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Your first purchase? Welcome start off your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide dartle begin right now. This is the star talk. I mailed addressed ice in your personal astrophysicist and for today's episode we're talking about the covert nineteen vaccine. jack. You with me on this one I am indeed however, I am not vaccinated, vaccinated, ok, MA I'm halfway through them, so I did you see I'm half way through the graduations. Thank you did it up. It part, hospital. I've been Manhattan nice in Harlem, of course, so obviously neither you nor I have specific expertise in this field, so we go into our man who does, and that is,

Doktor Erwin regulator of France, many decades urban welcome back to start talks. Now. I'd say who delight in reading your title, because it's the one of the bad is asked titles that we got here. So you were there. Founding director of Colombia, Universes NASH, most centre for disaster preparedness swayed and you created the pandemic. Resource and Response Initiative at Columbia University. So this. You think you are the man you if, if I ever theatres, faster of running herb. When moving to think of you caught me, let her do you see this bastard? Don't call me I'll, be really. you know that, but when Godzilla comes, were calling you, Germany, diagonally, oh by the way, you have a long history of the medical treatment of children who could not afford that tree

and your offer the book I had to give this a shout out, the future of us, with a jerk Beams of children mean to twenty first century America, so you you're the man you thank you for even a green, the other and are broadcast in my great pleasure. Actually, some thank you. Have me. got check here to make jokes, so nothing you do as a joke. Suspeck exam. Exactly We see how this goes out almost so I'm not worried. I called Doktor Red Letter, our our own, tony fowl. See let everyone own person. I really don t. We don't need Tony found. We got it. We got our red letter get out of it. This is where we are so so them here ask you d, the vaccine,

I viewed like any other vaccine if it going to prevent enormous, I'm I'm getting it, but there seems to be this gurgling of attitude. Towards the vaccine? Holding aside the regular variety of aunt I've actors? Ok like a new sub said, or are they maybe they're, not new? Maybe it's old, who have specific objections to this this vaccine. Can you tell us what to do different about this vaccine from other than But there's a lot of one of these was removed. amber land. It was introduced to introduce during one of the strangest most bizarre at present administration in american history that is under the umbrella. Donald Trump, so almost anything that was introduced in it, weird for your span, was viewed with scepticism and doubts

and you know what he would say, for example- that we're gonna fast track. This enhanced cooperation warp speed, which he actually did have people either did only that there were sceptical about it and if the new technology disorder and furnished took on EM orientated messenger rna technology, so this was born in an environment of serious scepticism, also at a time simultaneously near where, where the anti vaccine was growing anyway, throws into this kind of profiteering, complex situation where people have doubts and if it's fast track. Does that mean day a bypass, the safety assessment that we normally would expect the fastest vaccine every detail before this was the months which was a four year process. Most hack seems well more than ten years, so there were scattered

I know what you're saying is: we were a victim. In a sense, the vaccine movement was a victim of of the Cry Wolf problem right, because if so much of what emerges in the Trump administration was not objectively with not can, one objective reality, and then he says something that is then The entire anti trump movement has just viable scepticism that is going to be correct when in fact, in this case it was, it was correct. So perhaps we shouldn't just in general. We should be getting our medical advice from elected politicians. A very good point. Thinking about this. As inject, you stop with bleach to cure, called it and get back to you forgot about that, so so so so that, for this,

fascinating, that it happened in this perfect storm of misinformation, and but what about the integrity of institutions. If NASA says and asteroids coming, People are gonna, listen, I'm! So sorry institutions have an integrity that has been preserved or at least fared better, and other institutions Gimme, like the CDC, for example, the CDC or any other sort of medical into the Mayo clinic. What whatever it is here that we trust are we do unopposed. institutional trust era forget an individual about just institutions while hears years when I'm with that, so within a month of thee,

recognition that we're dealing with a pandemic. Ah based on this particular corona virus, the CDC sends out a hundred test gets across the United States for people and laboratory tests to see if one has covered up those caskets one third of them failed. So The cdc, stepped out of the gate was a very unusual demonstration of incompetency. then immediately eroded the public's sense of faith and the CDC as an institution. To your point. So again, this is like you said it is this kind of collision course having competencies, disbelief design, must etc, and here we go and we should not be surprised if people are sceptical about the vaccine. And holding aside the scarcity of masks in the early pandemic, weren't their official statements in words.

