writing. We gotTa Ryan so dont really Orange wanted to gigawatts Winnie, like without here is what we want good work and we're going back in time to do so. Yeah recipe book that Niels, looking at the tells you if I cook at this temperature, meant to have its number particles. That's just based on as much as we

your stand in as much as we understand between all the energy of the large hadron collider and the very very you not the earliest. Second of the big microbe tiny little fraction of a second. The big bang is like ten million. And higher and energy, but it doesnt mean were right, there could be like a bunch of stuff that starts to appear, but we had no idea about, and others like are not just like dark matter might appear on there. You know and other stuff my story may be dark matter is an alone. Maybe there's like a whole dark sector, a whole dark reality and we start to discover tons of dark matter particles and forces dark forces. So gentle mothers, you're, saying a more powerful collider could just open up a whole new door. So, what's going on in the in the universe yanking with particle dear now,

we do know that we cannot? Who will never had certain scales ass usual technology, like you, would have to have all the resources in the solar system and a particle collider, the sizes, solar system, so that what we do astronomy is one which anyone gigawatts power. I think that's the benefit of astronomy is that stuff happens at higher energy scales than human beings can engineer. and so we know we have hired you particles hitting our atmosphere from supernova explosions or solar systems that are at home. Our energies on the hadron, so the universe is a better hadron collider than our large had round was right. It just requires you know it's harder. He can't manipulate it. You can rang worth. You just have to wait. Until the autumn aches lines, you right, therefore invite you and ass is ok? I guess you exist. It is basically like being an after, don't call us

we'll call you back. He's gonna, wait bridge a roller art, so I too, if at all, that's good, I'm I'd like that and so but I emphasise the point you made before we go to the next question. What you're saying is in our life experience, if something last three minutes or five seconds or one? Second, that's not very much time and who cares about? the difference, but in the early universe there things that lasted a triumph of a second and then add a quadrillion of a second, and we want it just less than a second but he should those are huge differences in the end critics of the early universe is that a fair way to think of ass, a lily. I mean there's stuff, they can be created in a first no children, the mature individually seconds that very quickly hey away into other stuff and will never be made again because energy scale required to create a single particle with that, As you know, the mouse itself as objective, not a lot compared to you know,

coffee cup, it's a lot for one particle and it will never be made again, probably in the history of the universe. flattered that was born in the first trillions of a trillions of a second and dies, a truly of a second later yeah. I live for trillion of its own lifetimes. I was a fool love right that was in life expectancy that occurred. So we do think like you could make in fact it's possible that one of the heaviest single particles ever could be made. Is microscopic black hole and that it was made not like dead stars not by collapsing matter, but it was made as like up quantum particle in the very early universe and that it was the weight of like a little pile of flour. But it was incredibly smaller than a nucleus

so it very early on them to be a black hole, like I think, it's very spatially, tiny, but heavy for its incredibly small spatial size. I lost my keys into a microscopic black hole. If you don't Reach interpol amount with that idea, the church on I'll get you another piercy, those hurricane that chapter three and black holes survival. We built this reminder of general. I forgot which book forgive me, but the novel. Kurt Vonnegut, one of his novels. He says this is the last sentence ever spoken by humankind. It was one scientists speaking to the others, it let's try it the other way behind

So, let's see if we can make up many black hole. Last word ever spoken by some discussion, serious discussion about whether not the large hadron collider could make one of these. And so many black on many black hole, and we usually think no, you really could it into your at the much much much higher energy, but it does turn but tat. The universe does have extra spatial dimensions and there of a certain size you could actually manipulated. Strength of gravity, if you think about it, gravity dilutes when you have- more dimensions like more volume. It gets more day little if these dimensions you start to notice, it brings the scale of taking black holes down in energy because gravity getting it it's getting into your range because of these extra dimensions,

It's what you say is: if you have extra dimensions, then the gravity has more space to dilute into yeah. But that means that your thresholds of gravity bad stuff is power is lower, so you might make a black hole at the large hadron collider. If that's the case, and so there were injunctions taken out by people to try to stop the large hadron collider from turning on, because it was the things I believe, all of you to make a black hole, is gonna. Like digestion is gonna consume the earthen, they kill us all here, but the argument which might not be very soothing because it is the radical- is that they would evaporate you quickly. They would just go off like firecrackers short you're saying you would possibly make them and they would consume the earth step that hawking radiation protects us, that's right and we lose.

