Getting on the bosses. Good side is just you giving yourself positive affirmations. You never have to fake laugh at the bosses. Lamed jokes, because your hilarious and awkward chit chat with the boss would just be awkward. Chit chat with yourself, because you are a small business owner born to be your own boss and Amex can help funding solutions for eligible business customers. So you can keep doing what you were made to do the powerful by of American Express dont do business without it terms, apply, learn more american, Express Dotcom, slash, business well The stuff you missed in history, class of production of Iheart Radios, house of works hello and welcome to the podcast, I'm Tracy wealthy and I'm Holly fry. We have got

a lot of requests over the years to talk about the drugs. The little mice, including from gender Cheyenne, Emily Brittany, Randy, Rebecca Hannah, Tricia, Jackie and Terrestrial, and we ve had some spikes in those requests that a couple of different points include when this was a plot line on the tv show call the midwife. We got some right in a row over the last couple weeks. This has been described as the biggest man made medical disaster of all time from nineteen. Fifty seven to nineteen sixty two, the little mind was marketed as being completely safe and it was used as a treatment for morning sickness, but it was not safe, at least ten thousand people who were exposed to thalidomide. In the womb were born with a range of disabilities than medical conditions and about forty percent of them. Didn't survive infancy and the drug also cause, then really unknown number of miscarriages and stillbirths, possibly tens of thousands more

what do you, people after throughout about this episode, have framed it in the context of babies? But there are thousands of adult living today who were harmed by this drug many parts of the world they refer to themselves of the little matters have ever recorded Missin twenty nineteen. Most of these folks are in their late fish. He's an early sixties, although, as we will discuss, there are also people who were a lot younger than that. So people who weren't personally acted by. This might imagine this story as something that sort of is confined back in the past, but it's really a story that's ongoing until today, and it's also a long enough story that were covering it in two parts So today we can talk about what the limit is. The animal testing, but let its manufacture you're too marketed as safe and its released onto the market next time,

We will be talking more about its aftermath and how it affected everything from drug regulations to abortion law. There is some disability rights stuff along the way that is pretty appalling in terms of how people were treated and that's going to apply really to both episodes yeah, obviously not a light. Hearted romp today, just heads up ass, if you had not going to that already from Tracy's interim though it a mine, is a tragedy in which means it's something that disrupts development interactions can affect any stage of development, but a term is frequently used to describe things that negatively affect the development of an embryo or foetus, including causing miscarriage, and lots of things can act as traditions, including hypothermia. Infectious disease, environmental pollutants and alcohol. Pharmaceuticals can also have the potential,

to act is Toronto genes. Many countries have some kind of a system now for categorizing the level of risk and whether the druggist recommended for use during pregnancy. So in the U S, for example, these categories range from a in which the risk to a foetus seems to be remote to category x and which the drugs risks during pregnancy outweigh any possible benefits. Today, drugs that fall to category acts or otherwise have serious transgenic effects are quickly, only used with a range of safety precautions in place, patients who could become pregnant may need to have a negative pregnancy test before they start treatment and they may also be required to use multiple forms of birth control and be tested for pregnancy, while there being treated since twenty fifteen F a drug labeling rules in the United States have required a section called quote female and males of reproductive potential and that details these recommendations along

with whether the drug has been shown to cause infertility near the exact words. And lives, obviously very all over the world, but even with these types of precautions that still possible for a drug that known to have these kinds of effects to harm developing foetus, a doctor may not communicate the risks clearly and for a patient might not fully understand. Are contraceptives could fail for a variety of reasons, especially in places that don't have a robust medical system. Patients might share their medications with each other without fully understanding the risks involved. When, especially because these same places don't often have the resources to really follow up and monitor. Patients needs possible that babies may be borne with disability he's or health effects that are ever reported or connected back to the drug, even in places that do have really robust medical systems. The level of monitoring and compliance involved with this can really be a lot. Sometimes that is just not society.