CDC included among them. Declare that you should not wear masks. We decided that the scarcity- and you want the medical professionals to be first, a lawyer. But what wasn't there some also some widespread statements from authorities declaring that master, not helpful. They were there we were in fact only found himself was. Not all man Susie asking about mass early on in that change. Obviously, but yeah there's a lot of rumbling and grumbling earned and people make statements that were not necessarily true worth things had? They probably should have said we think they are, but will see, will be testing a well attested experiments alive. innovations, but I've got to. Let me go back to that cause, that's a very important point about how science works and how its environment. Works and how new formation arises and I'll get back to that in a minute. There's a lot.

The point I want to make about that. But let me keep moving this forward. What about the distrust of big farmer? That's out there that's real ass, an end the people who might be or in under mistrust? If you sift through that? he's going to be some things in their mistrust that yeah that actually did happen. There is the profit motive. How do you addressed that dimension of this misinformation? And let me say this in nineteen forty seven and I am making a point the country was worried about a new influx of smallpox into our country, near city called them these six pharmaceutical manufacturers that made the vaccines they only six billion those who stated that the job with the state they didn't check with federal above they just ordered pity the city city, the mayor- He got up this matter.

Grandmother had asked me. This is like her here. We need six million doses, we need it now. They got six million doses and invest six weeks they inoculated the smallpox six million new, Yorkers and either pictures are founded this New York is lined up four blocks and block show these kind of forties images of black or white images, it was amazing. People trusted the commissioner and the mayor. They said there is a bad thing. Come in the small past. Go get and they did in droves. Now is had any sixty years, dense a gradual increase. It asked the scepticism about institutions about corporations about government and all this just now, it is all too GEO. In this massive mistrust of everything

including institutions that we should be trusted. One good thing, a good thing about the binding registration is, the restoration of trust is happening already happening much faster than I even anticipated. Ok! So now what about this idea that you're, a unlike vaccines where you put sort of a denuded version of the of the virus in your body, thanks to the full virus yeah, but but you don't get the disease. but you get the antibodies. So that's it more traditional understanding of of of vaccines. This one is act, truly modifying dna and that's kind of spooky feel owing to my I really really Pfizer's and the animals earnest DNA, for they do Jane, Jane Chancellor Johnson is coming, but yesterday spooky especially the the circle.

Am RNA. The messenger aren't ain't that sees are actually tricking. The body cells into thinking that they ve been invaded by some foreign virus. Whether in fact been inflicted the thinking that there's a protein, because my protein that's inserted the body. they are trying to think of some sort of bad external virus. Anything manufacture. The anybody's is free, fancy stuff genetic engineering is ready, engineer, lawyer, School. Eight hours is the repercussions that you're not change. My dna right, you're, not engineering me You know what you ve heard of are weird we're making your body think some half is happening to if it isn't that, that's it, but the new. We do the same thing with the old found fires this week, but if we give it dead different like it was called the add no virus,

a dead or attenuated version of the actual virus. Your shirt being the body to figure out a real envy, your island amounts and immune response, and this is what blessings Ok, so if there is a more sophisticated version, We ve been: do we what we ve been doing this for a bodies for decades? Yes, that is a fair way to say that then, we're ok, So this is also a cosmic queries and we did so with the questions from our fan base. on the vaccines are so I'd cures? Let's I obeyed with one last point the trust we're mistrust of vaccines does not land equally in the day? the graphics of this country or even perhaps the world, and I think,

