Skip. The commercials support star talk on patriarch to listen to every episode, commercial, free welcome to start off your place in the universe where science and pop culture color dartle, begin right now we're on fire work and work and welcome? Try. We fabulous show that we talking about space, so our first gas tonight is merits a full disclosure way. Ok, that would take a long time. Some disclosure. A friend of mine is a former director of the Aims research centre in the Bay area. He was the first more program director, he d-

of the airbag assisted landing for rovers on Mars, he's on the board of the Basic Swell foundation. You'll hear about that. He's, a new space magazine and, most importantly to me, said the boy planetary society that german Doktor Scott Hover Guy way there's more like so many of you. Our next guess got her phd. Astrophysics, now the head of the wishes of fabulous NASA acronym she's, advancing space science and human exploration into the soul. System, ladies and gentlemen, doktor of on penalties, we have one more comment. Guess it is my great pleasure to introduce replaced

my father on Bobsborough grisly let's get this Are there any questions or what we ve covered so for there will be a quiz. Let me ask you this doctor promptly. What is this? This acronym stands for it. The solar system exploration, research, virtual institute. And what that means more than I did not take the acronym. But what this means is we have researchers across the country about three hundred of them, but they communicate primarily. You know

computers and using technology or gas and Greece using standard something a little different. We save a lot of money that way and we get a lot of crossteam collaboration, so you get groups. People who would never really even go to the same meetings talking to each other and getting new ideas and new science skeptical, not vice versa. I have two things to send me. A lot of them I am sceptical thank you do reminds me a little bit in the future the offices will have no paper,

there. You see you three people, these are all in the. U S these any. You asked me also have eight international partners, and what is what is our goal? Scurvy said the girl is, instead of having a bricks and Mortar Institute that you had to build. You bring people together and there the best teams that you could make, regardless of where they are geographically located, what they might have a lab facility that another group wants to use or something like that would have. We do how long we ve been in business well. Serve II has only been up and running for about a year, but

had its predecessor institute, which was only focused on the moon, that all University of Phoenix I like now focused on the moon, it wasn't just tell it wasn't: just tells gets it was. The same thing was a virtual institute called the NASA Lunar Science Institute, and that was around four for four years before serving came online and before that there was something that's got, Hubbard started, which is the NASA Astro Biology Institute, and it still going maybe sixteen years old, semi Niger, yeah teenagers, doing science learn astrophysicist right. So there were you workin on the moon, not exactly many people here are not atrophies

You guys don't move right generally writ large. Usually we try to go observing when the moon is out of the way. The connection is that I'm really interested in the origin of the basic building blocks of life, the things that make up all of you sitting in the audience and s sitting up here and where did those come from? They came from the stars and how did they evolve and how did they get transported to a place like the earth? So I studied com and stuff that comments bring a long time before I realised that we ve got the moon right next door, where those comments have been dumping that stuff for four and a half billion years. What young players Don't worry. Wherever they want. Ok so I gotta say from my own experience. I was very sceptical. Do there was water on the moon because

leave any, I Why wouldn't it all evaporate into the icy blackness of space, but there you're or your observation, or they have found its proven. Yes, then there's water on the moon in many different forms. At least three different sources is one of the four water has around eyes actually not liquid. Now we can. In the bottom of the creators, where you know you kind of expected by spider. Is there are the makings of water? Oh h, radicals oxter, hydrogen all over the surface of the moon, and that is getting interacted by with the sun. The solar particles from the sun come and they bring more hydrogen, and then you get water. So that's another way, and then

The third part, but wait, there's wait. There's Mackay now was one of those to enumerate those two personal age to all molecules the ice. In the crater ill used a good meal with an age. That's the one on the surface to mortgage to the third one. It turns out that the moon wasn't this dry body. In the sky that we thought it was oh, no, no and end because the moon and earth shared history. What we found when we found water in the rocks on the moon when Apollos astronauts picked up these rocks samples and later we were able to find out. There was quite a bit of water in those rocks. We learned that those rocks came up from deep inside the moon and its because the earth was probably wet at the time. When that big, more size optic hit the earth and created the moon. Do some about water went to me, so I work or nobody