Noble and real world conditions. But none of these steps were in place when thalidomide was developed, and no one knew about its tragic effects when it was first put on the market. So when you get to know why that was in a moment, but first we're going to have an overview of the conditions and disabilities that the little mind causes in a developing foetus, so the condition that most associated with The limit is folk Amelia. That's when the bones in a person's limbs are shortened or missing this year really affects the long bones and the arms and legs so sometimes that results in the hands are the feet being connected to the trunk of the body. Without a limb in between most of the time, these effects are symmetrical with both legs or both arms or all four limbs affected and the arms are affected the most often with the little mud. The little mind can also cause a similar. Can

she called Amelia or the total absence of the limb. Thalidomide can also affect a person's digits in being having extra or missing fingers or toes. Sometimes the size and shape of the bones can also cause the hands or feet to have a different size or shape than a typical. Hand or foot the eyes and the ears can be affected as well. They might be missing completely or missing parts of their structures, and that can cause problem with a vision or hearing, as well as blindness than deafness these them. Most outwardly visible effects of the little might exposure in utero, but the drug can also internal organ damage, including heart, Sidney, nervous system Angie I problems as well as damage to the reproductive organs, and sometimes this is not the apparent at birth even after a medical examination. So these conduct and are then discovered later in life. People who are exposed to thalidomide before birth also have higher rates of cognitive, disabilities and epilepsy.

All together these and other effects of the latter might exposure in the womb are known as the little mind embryo, puffy or fetal solidified syndrome. Most of the research into the little minds affects was conducted on infants in the nineties. Expertise and there have been nearly as much follow up from the what community, as people have grown and aged those really possible that there. Further delayed effects that have been widely studied or traced back to the little might. One exception is whether the little minds effects can be passed down to a person's children, and the little mice affects don't to be inheritable. These are a lot of different effects for one drug. The cause and many people have several of them and that's largely tied to exactly when, during pregnancy that the latter might exposure happened and what was developing within the embryo or foetus. At that time, the litter minds affects tend to be the most here, between twenty and thirty six days after conception at this point in pregnancy,

Things are moving very quickly with lots of growing and development happening in multiple body systems. All at once, just dose of thalidomide can disrupt all of this, causing multiple negative health effects or disabilities in at least fifty percent of pregnancies, and some studies suggest that rate is actually even higher than that. This is why the little minds use as a morning sickness treatment affected, so many people so dramatically morning. Sickness occurs on about seventy percent of pregnancies, and it can happen at any time of the day and at any point, during the press, pregnancy, but it's really the most common in the first trimester, it's usually the worst from four to seven weeks after conception and that largely overly with the window went the little mind. The facts are also the most severe and affect the most parts of the body so We talk about how the little mind made it to market without anyone discovering any of this after we first pause for a sponsor break

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while we are you mind reader cause, that's my exact situation. I've just eaten your cookies. Well, look man! I have a solution for yoga. You conserve Smirnoff kissed Carmel on its own; ok, just straight up two ounces for a shot or a Smirnoff kissed, Carmel, cold, brew. Ok, you said my favour words Colebrook on two ounces of Smirnoff kissed, caramel, one ounce, Colebrook Coffee and a half, an ounce of Baileys Almond, the almond milk le coeur the very same. That actually sounds very interesting to me, because I, like a bit of cold brew of notice, two miles this drink, taste, delicious tastes, sweet shaggy, indulge ok and its infused with a taste of homemade Carmel with a hint of salt, the sweet and indulgent flavour to elevate any cocktail. I like that, will make sure to please sip response

sedatives in particular became incredibly popular as a newly developed class of drugs. The sedative known as Milltown was launched in nineteen fifty five and quickly became the best selling drugs in the United States drug manufacturers around them. End of world war. Two people needed treatments for illnesses and injuries that had resulted from the war. Multiple countries had started establishing national healthcare systems in the decades that, leading up to the war and then afterward, and that led them were demand for medicines. Overall, there are also breakthroughs in various types of medicines, including antibiotics and anti anxiety medications, and those had also lead pharmaceutical companies to develop new drugs very aggressively to try to compete facts was published in nineteen fifty six, and that paper it was referred to as case seventeen. Nineteen thirty six was also when grown and thought conducted some safety tests on this new drug, best selling drugs in the United States, drug manufacture,