it may be rooted in a distrust of organised medicine. I and let's look at the sort of the black community, for example Just there is some really ugly history there and so there's got deserts systems explaining that needs to happen. There is some really significant effort in the restoration of trust, this necessary The government do no experiments on me right. What exactly is equally so it s? What can you could you just remind us, so the pinnacle of the source of This distrust yerevan so clearly taken a pin point in history that happened in the thirties and Fortys, which was called the Tuskegee experiments. Were researchers, legitimate, scientific, medical researchers decided. You know we ve got to figure out what

as the somebody who gets sick with supply, we don't treat them so they rounded up a bunch of men with sick was black men in testing and said you know, we're gonna, give you free medical care. And we wanted just observe you over the next few decades to see how your joy they did not tell them, they were denying treatment for syphilis. So over the decades they learned what happens with untreated syphilis at the cost of the life and health of a large. number of black Americans. So the point is that the word treatment was available. If not cure, they believed they were getting treated, but they were just getting a placebo ass there they were unwitting medical experiments, well. Yes, I like to use the term nasty like the way you know

I and I mean that in a particular way, because normal people dont experiment on other people, it's not ok it. Anyway, the eugenics movement was still sort of in progress on early thirties wastewater have along. There was not a, but you know this is also a top a few hundred years astray, worry of Jim Crow of institutional racism, this is like the Capra this Tuesday. This is a very explicit horrendous experiment on top of mistreatment and the other african Americans than about only reconfirmed its. There was the public health service in collaboration with the Tuskegee Institute, doing the right. Governments were isolated government funding, for since it went through the sixties into the early seventy so's multiplied decades. So so what? Why would you

expect anybody to believe anything. You're saying when we have that kind of history. That's the question, and this is what they challenge now is how do we embrace what actually happened and move on from that at a time when it is critically important that Black Americans, Brown Americans native Americans, must get better and one other thing Estonia is they are. Those populations are particularly prone to catching disease dying from disease and getting has washed disease, so they are the highest risk groups who have the most hesitancy about getting the vaccine at this is. This is gonna, be tough work, convincing people there we do need to get the vaccine? In spite of that Justice- and I have the answer I figured it out- what's it was answered, it's called the racial buddy system for vaccination,

any one person that goes to be vaccinated, a white person must go along with them and they must get there from the same vile, particularly the while the white person, those first found tastes like about the black person and that without an and they withdrew from the same source for the same areas by our right. Here's mobile body, because first rang preside over, be killed, black people could kill why people right alongside you We are tired, we break when we come back. We will indeed get to our questions from our fan base on the covert vaccine. What's it all about when start

Are you always to concur you family? Do you often take Europe? Others in that yourself? Well, now is the time to take care of yourself, because you deserve it. tell a dark, gives you access to license therapists to help you get back to feeling your best feeling like yourself again sometime, We don't know how much we need to talk to somebody. Take it from me personally during the entire pandemic. I've had virtual sessions, and it has been such an incredible help now would tell a doc. You can speak to a licence therapists by phone or video therapy. Appointments are available seven days a week from seventy empty, nine p M local time, hey, maybe you're feeling overwhelm maybe a few stressed or anxious or depressed or lonely or you might be struggling with a family issue. Tell a dock him help no need to wait months to get up there. Piss tell a dock is committed to facilitating great therapeutic matches

make it easy to change councillors if needed for free, tell a dark therapy is available through most insurance or employers, and individual plans are also available. Download the app or visit teller, doc dot com slashed star talk today to get started. T l, a d, o c dot com slashed, start talk. I am Crisco and from our New Jersey and I support star talk on Patriot, please enjoy this episode of STAR Talk, radio with your. And my favorite personal astrophysicist. Neil De Grass, Thyssen. we're back tastes, and here I get check nice tweeting at check. Nice comic Thank you, sir. I gotta guidelines that love your tweets, their author in cipher, and I laughed most of time. Some they look like

