This episode is brought to you by Maloney cookies work. Sometimes that longs in yoga classes just now in the cards, so maybe a cookie is peppered farm. Olano believes you should make some time for yourself once in a while. I know I have a particular space in my sewing room that I like to just take a few minutes. Every day I sit there. I think about things, it's kind of like meditation and munching at the same time being it that yummy beautiful cookie flavour, it makes it luxurious and delightful and I always feel recharge. Mulatto cookies are truly a treat worthy of your me time, their delicate and crispy, with luxuriously rich chocolate in the middle. You really want to keep these just for you, so remember to save something for yourself with peppered farm Olano. It's not your fault, you haven't you keep your died and exercise goals. Chances. Are you ve been following bad advice? Well enough is enough it's time for you to listen to the experts and get

results. I'm Tom HOLLAND exercise physiologist in host a fitness disrupted groundbreaking. Podcasting debunks, the top. Besides the nutrition myths once and for all, with science. Listen to fitness, disrupted and apple pie on that my heart, radio, or wherever Nepal, gas, open to stuff you missed in history class from Housetop works, dot, com, Eleven welcomed the pike Ass, unfair, daddy and I'm going to talk of wording and the set aside is related to one that we said recently on Tito brought haze untimely demise and that at the third we touch has achievements in the field of astronomy, as well as those of well known. Astronomers. Your Highness Kepler and Nicholas Copernicus yeah even though those three names are often linked together there not all exactly contemporaries. Actually Chico Cutler were

contemporaries, but Copernicus died three years before Tito was even born, but because our work there really closely connected, at least to a degree. Exactly Copernicus began writing about his here, centric theory of the universe and the early fifteen hundreds and he published a book about his de as in fifteen, forty, three or so around the year that he died. But this thing What it was an essentially proposed at the sun is the center of the universe and the earth. Any other planets revolved around the sun, and this was a really traverses idea at the time since people previously had believed the earth was at the center of the universe and was stationary yeah let me now. We know that Copernicus was right, that it was controversial at the time, Kepler, of course, from the previous episode couplers. Actually, the one who confirmed this, he lay centre

model using tickers data, that's how they all fit together, even though, ironically, Tito didn't even agree with Copernicus as model. No, not at all. He had his own theory about the universe and actually another discovery rather significant discovery of his own. He spotted a supernova, constellation of Cassiopeia and fifteen seventy two. He thought time and most people out at the time that was just a new star. Of course. Now we know that a supernova is the explosion of dying star, but it was still considered pretty significant and also controversial at the time But what was probably most amazing about the observations that we're done up to this point by Tito and others is that they were done pretty much The naked eye they had some instruments but they're pretty much going going. Solo and the work of the first astronomer on this list. Those kind of change that you can imagine if you start bringing in some tools, you can have an explosion in discovery rights.

The first discovery we're gonna look out was made by guy who you might have heard of their I'm, not sure his name's, Galileo Galilei author, my favorite search engine for the dining out all of this historical information. So true no. Galileo was an italian astronomer born fifteen. Sixty four died. Sixteen forty two and he was no interest contributions and mathematics and science, he was the first acts. On or to use a telescope. So that's kind of what we are referring to two before he wasn't the invention The telescope wish a point that out. He wishes the first years of rational nickel purposes and he actually constructed the first snow incomplete astronomical telescope, which was basically a crude refracting telescope with a convicts objective lens and can cave and along too, which not to discredit Galileo, but it seems, like somebody might have put together such a simple device before this point.

You know with this new contraption. He is able to observe a lie and make a lot of new discoveries and the most significant observations was that the milky way of which, of course is the Galaxy we live in and how we know it now. He observed that the milky way is composed of billions of individual stars and until this point people just sort of side as this band, bright light going across the sky. They didn't realize what it was actually made of. Yes, the Greeks called the late Gilaks, yes, Kook, close or milk but when Galileo turned his telescope on it, the sufficiency new device. He had he realize that stars were actually admitting the light that people had seen for so many years, and no one had figured this out before, because the stars were just to faint or distant to be seen with the naked eye. Are you could just see their collective starshine? Not the individual body.

And later astronomers, who had stronger instruments to work where they were able to expand on this now and determine the galaxy shape, its composition and so forth, but am but now a kind of started at by figuring out what was there in the first place? Yeah? So that's his most famous contribution to astronomy, probably he's got a lot of other impressive contributions which authorised stemmed from having this new device. He discover the moon had this crater. Mountainous surface and he observed form of Jupiter and observe the phase of the Venus and Sun spots, which sounds kind of dangerous. Looking at the fine with your new telescope, Galileo and of course all of these findings helped really confirm that copernican view that the sun was at the centre of our solar system. Yet all comes back to copper.