around the world were trying to break into this fast growing segment of the drug market, hoping for a similar success of their own west. German far, Suitable company should meagre anthology MBA, which was founded in nineteen forty six and was one of the companies trying to rapidly develop new drugs and bring them to market and nineteen. Fifty four, they synthesized the drug that would her how high that would be lethal and fifty percent of the subjects. Very one thought this was amazing in terms of the folks developing it set the litter might, apart from other sedatives and Sleep AIDS, which could be lethal at high doses, like an overdose, could cause some one to die. Based on these results, crude and Thou started on this new drug and one of the tasks that was conducted is called the median lethal dose or elderly fifty test, and this test is conducted on lab animals and its use to determine how much of a substance it takes for it to become deadly the elder. Fifty is the amount of the substance that it takes to kill. Fifty percent of the tests

or the as a daytime sedative or were conducted on mice, and they suggested that there was no no matter how high that would be lethal and fifty percent of the subjects. Everyone thought this was amazing in terms of the folks developing it set the little might, apart from other sedatives and Sleep AIDS, which could be lethal at high doses, like an overdose, could cause some one to die based on these results. Crude and Thou started marketing this drug as safe and not to Thus, at least you can't just walk up to a counter and say I would like a sedative please and get one in many parts of and little mind with other substances like quinine and vitamin c in nineteen. Fifty seven, it launched several versions of a drug called counter gone, which was solidified for use as a daytime sedative or a nighttime. Sleep aid,

grip acts and counter gone were available without a prescription. The idea that you can just go to a pharmacy and nineteen fifty seven and get a sedative over the counter marketed as a sedative blows. My mind is a little bit yes same. I know I don't know what to add. Yet if there are plenty of drugs that have sleepiness drowsiness is a side effect, but like it that in the U S at least you can't just walk up to a counter and say I would like a sedative please and get one in many parts of the world in the nineteen. Fifty that, with common for doctors, to prescribe or recommend a variety of medicines, are pregnant patience for the sake of their physical comfort and mental health in this included, sedatives and stimulants and other medications that prevailing attitude

it's about both prescription and over. The counter. Medicines during pregnancy was pretty cavalier compared to how it is today and soon after contract on hit the market. Patients and doctors started reporting that it wasn't just providing restful sleep or a calmer mood during pregnancy. It was also treating morning sickness soon, doctors were recommending counter for the off label, use of mourning sickness treatment and prevention. Patients who had taken it were the recommending it to their pregnant friends and family members. I mean people who took this drug described as being miraculous in terms of the difference that it made in the morning sickness level, but none of tests that had been performed on thalidomide before it was release were conducted on pregnant animals and even They have been. It turns out that mice and rats aren't susceptible to the little mind in the same way that here, ends, and many other mammals are.

Although there have been some clinical trials, no one in them had been pregnant. Also, the clinical trials themselves were very small and not very thorough testing, on some other sedatives that this time had involve things like examining the urine to analyze how the drug had been broken down inside the body and how much of the drug was being excreted without being broken down at all. Nothing like this was performed for. Thalidomide also doesn't appear that these clinical, I'll work, double blind or involved any kind of comparison between the drug animal, see both on top of that. The papers that were published to support the little mind, safety and efficacy read more like doctors, testimonials than research that was actually backed up by data viticulture lens. Who is one of the doctors who made the connection between thalidomide and its tragic effects? Leader said quote the papers published in nineteen

six by Coon's at all, on animal experiments and by young on clinical experiences, with the little I'd have so little science value that, in my opinion, they should not have been accepted for prints. In other words, all this Staying was not very thorough or rigorous or well documented. Just one example of how it all fell short is that it later turned out that the reason that they could not find and a lethal dose of the little mice in mice wasn't because the drug was inherently safe. It was because the mice weren't actually absorbing most of it. There preparations of the drug that were tested later on and were more easily absorbs, turned out to be highly toxic, based, on the little mind, success in West Germany. It all began working on distributing it to other parts of the world. It was ultimately