experimenting on us with whether something is funny while less that I'm I'm very much like the public. observers. Look experimenting on Twitter is your sample basis is out of bed, so it's coded vaccine all nuances of it with our friend to have Our talk Red letter, whose achieve honcho of all disaster preparedness, tat we know of in this country so early by questions from audience? If you mind taking them chuck, you ve got em lined up that what you have done. I got him here. So, let's start things offer these are from our Patria patrons and, of course, if you are listening to this feel free to go to pity darkens less star talk, radio support us. And we will give you a priority so to speak? Ok, I was his cabin bishop camera. Yes,

he says I was recently listening to a startup episode about pandemics years ago. Those head, to be lorry Garrett Glory gap for sure he says I was curious, the guests that back when we no longer have to vaccinate force more parks, it's because We eliminated the virus. How likely is something like this with Sars covert to please stay healthy there? ok, excellent question it set so urban, so Sars covert too that's the official, let the geeky name for over? Ninety yeah Sars CO dashed Ok, that's the name of the Irish and the whole neighborhood, the specific buyers and the disease you get from that is covered. Nineteen right out affair,

Put that ok, it is ok to resist called Covey too, is because we had a cosy one back in two thousand and three. That is when people started thinking about how rabbinic confronted with fact seated. Ok, but I thought was covered, nineteen because it was two thousand and nineteen when it was yet ever yes, but the name. That's the disease, but the name of the virus is Sars: hyphen c o capital, the ices to do so? The second virus is the second virus in this. Actually, a famous family. I just got it got. Ok all right. Have you no? besides coffee were victims,

big covey of my day, you shouting down a tombstone Arizona, and, I repeat, my name is sort of causing tool. My father prepared to die I so so so if smallpox has done, then what can we have similar hopes for this one now because TAT, Ok, let's oysters yeah yeah yeah go have no. It is that the problem is that, at the very least corona viruses which is is this is one of our very very calm and you can't really eliminate them at this gonna end up being endemic meeting around all the time. It may well get mixed. The vaccine, for this may well get mixed into the annual flew shots that we get.

The rules that will control it, Bowman Analytical and stop it. I'm gonna run more. Isn't it true equally as important? Is that humans. Homo sapiens? Were the only victim of smallpox so if you get rid of smallpox, is not jumping to you from a bat or from some other creature that we handle. That is direct ok, so small parts had was unique in that way. Now are you going species jumping viruses, you does not. clear that you would ever be able to stamp them out entirely at all the correct, and then you have also the these so called variants mutations that were confronting. We have a little bit of a change in the make up of the virus that causes have different characteristics or less. sensitive to the vaccines and so on? So there's gonna be around for a while, but I think you'll learn to live with it and will adapt to it, but down it's not gone away like smallpox.

The end, like you said, of its. If it's a part of every seasons, a cocktail then yeah we're good the go awry. We are outside Chuck network, an excellent. Ok, let's go to Toby son in Burg, who says hello from New Jersey were so sorry for your first of all short lives in New Jersey. So that's a life ass like it. You could say as a job, but also with just the way you said it I was ready for it to be from a really exotic place like told he from road that way from it and after TAT, maybe I know from New Jersey, our guide. It go hell. Toby says this: why couldn't Pfizer and modern her start using standard vaccine techniques for covert nineteen

Why was it necessary to use the RNA vaccine yes, Orange wouldn't have been easier just to just denature device we already know is in the house why. is one faster than the other. Well maybe, but you know the the M rna technique is really quick and it's very effective. Any luck fooling around pudding now live or attenuated vaccines, viruses and the people. So there are a lot of advantages that even now, because you know what I was doing all these variants mutations were worried about them being more effective and maybe more lethal. You can make a very rapidly a boost. Your shot, a salesman as maternity is, as we speak, working on your chest that was specifically addressed. These new various otherwise would have had to start from start fresh in a very different and

much more pro long process to get the right, the protection we raising the old technics Urban you used. The word infective is that the same thing is contagious. It is in the hands of so how would talk about yes, but the same thing? Ok, gotcha! Ok, so is also not true that, because a lot of people are I am concerned that this technology, if you will call it this advancement, was rushed, but is it not true that this has been in the works for quite some time because of some people after the Sars outbreak saw the opportunity to make these advancement and, through these hedge fund, investments started working on this years ago, It's not like last February they started working on this and rna technology exactly as exactly correctly like we're just talk about the sword shop. It's it's