But I've here I've touched the moon Rock, let's not wet so loud, What do you say there is a lot of water in a moon runs out. Are we talking about? You know we get excited about a little tiny bit of water. We think is a lot because we thought it was really dry. So, instead of one partner billion there, six part a billion or something like that, and that would be enough horses to live there. One yeah, what so we are all about or my standing. Is your work, your training of humans, to the moon right? What's out that we serve you're trying to get humans to man, but should humans want to go back to the moon or near earth asteroids or the moons of Mars? Those are all the things we study. We could help. Tell you what

You need to know before you go that's great and what kind of stuff mother instance space is a pretty harsh environment, and so you. It is hard to imagine your buyer orders, so we're gonna go what hypothetically we're gonna go to them. You're gonna give me a shopping list of stuff to take what we would do ass. I tell you what to wear We want to touch on line the flash or you re us, weekly or at best, and then the whole there's a whole out? Did you gotta better, how metal on the outside of it, so that you got. That asked where you touch something you know you don't gives out. Was it's like? Well, the thing is there it's kind complicated through these plasmas in space.

And when the plasma feel what what is more, I just say it lies within space like we all knew there was just think of. It is highly energetic particles that are going in zipping around you and, and so there are places, for instance, on the moon, their places where the though solar wind comes across the moon surface and it can reduce the plasma field and when the plasma field is reduced than any Rover. That's you know its wheels are turning along the surface of the moon. It would need to have some something to protect it, so that you're grounded once that we're good Yan sorted out your horse natives on em again, and it turns out the same thing:

be true for astronauts going up to an asteroid, they might need to have some sort of protection round their suit, so we're finding out stuff like that. So I got one number in my notes on the moon: six hundred million tonnes of water. There are lots of members like that that one, you know I've always wholesale. If you like, there's an infinite number ok, peer reviewed, published numbers and it, but the thing is its ongoing research and I wouldn't stick with just one number right now, because another study could come out soon. That might say something different. I don't know. The point is there's a lot more than we thought right would be there, and why do you care you care because waters a resource and yet something we all need, not just humans to live? But you know if you want to make fuel to go somewhere else so nice to Mars. This were from this comes.

Finance? That is a cool name for one of our teams. It's that we have so far done overboard. You're you're on the neck, for example, will be not the group Oh yeah, giving the knack had one hit. My surround yeah yeah scientists I you're in the band, but now I'm on the NASA Advisory Council. So it's yours at play. Music just two one also another band doctor, Guard around your neck, doesnt start with a k, just noticed at the neck is an acronym within an accurate and embedded worst, and so my attack finesse, as I understand it, field investigations to enable sources some sites and exploration. Finesse is

programme within Europe in Virtual institute right. We have nineteenth and that's one of them in it- that one is run out of NASA aims. Research centre is opened up. Is lacking them to finance system actually inside NASA inside aims, inside serving inside survey? We learn russian dolls letters no one can but funding of wages, and how would you even know where to figure it out? like acronyms? What

finance done what is it doing? Naples, human you're trying to enable human exploration for me on we're trying to address science questions that human exploration needs to know the answers to it, and so what finances doing is looking at analogue sites on the earth that would be comparable to you know where you might be exploring on an asteroid or on the moon and

exemplary grotto. For example, oh well, in Idaho tears creators of the moon played out sustained work or a national point yet and they go there and then they do remote sensing with their robots and things they had their scientist in what they call the back room so that, if you were on the moon- and you were doing this robotics me- you wouldn't be able to just run out, turn a switch. So they make themselves do all that kind of stuff here and they try to figure out. You know what would you really have to do if you were on the surface of the moon, and this happened that happen or what would you have to do if you're going up to in a big bolder on an asteroid and so dupe also mess around with those delays? They do they build that in as well right as they do that time time delay so that you know when you send a message to the moon comes back, takes like three seconds, and it turns out that there's,

natural Builtin computer, the way that is almost sat long going like across the world so that we gotta for both the spear was still an issue even at the institute. We can't I thought so what in the solar wind that we're all. We always talk about the solar, electrons and proteins and hydrogen, and so when the hydrogen this approach exactly so I mean so. We use those terms interchangeably, but with you- and I can t say, hydrogen right, but Johnson protons are with me. So.