get it and distributed through various other pharmaceutical companies in forty six different countries under a range of brand names, including decisive, all in the UK and Australia and soft and on in parts of Europe, as all of that was happening, doctors in places where the little maid was being used to treat morning sickness were starting to encounter babies. You had a collection of health problems, disability is that they'd never really seen before and nineteen fifty nine a kind of colleges in Munich reported a baby born with folk Amelia. There wasn't a clear connection at that. But later on, the doktor learned at the baby's mother had taken grip ex while pregnant. This wasn't act. Leave the earliest documented case of thalidomide having a tragic effects that have happened back in December of nineteen. Fifty six before the drug was even on the market. This case was about

be born to agreements all employee and his wife, and he had been given free samples at work and their child was born without ears. That connection was not uncovered until much later, so at first doctors were reporting with described as this strange epidemic of folk Amelia, but they weren't really sure was causing it. As that will happen, though, doctors were noticing a different pattern and adults who are taking thalidomide as early as April of one thousand eight hundred and fifty nine pharmacist for reporting that patients were experiencing things like tingling hands and feet or cold hands and feet, or a sense of giddiness. After taking thalidomide in October of nineteen, fifty nine, a doctor named Ralph Vossler

The new riotous or nerve inflammation and people who had taken contraband for a year vos contacted crude and fell. Who told him quote? No such side effects have come to our notice. Another doktor named Horst Franco, was also working with patients that were experiencing neuritis. After taking the little mine, he wrote a paper detailing twenty cases, but for Unclear reasons it wasn't printed until one thousand nine hundred and sixty one. Meanwhile Vos delivered a presentation on the neuritis issue on April 30th, one thousand nine hundred and sixty in December of that here a letter titled is the little mind to blame, was printed in the british medical journal. It was written by a lovely Florence of Aberdeen sure and it described for cases of tingling, cold, extremities, leg, cramps and other side effects and adult patients taking the lead

might these improved, but they didn't really go away when the patient's stopped. Taking the drug. The letter included the line quote. It would appear that these symptoms could possibly be a toxic effect of the little guy by May of nineteen. Sixty one group in thought had received reports of more than one thousand cases of neuritis that were connected to solidify mine. The company was forced to make the drug available only by prescription. Before that point, it had been responsible for more than half of the company's gross revenues and it was West Germany's most popular over the counter sedative, with more than twenty minutes in tablets sold each month. Even after these reports of neurological side effects and after it became available only by prescription, Gruner thought continued to markets let him I'd as completely safe, even during pregnancy. So we should note that Even today, it is very common for a drug side effects, including some very serious side. Effects to be discovered after the drug is approved,

and out on the market, even when their meticulously controlled and carefully planned out clinical trials are very small compared to the general population in the real world has a lot of factors that might not be present in the context of a controlled study, but its clear that green and a regional test On the little mind was not very thorough and the company does not appear to have looked into whether all these reports of neuritis pointed to a greater problem with the drug and nineteen. Sixty one doctors started making connections between the little mind as used for morning sickness and the drug Her out agenda cutbacks. One was the german doktor villikins lens who we mentioned earlier, and he had noticed the unusual increase in folk, Amelia and other conditions that we now know is part of fetal thalidomide syndrome. He went back, Medical records, and he found that this pattern had started very suddenly. He didn't.