So we started, as you just reminded us after these stars, the initial stars pants down and yet we are a real running start getting prepared to rapid We developed the vaccines that are confronting these source coffee to virus and that's a dimension of this entire landscape that I think is recognised or unappreciated that through it was a running start up to the starting to the starting line, and yet Yeah, I Jackie becoming anymore. Government level, let's go with for now Don't gums or come ass, a measure. He says: why do our policies failed so badly in enforcing mass vaccinations, since it is a collective protection measure should

everybody partake year. Will I think, early color addressed that that begs seventy years ago do we all did agree so ermine? Let me just jump before you answer that, is there some renewed sense of individual freedom that people feel the need to expand in this country, so that the idea- you're being free means I don't have to listen to anybody tell me anything yet does a really big problems course again, exacerbated by Donald J, France, who made a cool the girl agenda from this public health catastrophe. Here's the thing about it. So it's a question of I'm I'm

I need to take a risk and you don't have a right to tell me not to accept that's, not really a political. If your risk taking me that you're gonna pilot base year straightway, cliff or both guy diving good luck to you. I will let you do. That is this country, let you do that? Yes, you can do them, but if your risk puts threatens me, that's not. Ok! You kid, you can't say my wrist is I'm not gonna where mass once said that stand taken at rest, so a Covey circle beaten and that's my choice. It is not your choice. because your choice is actually, if you implemented, if you do what you save under, which is that do the protection that are required and you make me or my family or my friends, sick, because of your recklessness that you are declaring your personal right. That is, that ok in a society like out so is it

its differentiate between the individual rest and taken a risk, on behalf of a lot of other people, ok, so the people who are now doing that they just not learn civics they just not. The day have no empathy. Are they you're a medical doctor was presumably some training in psychology orders psychiatry. you analyze. This is it's a little narcissistic, it's a little self centered! It's it's about! Focusing in a very egotistic away. I you personally was that some disregard for you're. The people are around you and I think this through what we talking about. And I could get obviously extreme, which doesn't happen all that, often by people who say- I who have no empty whatsoever and they serve were drifting into the realm of sank

algae and TAT S, not ok, but for most people who work in that category, I don't take their thinking properly or broadly about what they are implying when they said I'm taken this risk, you be damned abbess, that's will be run into trouble. The or a car very well be that those people are able apertures Better known as a whole I have explained offering an area that has been that you don't have to ever steep as low as czech girl, I'm out of my car.

So Chuck. Anyone got time for another couple more before the segment and ok here we go. This is woody what he doesn't give us anything except he's woody. Ok, says what level of efficacy we're different groups have receiving the first round of vaccines. How does preventing spreading like youth compare to protecting the vulnerable, like oh geez shut up to Austria's corona cast for the idea or wait. So is it ok? I know they are almost two different. I mention in like one of them is: what is the EP limit split, that what is the efficacy of very first round of experiments that are conducted right. If you can say it safe for me, because experimented on some other humans. What does that about? So I think what he's asking is exactly what you just said, but he wants to use them

first round as a means of comparing and contrasting the efficacy between the elderly and young people, instead of just trying to pretty certain people yet slowly under siege, so first of all the long history of medical research, and the use of human subjects, was a richly about subjects being in a middle class middle age, white male, and many many experiments to figure out what drugs work and so on will done with that very narrow group and then what about women? What about african Americans? What about children- and, I think, the standing of if you're gonna do a broad base of full population vaccine? For example, you can't say that you, if you gave it to ten thousand white guys

that doesn't I'm middle age white guys. That will definitely be effective. In older people are african. Americans were kids so so, the more demographic, sir, that you have to address the It is true that the original sample has to be exactly right, exactly right, and some people think I'm gonna give the vaccine to children, for instance, and death found he recently said, yeah will probably list besides, given to children as young as pictures of age, which is probably find, but they're not gonna, have to perform that give a lot of young children the vaccine to make sure it's safe and effective, which is ethically Tough, as you can imagine, Rikers puts a child is not unlike an adult. A child is not entirely accountable for having received the trial dose of vaccine in the first place right