Is there some scheme that you guys work work on their financing to scrape up a wages and age or five m into each? Do you know that particular team isn't working on that particular problem, but that is the kind of thing that new teams that come into service in the future might actually decide to address. So what we do is we. We provide funding for five years for the current teams, but in another year we're gonna have another competition and Newt. You're, gonna, come and enjoying the old ones so that you always have this memory corporate memory going on. So when you say funding would hear what am I to after hours doing so, NASA provides the funding for serving for these teams and its both the Science mission Directorate and the human exploration part of NASA, and so they, gather give the funds to to us at the central offer, how much more than a hundred or about

If ten million a year, fifty ok and then the teams only get out there. Nineteen, so they get some smaller part. Alright fish would alone when they get most of it, because you know where virtual institute. So we don't need a lot to run the central office, and so we find them, and then they have to report back to us what they're doing an unjust amazed at how productive these teams have been unless a year there. Many hundreds of peer review publications and have already come out of this team serving is what I've gotta. So It's a lot of danger. Hey I've got no secret for you, I'm gonna, consider singing all of the ads on this show

there's just one way to get out a hearing. They're good Patriarch arms last started tall and supporters at the five dollar level or higher to listen. The star talk ad free. You can download all current episodes into your favorite parkers player and never hear another commercial on star talk ever again. You will definitely not have to hear me seeing if you're supporters Patria Dark coms. Last our talk, radio, I mean I'm just thing and I mean I'm just saying. We are talking about past it if the earth, with an asteroid of even a small like the size of this,

for those of you on the radio. It's not that big! it would be very troubling. Is that accurate? I would say so. Yes, if an asteroid right side right here right here would be obliterated and would be at home, we would be, but how? But shortly We only lets first ten rose now the descent air built this entire section of San Francisco, even the mountains, Thirdly, the meaning for what ten miles five miles a hundred miles. Well, it depends on how big the

if we had something that was about, let's say fifty feet with you, my that, ok, if they feel ass, seventeen meters, that's the size of the thing that blew up over Chelyabinsk in Russia two years ago and it damaged about a thousand homes if it blew up at sixty five feed like an air burst coming down and about eleven hundred people were sent to the hospital and, if that had gotten away to the ground, nobody. Nobody dies. But if that were fine, as long as it doesn't get to the gradual and went out of it, it's the gradual and has to be a bigger in order to get the idea. Depends on what it is made of and had comes. Then, ammonia, Hobart angle with physics stuff ensures a lot of what happens when it Instagram enhancing. I ain't got no way around. It would have been the equivalent of something that would be in thousands of kilometres ones.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki kind of deal smaller than that, but still without it longer? Might Godzilla, you know that's, so but in nineteen o eight, the famous tongue dusk of Japan. A famous gazette may that was thirtieth. Another another thing happened in Russia in Siberia. Unfortunately, it only flattened Monday, a couple hundred miles with trees and a few reindeer, but if that had hid here, it would have wiped out the entire Bay area,

That was Russia is well yes, so outraged. Only her Russia, as well as its main aims only happen in trailer park, got your over here from Kentucky from I dont from whereby Sir no Sir Gawaine John. I raise a good point. Just if you are asteroids you're nuts you're gonna, going to come in from the north human map, north, so good chance, you'll get russian. It's eleven times where was the Chelyabinsk blew it was about two and a half minutes or almost three most worthy sonic boom hit the ground right away, ran to the windows to watch it and wham. Yet always, just a little bigger essential elements with seventeen meters thereabouts. What are you gonna do thirty and fifty meters, like the size of a football field, letters punches