Initially know what the exact cause was, but he was confident that there was one and that it might be some kind of chemical exposure like an undisclosed, chemical spill or perhaps a new household product, found signs of miles away. Dr William Mcbride was working at a hospital in Australia and on May fourth, one thousand nine hundred and sixty one baby was born. Therewith, both folk Amelia and Bowel Teresa, which is a condition in which part of the battle is blocked, are absent. Thousands of babies were born every year at the hospital, but this was the first time in its history that a baby had been born with that combination of conduct and two more babies with folk, Amelia and bowel. A treasure were born between May force in June ACE bride realized all three had been exposed to thalidomide which had been on the market, Australia. Since June of nineteen sixty on June thirteenth, he convinced the hospital to withdraw thalidomide from use and informed the drug company distiller

worse, which was distributing thalidomide in Australia. This was the first published letter specific, linking the. What am I to its Tarag agenda. Facts Mcbride later told the New York Times that he also wrote to the company headquarters in London, but quote the reply from the medical director of the London office implied that I was Lee Wrong his high handed letter, implying that I was just a colonial annoyed me, I was determined to prove. I was right. The following months: Doktor HANS Vaguer, documented twenty babies with folk Amelia, five of which were own, too, have been exposed to the little might in the womb, but vigour had been told in error that the little mind was being used vary widely in the U S, but that the Eu S was not experience. The folk Amelia epidemic that other countries were. He learned doktor lands that this was not true and when he went back through his records specifically looking for thalidomide, he confirmed its use in even more cases after his communication with five

lanes called green and dull, and was told to expect a visit from somebody. In a few days. He told them that this needed tension immediately, but in a few days hundreds more people could be taking this drug for the first time, Lens also sent a registered letter to the but he on November. Sixteen nineteen sixty one detailing has concerns Meanwhile, in Australia, drug company distillers removed the little mind from the market on November twenty first, it was only After all, this, but grew to involve finally took action, pulling the little might off the german market on November twenty. Seventh. Nineteen sixty wine, as word spread, it was taken off the market in the UK on December. Second, on December, six so little mind and congenital abnormalities was published in the lancet. Thalidomide was taken off the market in more countries in the weeks that followed it was banned worldwide in nineteen sixty two, although in some places it was not form He may be illegal. Until much later, there was only

after all over this, that there was any kind of formal study of the little might in pregnant animals. Doktor Mcbride. It actually tried to do this in Australia, but he didn't really have any experience and how to perform this kind of trial or access to the lab animals that he would need to do it. The results of this study were published in a letter to the law set on April 28th, one thousand nine hundred and sixty two showing that the little might had similar teratogenic effects and rabbit, as it was now clear to be having Inhumans we're going to talk about the after, of all of this and about why? The? U S? Isn't one of the countries that we have talked about so far after we first pause for another sponsor break miles. Its new from work yes said across from each other record a pike S gather tube cast together on a daily basis. I want to tell you about the perfect white elephant gift to give people what they actually want for the holidays this year bud.

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and please sit responsibly only share with those twenty one, an older getting on the bosses. Good side is just you giving yourself positive affirmations. You never have to fake laugh at the bosses. Lame jokes, because your whole Larry's, an awkward chit chat with the boss, would just be awkward. Chit chat with yourself, because you are a small business owner born to be your own boss and annex can help funding solutions for eligible business customers. So you can keep doing what you were made to do the powerful by, of American Express dont do business without it terms, apply, learn more american, Express Dotcom, slash business between one thousand nine hundred and fifty seven and one thousand nine hundred and sixty two. The little mermaid was sold in forty six different countries around the world, but it was never officially introduced in the United States. Richardson Merrill the drug company had plans to the

beat the little might in the U S. Under the trade name covered on Merrill, submitted an application to the food and Drug administration at that time that U S did have some laws that were governing the drug approval process. That application was given to Doktor Francis Oda. Healthy to review. Kelsey was born on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada and she had first started studying unsafe pharmaceuticals. While she was a graduate student at the University of Chicago and they are shared, both her phd in her ethical degree at the university doktor Eugene jailing was trying to figure out what had caused the deaths of more than one hundred people who had taken a drug called elixir of Sulfonal Mine and Kelsey was one of the graduate students who helped pinpoint the cause as a solvent that had been used to add a raspberry flavour

to make the drug less bitter Kelsey was really new to the job as a drug application. Reviewer at the FDA that covered on application was only the second one that she had been given and in her account, it was given to her because she was new and it was supposed to be an easy. One the let him I was already being used in countries all over the world, it was regarded as completely safe. So really, this process seem like a formality, but when Kelsey he reviewing the application went had some concerns about the at one point: safety testing, a lot of those same problems that we talked about before and after some back and forth with All she rejected the application. On November tenth, nineteen sixty marrow replied in December Kelsey read the letter in the British medical journal about nor apathy and people had taken the lead, abide, which we talked about before the break. She pushed back on