Cycles are not as dangerous as people portray, there's a black hole in the centre of our galaxy. We orbit that well call. It dominates the entire behaviour, the galaxy and doesnt. It's not a vacuum cleaner right. You Chauncey says the person who wrote the book. Arrival, have got it right, No, no one writes a book Do you always registering air base? No embraced the book, the puppy survival guy you're survival. Guys will stop this. yeah that's what it is the kid survival? Guy, none of black hole, Beethoven, hers, Para yeah! Alright, we gotta take a quick break when we come back more cosmic queries, Wednesday,

Are you also concur? You family? Do you often take Europe, others and not yourself? Well, now is the time to take care of yourself because you deserve it tell adopt, gives you access to license therapists to her, You get back to feeling your best to feeling like yourself again sometime, we don't know how much we need to talk to somebody. Take it from me personally,

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We are celebrating the release of the second STAR Talk Book, cosmic queries. Inspired by this format for the way we can have different guess for the different kinds of chapters that are in the book and right now we ve got some very deep questions about, was the universe made of, and how did the universe? to be this way, Jan Eleven always good to have you always met a friend in a show and by the way that that place behind you looked like a bunker but also got like a shop I can never be found. Where are you right now? I also director sciences at a cultural centre in Brooklyn called pioneer works, which is largely originated in the arts. And open doings

The incidents here and bringing science into the community is very much an old Brooklyn cool at the amount observers have faces the what I love about this place, it's free and it's open at all and it's a donation only model on which we really bring. Like amazing people hear talk about size, talk about art to have exhibitions, and it's really important to us that the door. Where's, our open for everybody and the intersection between science and art is much greater than anyone ever thinks about or imagines and you're there in the middle of that. So get up the good work by such our gimme some questions for our cosmology in the house. Genuine go Toby. Saddam Burke says: hey Doktor Thyssen and Doktor Levin, sometimes physicists say that the existence of a particle such as the Axion is predicted by a theory or completes a theory. What do they mean by this? Oh good quest

Well, that's ok to let you know what the best example of that is is the Higgs which we already mentioned. So we looked at the standard model of all the matter in the universe- and there was just like one thing is sure, because there was there, we couldn't make sense of why particles had masses. Essentially unless the Higgs was proposed, So that is what the Higgs does its. Basically again, a programme was a person here here. and here is a personality. The theory and the idea of the Higgs particle was that that there is a sphere the permeated all of space kind of like what we think about dark energy, so some people wondered at dark. Energy itself was like the hay ex permeating all of space, but the numbers didn't quite work out, but it could be something like that. Dark energy could be something like this feel that permeates always. and as we move through his field because of our interactions with the Higgs, it creates

the kind of inertia we get sticky. We get gloomy we'd like viscous, moving through an that's. What gives us mass Masses means I'm harder to push around than a thin ball, but I'm less hard pushed around a car there's inertia and this difficulty pushing around. has to do with our interaction through the field was the idea so saw the Higgs particle was filling a gap that are different from discovering a particle that nobody ordered. That's chair so, like Robbie, said the great cloud, the physicists Robinson who ordered that when he began to discover him or her particles, so the Higgs was predicted to fill a gap which is exactly what the question was about and LO behold, there was little make oil very prouder yourselves right, because it means tat. You do You understand not only the physics that we ve discovered, but the physics a waiting to be discovered and as that that gives you a pretty good confidence, Bass,