That is always showed up. That's why? So, if you're in the size of experts in the mind, five eight civil mile after mile to exactly then you're talking extinction of it. It is in what happened to the dinosaurs, six, million years ago, everything going bad for every ten ten twenty, kilometers away, become like birds and keep dragons only the rogues survive and then, if you get down to the hundred metre, is three hundred feet or so you're talking about cataclysms that their city killers and then down to the thirty fifty meter range. You have salami sounds like science fiction, but it's a real deal. That is, I mean there are maybe a million

of these near earth objects very go Eugene that thousands of technically it's a thousand thousand merger, millions of them had or rupture in both words next superior, but here's the thing it could be. This is you know, people speculate. Why have we heard from another civilization people do bring that up? Yes, and it may be that you have to pass the asteroid test right there. If you don't, have a space programme virtual Institute, for born ass, your biological institute, Biology Institute you no doubt we were yourself get hit with a big rock and everybody dies. It's like that. The dinosaurs went extinct is that they didn't have a space programme as far as we know, right

We want to be. We want to know a lot about asteroids right. I'd like to join around with Rosetta well before we go to. Is that I just like to tell you that not all asteroids are those big heavy metal kind that we're talking about and what we finding out that some of them are big rubble piles and if you go up to them to faster, you touch them too hard, they're going to disintegrate into a whole bunch of little pieces, but something is holding them together and the little our spinning fast. Is it better and hit? Is that I'm not dogmatic Why wouldn't really with dark matter and so my point is that this is why we have to study these ahead of time, because you don't want to find one coming towards you and go out after it to try

and mitigate whatever's managing the same as Bruce well, yeah got in touch it and and find it's gonna break up into big chunks at all. Gonna come and hit the earth is, as they say, deflect them. If you can't find them where they soon, unfortunate events so imagine that you're lookin for a piece of charcoal against the black sky? How we can find that, while turns out, if you're, looking away from the sun, the sun's eating it up its glowing because it's hot, and so you could look in the for red, you can find these guys now, when you say glowing in hot Scott I've had, I think, maybe many of us have experienced a barbecue cookout right. It's not it's not like nobody- is much warmer than the black Jimmy's, throw some numbers. Probably three haven't Kelvin rearing Kelvin

does like us because is worn by the sun: well, Kelvin, anyone fifty three! he's a good guy zero Celsius system, seventy three to kill them someone's arguing results were talking of sixty seven, the always as hard as regular all day on an asteroid. Would then the side facing raising sounds you wanna get in need space, telescope. Do you have one? I just saw her I just so happens. I have the plans

you do know right is for small sentinel and it's a in fact. This was not invented out. Nothing. A National Academy of Sciences about six years ago said, if you want to find these things before they hit the earth, put a telescope out and deep space. Maybe we're Venus is and look out there with the right size telescope, in the infrared words glowing because of the sunlight, and you can find these can't find the ground too much atmosphere. Are you guys at the institute working on this? We don't have time help, and we don't have the means to fund a telescope. Fifteen million dollars a year. Won't do it. What have we got rid of healthcare with that? briefly, but the thing is it going to combine the asteroid? That's coming, they hit us. You will need to healthcare from time time the last few months or a year, people at NASA, the

asteroid redirect mission now the asteroid redirect mission. And is to go out and get an asteroid small one, charming one. This thing is, I recall, a seven metres which is not very big Minos things go seven seven meter rockets, the earth- nothing happens just burns up here with the idea that studying the asteroid, if you do bring it back or if you bring a bolder from an asteroid back, is, is really more about the technology that would be involved in learning how to do all the things you want to do with it as much as anything else. Ok, the sounds like the techniques that Bruce will is needed, for it would be a lot bigger and, more importantly, catastrophically huge. Then this little thing So if I put on my professor Hubbard at Stanford,

yes from your line, I don't know if I really give our emission grade, I wouldn't have to give it a d There are some very good why well a reason. It's not an f is because there are some minded has is because there are two technologies that are very useful if we want a sin humans to Mars, which everybody is the horizon goals where we want to go, and that's the solar electric propulsion pushing stuff around how Well, you bring in sunlight in you, use a certain type of gas you create when these plasma things Rosinante was seen up. Yes, worry princess, like the our emission, my opinion and its now shared by the NASA Advisory Council is bad.