This again and again, this idea Copernicus his ideas can't causing controversy cause. Galileo later published works in support of the copernican system and that's what famously got him in trouble with the church. Eventually, because the church decided in sixteen sixteen that the copernican system was dangerous to faith and So Galileo, as many no was forced to live out the rest of the states in seclusion, but fortunately we of other astronomers on our list as the next one is Admin Healy who you may have heard his love ya. Think the image everyone knows what he is famous for about will give you a little background on him anyway and then Hayley with an english astronomer and mathematician who was born in sixteen fifty six and died and seventeen forty two and he was fortunate enough. During a time of scientific revolution. Unlike a lot of the astronomers that we'd look, we ve looked out here and like Galileo right and he

actually encouraged to steady astronomy and it didn't it didn't take too long for him to make a name for himself and the field yeah though, He was only about twenty years all sixteen. Seventy six, sixteen seventy he catalogued the celestial, longitudes and latitudes of three hundred and forty one stars and remarkably, that was the first work of its kind about stars in the southern a scare people know a lot about what was going on in the top half the globe, but not so much about the southern hemisphere, and he was good. With Isaac Newton too in the sixteen eighties, and he even assisted Newton and publishing his influential work. The Principia Later Hayley even even became astronomer royal and seventeen twenty, but as before he's most well known for a certain achievement and observation astronomy. That involves comments here, his work star

and when he studied the parabolic orbits of twenty four comments that had been observed from thirteen thirty seven to sixteen ninety eight and he published these findings in a work called synopsis of astronomy of cod. And he made a really amazing discovery in that work. That three of these historic comments, one from fifteen thirty one, sixteen o seven in sixteen eighty two, which is at last when as the one that he observed personally, he realised that they were so similar that they had to have been the same comment and from that he realized that all the comment was due back again right there, the thing that clinched as that he accurately predicted the return of said comment in seventeen. Fifty eight and he didn't live to see it fortunately, but today, its known as Haley's comment, so he did receive credit for his does ray beyond of lean- and I were talking about it earlier, but we're not

edge for Haley's comment Yeah I'd alarmed about night, you young or would be really Next comes theoretically seen an eighty six that I wouldn't have remember my dad, unfortunately, apparently through the eighty six common path was not a very impressive wine. Maybe we didn't miss them. They did, I think, manage to collect a lot of data about it. So there's something I well. The net entry on our list. Didn't just discover a comment. I think he did one better than you, he's discovered an entire planet, and we are talking about Sir William Herschel, who was a german born british astronomer born seventeen. Thirty eight died in eighteen, twenty two and he actually I must really interesting. He started out as a musician and he played the o bow in

Zog is what eventually led him true and interest in mathematics and lenses, which eventually led him than to astronomy, but, like the others on this, Herschel was known for making several contributions to astronomy. So before we talk about his major every will mention a few of those he studied binary, stars and nebula, and he theorize Nebula are composed of stars, and so because these are just a couple of the many many observations that he made at, but he's also known for having kind of crazy fear. He definitely a little bit out there. He thought that life existed on all planets and the sun, in fact the clincher yeah. That's Canada really wacky one. He thought that he thought that this is possible, because the sun had a cool surface and then the heat that economic order, that a cool solid surface yet and that the heat that came from it actually emanated from the atmosphere, but that there

as a layer of clouds and between atmosphere and the ground that protected the people who live. There, inhabitants cylinder handwritten call them they. I dont know if he thought they were people or area having so an inch an idea, but generally can- to be a little out there. But what is best known, or, as we mentioned, discovering the seventh Planet Uranos in seven anyone and he discovered the planet while he was doing a survey of all the stars that we're about ten times dimmer than those that you could see with the naked eye and other astronomers had of course observed Uranus before, but they it was a star. He realised that it was something other than a star, because it was a disk shape which is not a stellar attribute, and this The really big deal I mean not just be: has it's a new planet, but because up until that point there was this consensus

scientists that there were only six plan as there is the earth and then five planet that had been observed as long as recorded history and that changing the the admission that there could be new planets really opened up, strong measures to go, look for others, and this pave the way for the discovery of Neptune and eighteen, forty, six by Johan Gall though, I mean it's a big change, not just in what astronomers knew, but what they were willing to believe. Absolutely the next person on this list also hadn't trusting discovery that term that kind of change the way people perceive the universe, then we're talking about just now Piazzi, who is an italian astronomer, born seventeen. Forty six died one twenty six and he was seventeen. Forty six died eighteen, twenty six and he was a theatin monk. How to me of pleasure in seventeen eighty and he also founded the observed,