Nobody could give you a trial of anything without your permission and a half without getting a whole lot of explanation of the risk, the benefits of Thera. But what is it it was said of a seven year old to make that person First of all, we have the ability to give approval it's a nice guy, so easy cell hazy terrorism, cookies and some juice. They ask we'll, be gas or does it can't vaccinated and Canada is the lollipop ok I'll, take a particular quit break our final break, when we return it to the covert vaccine and Doktor Urban River, support for science. Rules comes from Volvo cars involve those sustainability is now as important safety. They have spent the last century. Doing every kind of safety tests they could imagine, but climate

change is a challenge to our safety that goes beyond what seat belts, airbags and in car technology can overcome. Volvo is dedicated their business to help protect the lives of people both inside and outside of their hours and now will show the same dedication to help protect the planet by twenty thirty on the Volvo cars will be fully electric but simply having electric cars does not enough by working towards climate neutrality, embracing the circular economy and directing their business operations responsibly. Volvo help protect the planet and contribute to a fairer society. Learn more at Volvo cars dot com! Slash? U S has time to give a pit round set out to the following patriotic patrons Joe sums are Daniel Smith and see how thanks guys see how you're helping array I'm gonna start now without it, we couldn't do this show em for anybody who is listening, who would like their very own patriot.

I'm shot out. Please go to patriotic counselor start talk. Radio and support us we're back startled. Rebecca jack. We weren't we're in question more for there was a red letter vice Gimme, some or all right. Let's keep it move and let's go with Roman pricked up who says high doctors ok, what thanking me did you That is a gesture now, let me every you know, Only one does not have doktor here how backers plus Jack he couldn't setback area without you know we're. Finally, getting our deal how are you

Harry Trade in arms. At this moment, hurry up as high doctors do the current vaccines really decrease the spreading blue or just make the symptoms less severe the air, so the vaccine legal writers, and they don't than there, but they don't get what might be, and unfortunately we didn't set up the trials. Well enough to know, or probably enough to know the answer that question. But what we do know is that there are very effective in preventing disease, serious disease and positions all the more, including the new job Johnson backstage you'll be out in a month or so. So that's what we know, and the degree of spreading unclear what are known as a bit appearance, simple, ok

yeah right, so that would mean you could be a carrier with no symptoms is what they comes. Usually here: ok, yeah. Ok, keep going check all right, let's keep it going. Sam couch would like to know this. What makes certain vaccines have the requirement of being stored under super called temperatures are inadequate out. Well, Others have no issue being stored, close to room temperature when I was looking at the temperature of further Pfizer vexing seventy below zero km on nine new script dispute. Nine nearly so easy to get back to you so you're not gonna. Have the corner vaccine dispenser doing this This can have to only be in major institutions and hospitals that have freezers that force. So so we are what what's up with ass. Well, Pfizer requires about minus ninety fan,

modern about minus five, the new Johnson enchanted single dose vaccine, will be able to be stored for three months at a regular refrigerator wow, which is an amazing advance that, even though the giant d J J vaccine is said to be lost, The fact is, it still is an incredible that scene when it comes to preventing serious illness and hospices, but the big problem here really the big problem is the global impact of of trying to deal with. That seems that need this sort of temperature for containment and storage. So we will not be able to use the Pfizer vaccine for samples in many many developing countries where that was for the cold chain called Jake capacity does not exist. So it may be that your less effective vaccine, which stays preserved, a refrigerator will