Although I have to say, everyone really hoped that something like a large drunk lighter with this. We discover something we had never predict but he will not understand what it is. We don't want to wrap it all up and above all, be done. We want more him, so it would have been increased. we exciting if they had discovered something that nobody had ordered I would even alive Wordsworth Deepden ignorance, we, yes, We look forward to question the question of hunger. In fact, Robbie who you're quoting his mother, used to say to him. Did you ask a good question today? Like the not did you learn something. Basically, you guys are just never satisfied. it's a where job like their hoary questions. You answer you get yourself out of work. What job security our undergoes arise, keep it going. Let's do a leading up to a lightning round, so let's do a little faster and they will pick up the pace and see how far we can get

well there's a perfect said way into John Swell Box question because John says this high Jana, please tell me what is string theory and two sentences? He wants you to do so There you go he's right on time. Go for a string. Theory is actually so compelling because it can be summarised in two sentences when we look at the microscopic universe We used to think we saw what a fundamental particles it's possible that if we zoom on this fundamental particles, all of which are different? There's a lot of works and electrons, I've, always you men. We realise that their each tiny loops of string the sink understanding and they're playing different harmonics on the string to express as a different particle, So an election is simply ringing at a different note. Then a cork, but they are fundamentally the same. That was more than she sentences, but it was fast

That was good, but no less than those good. So you say everything in a universe could be made up of strings. That's ain't even light photons, even the Higgs. We think about your matter all around me the same fundamental string, playing different notes. whilst strictly play notes that we can detect such as dark matter, dark energy, that's right and that we can see right. We agree, I think of particles is just their identity in terms of whether they interact in certain ways and so all of those features. It's like a shortlist of numbers They are harmonics illustrate, so the universe is nothing more than one big version of name that too. as you know, on wherein wherein there were, whereas documents wont. Let me bring you back and we know that I can give you an oligarchy jam itself by the short answer. Ever if somebody, ass is able to observe us, but we can observe them. Could you imagine they, like God, what a shitty song,

So this is what he, what he says is a quantum vacuum possible in intergalactic sprays. Or anywhere else, and would an area of absolute nothing be a hole in space time. So if you can actually get to nothing, did you plant the whole in space time. Well, there's a lot of stuff going on there. A bit of yes aspect is the most important to some extent. You can never have a quantum completely vacuum. Nothing. You can't have a complete quantum vacuum. and that's because of the husband uncertainty principle says you know I can ever really precisely state that a particles there are not there. It means, I can't say nothing exists, side, the same uncertainty

she's uncertainty blowing far longer. Now we now have your short journeys. Have you forgotten? Pardner does exactly I don't dinosaur numerical plank last night. Let me tell Yes, sir, you know to say: there's nothing means you have zero uncertainty, that there is nothing we cannot have that of the quantum level it doesn't exist, It is no its not just that there is a problem with the human knowledge. There is no meaning to saying it's exactly precisely empty Nothing can exist, is basically what you're saying there can't be. There can be nothing No, no, no, no! No! No! It's not that there can be nothing now who cannot be sure that there is nothing well, there's nothing isn't quite as empty as you might imagine, exact the most number thing up and you might be too. This is when people talk about the dark. Energy has been the energy in a vacuum.

Nothing you might be able to get as a kind of frothy quantum things a cloud of possibility. and that has an energy associated with it, and you can calculate the energy associated with them and so far we keep getting the number wrong. If I look at mechanics, as I understand it, my calculate the energy vacuum I either zero or get something absolutely enormous, but I dont get its dark energy so you could say, dark energy is not mysterious wits. Mysterious is why it so well, why it's in either not zero or huge? that's what the real mystery is. How do we? How do we make the energy the vacuum tuned just to wear we observe and, and nobody knows how to do that crowd. I cry followed suit, so what you you are taking as a given that everything you're describing

is happening in the space time that we have come to know and love, but back to the persons question. If you did find a place where the quantum was don't apply. Have you torn? I have you opened up a rip, the very fabric of space time we're possibly other rules of quantum behavior apply well or no reason all here. I would say that that should do such VI. airlines as to have a hole in space time, so you have to think of space. Time is being formed. Responding flexibly to matter in energy, and so you can't make a whole without having the tremendous other phenomenon going on it just it. We know what this is fishermen be would be nice smooth empty space time, so you make up by doing something like a black hole like doing some, some real intends violence,