ray of Palermo, which is where he did a lot work, and it was there that he catalogued, seven thousand six hundred and forty six stars wished me issues in an meeting huge number of stars, but most significant in eighteen o one he discovered and named the first asteroid serious and he took three separate observations of it and worked uncalculating its orbit and did so with surprise. The accuracy so much so that following year- has predictions of its position turned out to be accurate, though theories have a mass of. One hundred thousand bout of earth, though it's really small compared to the planet but its huge compared to you know your average asteroid. In fact, it's the biggest most massive asteroid in the asteroid bell that between Mars and Jupiter right. It's so big that at the time he called it,

People thought it was a minor planet of sorts. Of course, after a few years I think, about eighteen, fifty its classification changed asteroid, because many other asteroids were found thanks to his discovery, and they were identified and answer that allowed again a new sort of perception of the universe in, and then She doesn't six after the controversy, the big hullabaloo over PLUTO. Is it a planner analyze, YAP Pluto got downgraded and serious kind of got upgraded. It was reclassified as a dwarf. Planet yak again because of PLUTO. Isn't gonna be a planet? Them serious needs a little bit So from this point, we're gonna go extra galactic and go beyond our own solar system. At last and its when Powell Hubble, who takes us there he's an american astronomer eighteen, eighty nine as when he was born and he died, and nineteen fifty three and here

get out a lot like t go if you listen to that podcast, then you'll, know that Tito started studied law because his uncle, whose basically like a father tuna, raised him pressure at him to do so, but he was always interested. In astronomy and was kind of studying it. On the sly, all the time and who was a lot the same way he he studying law at the insistence of his father. But then, finally, when his father died and nineteen thirteen, he got a chance to pursue a graduate degree in astronomy yeah, even though he had another delay with the onset of world where wine, but five after the war is over, he was able to make up for all this lost, and really get cherry picking some serious observation you haven't, he was well being at Mount Wilson Observatory in California and studying spy. Nebula, which is what he had done. His doctor at on. These were problematic because Nobody could tell exactly what the spirals were, where they other sources

where they clouds of gas within or near the milky way. What were they? Nobody knew so research led to the discovery that there are in fact other galaxies that exist outside the milky way- and this is kind of notice- has major contribution. He pulled this achievement off studying variable stars in the Andromeda Nebula and using the factual. Sense of light and these stars to kind of figure out the nebulous distance and he found out that that distance nine hundred thousand light years away, which was far beyond the borders of the milky way. Yeah and though his fine the Andromeda, nebula and other spiral. Nebula convinced a lot of astronomers that the universe was made out of multiple galaxies. There wasn't just hours there were countless galaxies and the dominant nebula, the curse now known as the and Galaxy appropriately enough, and

it's interesting. But later he even proposed a theory for why the majority of these external galaxies appeared to be moving. From us, moving away from her He even proposed a theory about why it's in the majority of external galaxies, where moving away from earth moving away from where we are, and so that was sort of the key to the establishment of extra galactic astronomy and, of course, the Hubble space Telescope, which launched into space nineteen ninety and has led to so many more discoveries was named for him yeah. We have an article on We do have an article on how the Hubble space telescope works and many astronomy articles actually so pretty stopped in this department. Yet so well, we wrapped up today is list. You can continue to find out a lot more about what discoveries were made about space and explore that here,

though I mean I know, we ve only covered five amazing pester nominal discovery that I'm sure there are many more favorite you haven't. You can email as that history pot cast at hast, Upward Stockholm, bordered by his on twitter and most in history or on Facebook, and throwing

for your favorite astronomical discover the rings of Saturn PLUTO yeah tell us which are favorites are and again. If you, when I look up those astronomy articles we mentioned you can find them by visiting our homepage and typing in astronomy and W W. W done house therefore start come or more on this than thousands of other topics for the house to works outcome to learn more about the pond cast took on the palm cast icon in the upper right corner of the house of work that has a rise download it today and I do. I am only subversion man, Escargot Coralie, and this is the Peat and Sebastian POD catches. A show. Just you guys.

hey comedian, P, Coralie, and I were this- is comedy gold I listened to the spanish and show on I heard radio apple pod cash from wherever you sure I am Bobby Brown Welcome type hard task beyond the beauty show from I heard radio, I'm here to be sitting down with different people each week that I think we can all learn from. I hurt radio is number one for pod cast, but don't take our word for listen to the on the beauty and the heart, radio out Apple Todd cast or ever you get your package, because we all have something to learn about the real me