ACT be the most effective force. Fighting absconded. because that will have the widest distribution rights and by the way, if we don't addressed, covered nineteen in every single country, on earth. It really will will affect our ability to get this far and control in general, so we can so we're doing great in the U S and in it up. Ninety other countries were not too, and so great big ourselves become pockets for infecting me retaining and causing resurgence of the carbon? eighteen disease, so we have a lot of global work to do, which is why the changes that state is so critically important part of our humanitarian as the first positive thing I've heard about it feels good to really others. yeah. I really think sure there are in fact, in a late night. Comedians were poking front of their third.

wait and they entered the fifty percent rather than ninety five percent, and so yeah It didn't look good like the laggards student in your class, you know that that it doesn't have to be stored at you know Moon liked him. Would you give me some more check Erika this is Matthew Power? that will collect over names. That would be great superheroes from our friends. I know a booby clear, so Matt Power wants to know this. He says hello, doktor, red letter, Doktor Thyssen, it's my understanding that to at least two vaccines by different companies on the market are these vaccines? Basically, the same thing are you is so different that it makes a difference? Is he talking about you? Think the J J versus the

fires, maneuvering is not just what they do is talk about a two that are pretty much the same. So that's me, Erna and yeah yeah. Fine idea is that enough difference to talk about women, You know I've been vaccinated. My wasted, backdated at Saint play She got Pfizer. I got Madonna their cause. Enough in the way they function, were very confident in the results and the safety of Both of them there were some differences. Then how their manufacture, which account or why they require different temperatures for storage. You, like I said money Ninety four Pfizer minus five for the journey, but here if your worrying about which to get don't worry about, take whatever is available

It doesn't want immigration was yet you gotta get which get right. I just might bear through GEO. My beard through GEO, wants to know. There's hello: what advancements to vaccines in general were developed for the covert maintain that see. Do you two separate that will see new vaccines coming one I'd like right for other disease. I like that he also did was this leap in any way around it? Stephanie Elite, but again I think we should If you once again that this was battle, let that happen. You know a year ago, so Leif has started happening. Believing began at least as far back as two thousand three. What people were looking at new mechanisms for developing vaccines and So what I m rna technique, in the last twenty years, has been great advancements in medical.

AIDS and technology to even a copy of this is an incorrect. Yes, no question about it. Ok, and yet this, is the best one is occurring nonstop and we will certainly get be getting things that we can even imagine This is one of the things the beauty of looking into the future. at the research and development innovation. Doesn't stop like all other areas of science. This is an innovative processes that we learnt this last year wait. What have we modify it this way? What will they get her? What if we have a whole new vision of how to make a vaccine and that's what's happening by what I want is to one of the word that really important distressing that, since the new tool that will have an art toolbox will be medications that you can take as our patient. If you have the early signs of covert and you test positive for where the doktor king-

ride a new medication take my mouth and you down with it, so that the combination of the vaccines as they get more effective. and were distributed and new medications, actually treat the early sponge disease is what's going to wow at the game, control over this terrible pandemic, and that's the light at the end of the tunnel. Really both of these things, cool, very cool, see you have something positive to say: Mister Disaster Preparedness person, okay you do know one of the Far EAST goes in a monologue Stephanie. Nor should they call me doctor do that to do very wages. Anyway, no common array, We need time for like two more questions come on. Let's go, let's go to just be

just be says: I don't trust him with his last name is where you guys out. It is clearly cities and I personally I would not trust and jack. I don't know I just reason This. I read a lot about heard immunity. the numbers of immune people needed to defeat the virus is. Is there a clarity on what percentage of the population needs to be vaccinated to actually she heard a mule and an intelligent way with is not dependent on how close we ever are to each other on average doesn't hurt immunity different for four. The growing evidence for urban last.