Coincides when he got the wee wee wee wee took a vote en route and wrote it down, and it has nothing to do with us there it has a very little to do with human exploration, and it has almost nothing to do with planetary defence and probably go up and caused by a factor of pi that its actual I like three and some change. Yes, so I have I have here the asteroid reader, redirect mission recommendation by the MAC thing. Betsy there's rest a meeting, a full set of requirements and includes capturing and asteroids, because the arm cost cap to be exceeded, Nobody ever receded a cost cap here. Anyone that English than yours, you mean we're car northern sailing in managing out your credit card? Yes,

only in this case. The cost cap is one point to five billion dollars. It's legit Terry goal posts moving and budget overruns level threaten other programs. That's a reason to not do it. Yeah preserve the two technologies. If you're sending humans to Mars could be very useful, the other stuff, I don't The rationale personally, foregoing you weren't alone, the whole council said: let us madness or not the best idea. You guys both work come at asteroids from two different directions: we're trying to study them to find out what they made. I've been having formed gotten you're. Trying to find them set law is going to look out. There

find the million that could be a threat, and so we can pass the asteroid test. If we can figure out something akin to the asteroid redirect mission. That would actually be useful. We have studied asteroids using

rosa spacecraft, I loved, whereas admission, I think it's so did you love about? Well, it's a comment, and yet they landed on a comment that is so hard. Amazing. A comment is not an asteroid. Now, a com, it has a lot of ice in it. Asteroids, it turns out have some aspects have a little bit of ice, so we ve got asteroids that are starting to act like comments and comments that look a little bit more like castrate. So you know if we say there They are different. They come from two different regions of the solar system, but they have some similarities later I'll hit. The earth is as acute suits of spectrum there. Some efforts that are discovered. But you can't change themselves now, the count more so Asteroids for understanding mean closer to the sun

Are you source item and comments from the farther from the southern part of our solar system, right body or cloud, the ORD Club, where the keeper about Kosovo, where they came from that? Well because where they came from, determines what they made up because way way far out there and I will be on PLUTO we're gonna visit PLUTO. You know we're gonna, get there on July, fifteenth of this year with well actually Dennis, Yes, everyone, everyone on earth will be involved in this doctrine overdue, and I crossed paths from time to time. We were you at the launch of new horizons. Ten thousand six January, two thousand and six You were there. Yes, we parted yes out here, see you guys. I am not an expert on Iraq watches, but, but you know when you first you didn't do. Does its new horizons is in Jamaica, right,

Everyone where's, no clothes now support its latest from vibe. But if I may, in all seriousness, new horizons is the name of the mission and mission. Is space people talk for rocket ship. So I, as you may know, and science guy Show- I went to a space shuttle launch this huge freaking rocket, radio are most visual medium. It was a windy day a long time there was no sock storm rubber thing: the microphone XO, noticeable amount of time to get up through the clouds and us in the space. But then

New horizons. In two thousand six was like and it was gone. It was the fastest rocket anybody's overshot the asteroids astronauts. You went to the movement to two and a half days to get there This thing would pass the moon and nine hours and yeah you're tax dollars at work. It's been going ever. Serbia has been goin even faster than that. Because it went by Jupiter and got to show a little, but it's in space or just one. Firstly, it will arrive in the vicinity of PLUTO best Deal day, depending on your times on, fourteen and fifteen to July of this year, and we will finally get a look at PLUTO we can all then take a meeting about, but actually goes on. Pluto icy cloud, watery thing, solid rock

let me tell you about the resolution you will see, though it's the equivalent of, if, if new horizons, for passing that close to earth with its instruments, it would be able to see the buildings or the skyline of Manhattan. Or any city. So it's that only one other cities on funding once the big one things like you, Burlington I would then fish Jimmy it's gonna be be stronger. The pictures right and the thing that has always I found so found so compelling and makes me so crazy. The pictures of Mars and because Mars is a place, and if your dress properly your suit

You can do you can walk around and you have a piggy back and, along with some other things, that Doctor Albert Zone, you wrote a book explore Mars and the the forward was written by iron.