with energy and matter to create that hot. So I would say I would say maybe closer answer to our listeners question is that It might be quite the other way around the quantum mechanics create space time and that is a new idea- that's been kind of people been flirting with, maybe for decades, but that it's not that you have these two separate things gravity space time, Quantum, it's that Things like a black hole emerge from the quantum phenomena. And not the other way around see you dont. Even I have space time. Unless you have quantum mechanics I get so you can't even pose the question. What happens if there is no exact you kept separate? The existence of space

time from the quantum phenomena operate within an exemplary rated at first, but let us do so only to think of it like embroidery so embroidery like what's a year, yours, you're, embroidering scenting, each thread is like a quantum phenomena and far away. It might look like a black hole. on closer inspection. You realize it's a bunch of ensure tangled quantum rose miraculous while it's cool, that's a really cool cards. All right. It's ok are those. I work out a to go to a party when a bunch of theoretical physics and do whatever drugs they are doomed to sign of France. Like me, around was still ok here. We go. My name is pronounced rhetoric. If lovers with everything expands. Does that mean that quirks grow to, or is it just the space between the question

requested lying around out. Here I am in Brooklyn. Broken is not expanding famous reference to anyhow so locally. I am bound to the earth, I'm not expanding with expansion. The universe goes locally. The earth is more important to me. Also. My items are bound together by different forces and there are stronger than the expansion of the universe. Presently I'm not being torn apart, if that's meaning and in the future, remains to be understood it might be that the expansion gets faster and faster and eventually, indeed, Brooklyn begins to expand. and and that's just something they don't know about the fate of the universe and affect the final chapter of the cosmic queries book takes you their links at em, but the great rip, the runaway. Where not only does everything get ripped apart from anything else, the very structure of particle matter itself break.

Support the canyon hold itself together. Thus, scared me I'll sleep that doesn't scare me. I've been in that position. Many like webs is gamble myself together wholly socially just gave up myself together, chuck we actually the time, but I wanted you one more question in here. Alright, agenda. Hey Neil! I love you both big fan for a long time and thank you both for instilling me with a cosmic perspective. In our universe. We observe virtual particles that pop in and out of existence could this phenomenon compared to that of a treaty object passing through a to G fly land love that its very interesting though it is possible. So I said strengthened my only had two sentences which I already over use, but it is possible that the oranges drinks, but there are membranes higher dimensional surfaces. And so imagine yes, we start with particles points, and then we went to streaks one dimensional. Maybe there's like a membrane, a two dimensional object. Maybe there's higher dimensional objects as high as you can fit, and the higher dimensional space time

So one of the ideas is imagine we live, I'm like a three dimensional membrane and when we see a point particle, it's really the end point of a string stuck to wear a membrane, she's going to question asked, but in what it is? It is ineffectual dimension, so that I see a point particle moving around my space time, because I can't see but it's really connected by a string to somewhere else and also imagine how that allows for what would appear as an illusion be faster than light travel eyes. I could have this thing is actually connected and its doing something you know, sir, get up, but that's cousins, monumentally connected, and I dont real, that's amazing. So it's like to have in the point of a pencil down on the paper. Restrained applied is what I'm saying on the paper Then there's a whole answer yet connected to appoint yeah expressly freaky frithiof

stop memory for right, ass, the men we calculate the energy of the vacuum and try to find the dark energy. We have to calculate all of these kinds of objects. It might be in the universe and what their contributing in their quantum energy to back him. Well, we got a close over about I'm not for three days thanks for shown us you're digs minor works and Chuck Chuck. You view tweeted Chuck NICE Comic, yes, I've lifeline to their. Thank you, Sir, for saying I just love. Jana has pioneer works, Like the other. We see your pioneer works. Your yours, you're Swan Song accomplishment society. We used to write to her.

all right. We just would encourage you to check out cosmic worries. The second starts a book National Geographic Press, I'm near the grass station, your personal astrophysicist and, of course, yeah.