So much always hope my whole populations really. So if any community anything merely will need to give a certain of the people of Europe. Have the disease or who are fascinated with an appropriate response, so that never was once thought to be. Sixty five to seventy percent of their heads have really is now well into the eighty five ninety percent that must have and that's that's a hard road here, the whole here and that we were out. She would have us believe that lot higher number, observance of ISA. So the point is the way the herd immunity works, then correctly from wrong is one in ten? That has the disease, but none of us can get it because were vaccinated so you're not gonna, spread it and so What are the chances of you finding someone else? Who is one in ten less so patiently low brats that, even if you do granted. That person has to have sufficiently low likelihood of some.

It happened as well so rapidly tat down back to zero, exactly exactly alcohol point, rights. Letters should think that one would it not we're running out of time, but I just want to follow that up with when you said what you said and literally was enough: people either have to be vaccinated or get the disease. So with that in mind We are now seeing some cases. I don't know there. S letter- and I were seen some cases of re infraction he others that change the whole prospect of heard a move. If there is no one to see if it is a tiny number of cases are real, packing cases and in others, weird thing happening that people have the disease documented and presumably have? the antibodies. two to source, for we too are still getting vaccinated. So

my son, by the way who had documented. with nineteen in March where's last march, recovered had anybody's. He still is doctors wanted to get the vaccine, which is getting so small chance. What really small country what we have thirty Seconds- Gimme some say hello, NEO, hello, Doktor Red letter as the virus continues to mutate and become. Or immune to vaccine. That's an assumption he's making. How often do you think we'd have to vaccinate to maintain life? from all the mutations of Cotonou, like them, two, but we don't know it started I think we would not like I've got another way to comment on that, but just to

since a shed a little bit ahead on there? Are you saying, there's not something sufficiently in common with all of the mutations that by attacks in that thing they haven't com, it'll get any mutation, they could ever take place You told me you're not in that situation, now we're not net situation tan you know. I thought you guys are unlikely to version is dangerous it may be more lethal than other ones. We just is a work in progress and viruses are smart. Their wily doesn't figure out a way around whenever we put there. So we have to be very careful and very diligent in addressing all right now. Let me say you could end up. Could you end up making a super virus by trying to attack a virus supervised by attacking All I know is, I tell you is that viruses mutate like crazy, You got new mutations by the way in the United States right now and we just

You have to stay ahead of it, which is why we have to get everyone fast it as quickly as possible, so that the mutation stop run wild right through the more you, viruses are out there, the more opportunity there is to mutate, so yeah right. Take that idea, as we all have to do, what we're supposed to do, which is our part in getting vaccinated ads Did you not vaccinated that you have to do your part by watching your hand, some wearing your mask and then, after you get vaccinate, you still got. It wasn't an where your bask in order, so basically, everybody's responsible drivers draw their drivers, cruel air strikes. In wanting to conclude by noting that, I think so needs to be updated in our educational system, for people to recognise that anything that scientifically new we'll have uncertainties. And but the best access to work it is good for you will not come from people who are not the scientists are the same. This will find out on that frontier

What is working, what is not, and if at any given moment you gonna jump in you can jump in. But if things change it doesn't mean the scientists don't go to hell they're talking about. It means at that time that was the known understanding and you that comes with a risk, so the press generally, he doesn't talk about that research is a scientist, don't know anything, and that is because it hasn't been taught in a way where people can understand the act. Undulating, moving frontier of discovery, and so I Lord, your candor, when you said we don't know yet, whether after your back, If you can spread it, we don't know that that is so important and it A sign of weakness is a sign of this is how the science works with me on. This is what you ve been teaching everybody forever, which is that this is the beauty of science. We we learn. Is this more to learn?

keep learning is a constant exploration. Yes, yes, that's a beautiful thing. That's what we have petition school business business, how we know an advantage we gotta? Finally, we got to end on a good but a positive note and on occurring ceramic cars, because, if not knowing make science beautiful denied the most beautiful trying to set up at our airports, what we are all going to court check on that one, I Erwin always good to have you thanks for being a friend, and I shall check you know. I love you. I love you too have our right near the grass Thyssen here concluding episode the covert nineteen vaccine, as Please. I beg you to keep looking