Forward really is brilliant, generally back for the forward, but the significance of pictures is huge and scientific understanding. Carry such a vast amount of information than our eye. Brain combination is so good at integrating led into the understanding and you go from distant image to understanding and a blank serves me along this line. What is next for the virtual institute and what is next on Mars? What are we trying to achieve in both of these things? We were. We would really like to understand what you need to know before you go hand. So that means that you want, if you're gonna, send humans beyond low earth orbit again, whether its to the moon or too near earth. Ass words were to the moons of Mars and then eventually Mars. You want them to go with the knowledge of what they need.

To take with them. What they're gonna find when they get there, how to protect themselves along the way from radiation that kind of stuff? That's what our institutes all about what they need to know before they go. We refer for rovers on Mars. Darker up, would you worked on the first three right and opportunity is still operating ten years later, so agitated amene information, the warranty, the worthy was only good for ninety. I know nine saw so you guys it's it's it's like if you had a car with a three year warranty- and you didn't change. The oil didn't rotate the tyres for a hundred twenty years. That would be that's.

Right, yeah, it's like the original Cheviot, that's that's! Your tax dollars are worth. The next step is a sample return as we we done the fly by we'd than the orbit or we ve got rovers, who get still opportunity and curiosity is. A huge and the next step is now that we get all the information. Is to go and pick that piece of Mars that will tell us, are we alone? Is that piece of Mars? Do we take? We bring Can we see evidence of past life? Why do we have to bring it back? a bunch of reasons it is about, you can use about giving him at the institute of it, though, that every living space,

Can you get high from it so magic? If you got samples here, we ve done this with the samples that the astronauts brought back from the moon instead of having ten scientists look at it can have thousands of scientists look at it instead of one moving laboratory, you have dozens laboratories all over the world and that's the power of looking at the same and ten years or fifteen or twenty years in future, you can use the new technology and the new instruments to look at those same samples. If you took the caravan my fine, it was now like that, like the one on a rise rock, so they went

who is in charge of the lunar prospector mission. We said it was a cup of water and a cubic yard of dirt was what we found in those shadowed vat Wednesday, detectable, though yeah I think about it, but when they found from these old Louis samples that that people brought back from the APOLLO mission was this parts per million that nobody even knew was there, and that was in. That would not have happened to him the same. How hard would it be to take the water that does exist on the moon and and access to make water that we can realistically use the stuff that is in the shadows? Craters would probably be easier buddy, you could probably mine the other stuff, but by comparison Mars has maybe tens of billions of gallons of water. I mean there are places on Mars,

Eighty percent water ice answer just stick in his shovel and warm it up in there. You go. You got water so to get the sample. This thing is taking a long time. We only This every we're gonna go every twenty six months because the orbit of earth and Mars. So what is the next thing we gotta get? Twenty twenty Rover Rachel be like the curiosity. Rover whistling twenty twelve ten years later or eight years later, will lead on Mars, doesn't land and twenty twenty launches flashlights. Recently Twenty twenty one and twenty twenty beginning depends on it. Split depends yoga song, but things gonna get a sample. It's going. Do cash samples, see. I see what you see AC eighty as it's gonna put in somewhere between twenty and forty little sort of chalk, size chunks of Mars from a bunch of different places, presents driving around take as its move and then what happens. Then.

They're saying there are four yes, so that if you had the budget all lined up in two years after that you said something that would orbit and then two years after that you'd send the lander it would go out, grab that sample that little all that cash and put it in a rocket the rocket with pointed sky and fire, and the ball would go up carefully, Randy with the waiting or a better and bring it back. So it's gonna be twenty twenty six or twenty twenty eight is the Mars sent vehicle, the Mars, the man, the Mayans civil, basically at around twenty twenty, nine or twenty thirty of when we would get that's right, you're. When we get to really look at Vienna Tasty faced him. Are you finally opened my little beast rotates tomorrow? I have won right Mars and ever put another above so couldn't,

you just go there right now, if we had the chain the janitor coin, the money Couldn't I mean, do we need to know more about it to land their evening to do the sample return national to this end you for a year or not, really somebody's qualified, We go there and walk around with a hammer and what for signs of life right, maybe read your Dreyfuss no, because this whole thing and- and I think, doktor I've- you speak about this. What our very best robots do in a

human can do in about a minute. That's right! That's right! Yeah! If you take a really good field, Astral biologist and say go over there and tell me what that rock is here. She look around, say: ok, pick it up, use the rock hammer break it open, look at a microscope and dress. I ha luxurious right yeah, thus than a minute. It takes the speed. An opportunity, curiosity rovers, all the commands and all the work they do on the order of days to accomplish the same thing. Is it significantly more expensive to send people because of how? if even lie here, so you saw assuming you want to eat them alive, but they all died, but meaning then, like the three or four trips over a period of lake would basically like sixty years or something. So if you are, if you had tend to a hundred times more money, how it was the second tend to

hundred does arrange I mean, do you wanted just have linoleum in your spacecraft or I wouldn't have a really like victorian doors. We send a very fancy space, the alot real mahogany. Your reneged on important decisions, because it's very difficult to compare that generic robotic mission with the generic human export. Commission, but sending humans because of the life support and all the other issues is at least ten times may be as much as a hundred times, More expensive, so maybe we could do it in three years. If somebody was there if you, if you have, if you had wealth Jeff Basis, just wrote a blank cheque, generations of cameras,

should we re texting? Has anyone just text so safe? You had yell at your disposal, many many tens of billions of dollars and you didn't care how you spend it. You didn't need to spread it out, like the government does, because they have a year to year, budget right and you can just have one big global money. You could do it in a single mission version. Let me now much. Would that mission us look? Maybe we could do Kickstarter we're talking about the annual budget for planetary science is one and a half billion dollars which sounds like you, I'm not that much. It's nine percent of the mass of less than ten percent of the massive, which is one half of one percent of the federal

I love being bombed about this, we re just to remind you you're, getting a good deal. No eight! I think it's a great deal. I give it more money. Zack with very little say. We advocate before getting more money for plant to resign, because these extraordinary discoveries were made for not on the cheap, but for a lot less money than most of that we spend and even NASA spends money. But here's the interesting thing that I think people like what is called Scot, I think new space newspaper, your energy from New Space magazine, that's correct refuge. There are people like at Spacex and Jeff basis. You just mentioned alone, most constraints, shepherds who just want to go to Mars. Let's go above gum because weak. If we had cash. The sea S age and the other guy. You can just go there right. You mean you

we had. We know enough about the martian surface, the martian atmosphere, martian gravity, the radiation environment, the the one big that this right now nobody's got a single rocket that will get the kind of tonnage you need to Mars to support human beings a, we would like black stuff. You know ten four forty metric tons of life support- that is what it comes down to, is how do you support someone or a group of four six people going out the six seven months it takes to get their spending some time there and then the six seven months back so maybe three here's round trip, maybe you stop and asteroids and pick up some of the materials you might mean? That's that's my recommendation.

suggests? Is Us Rabies but Yvonne? That's part of the deal right exactly if we understood what was there and where they are there, s really could do that. You have your be away. Station rights could be a very good start on the way the exactly would get like a cat. Then oxygen, and why everything you need fossil fuels, you guys we are. We are on the way to Mars here's the plan right there. I hope you enjoyed Startalk radio turn it up loud. We should listen. The star talk, commercial, free, Joe. Star talk on Patriot for as little as five dollars per month and the ads will disappear. Learn more at patriarch dot com last star talk radio,