Carol noting that a simple sleep age shouldn't be causing the rapidly and that a drug that was causing your apathy could not be as safe as non toxic as the company was claiming. This went back and forth for weeks at one point, Kelsey met with executive, from the company and in her words quote, I had the feeling throughout the that they were at no time being wholly frank with me, as Kelsey continued to refuse to approve the Kevin application. More and more information was coming out about the effects that the little mind was having on the nervous systems of adults and on prenatal Development Merrill, finally withdrew its abolition in April of nineteen sixty two as countries were banning thalidomide. President John

ass Kennedy later awarded Doktor Kelsey, the President's a word for distinguished federal civilian service than she was awarded. Numerous other honours for her work and drugs safety during her lifetime. She died, and I think twenty fifteen, so that was pretty recently for her part. Kelsey insisted that this was a team effort and her colleagues and supervisor should also get the credit. Even though thalidomide did not receive FDA approval for distribution. In the: U S, the? U S did have cases of fetal thalidomide syndrome, Richards Merrill had distributed more than two million doses of the drug to doctors as samples and those had been given to patients either as sedatives or to treat morning sickness At least seventeen people in the United States were born with fetal thalidomide syndrome. Richardson I was also the company that marketed thalidomide in Canada, where it stayed on the market until March. Second, nineteen sixty two and its possible at their word

why? More than seventeen people, because only about half of those folks parents had gotten the little might in the? U S. The rest of them had gotten it while travelling. So it's totally possible that there are a lot more people are just aren't recorded in that that official list Babies continued to be born with fetal thalidomide syndrome after the drug was banned around the world, including babies that were conceived after the bands, people who had Urban given the medicine before it was pulled from the shelves I had it in their medicine. Cabinets people who had not heard about the drugs affects continued to take it or to share it with other people. Some people who also just been given a sample of a few pills at an envelope that was may be labelled with dosage instructions, but not the name of the drugs, though they might not have even known that it was the little mind that they were taking in some countries, governments and Medical Association tried to warn the public about the danger

of the little maid and urge them to go through their medicine cabinets to make sure they did not have the. Denied or any unlabelled pills. One person who was it part of this outreach was Doktor Helen, Brook Tausig, along with surgical technician, Vivian, Thomas and surgeon, Alfred Blaylock Tausig was one of the people who developed a surgical treatment for the technology of fellow which caused what was then known as blue baby syndrome. That is on the list for another episode, get especially after Tausig and Vivian Thomas in particular in January of nineteen. Sixty two tausig learned about what is happening in Europe and she flew overseas to examine babies who had been harmed by the little mind when she got back to the. U S, she undertook an extensive campaign to try to raise awareness about the drugs effects, including speaking before the American,

physicians and writing. Numerous articles meant for a general audience to try to warn people about the drug. But this didn't happen everywhere. In Australia, for example, distillers pulled the drug if the market in nineteen sixty one and warned the australian government of the drugs transgenic effects, but there was not a wide scale effort to notify pharmacies, hospitals, doctors, offices or the public about what was financing as many as a quarter of the solidified survivors born in Australia were conceived after December nineteen sixty one in Spain. It took him. Years for the government to formally outlaw thalidomide or to remove it from the official register of drugs and sometimes warnings you the term thalidomide while the drug was being sold.

There are other brand names. There were seven different brands of thalidomide sold in Japan alone, even in places with more coordinated efforts to warn people about the dangers of the drug. The first generation of the little maid survivors included people born in ITALY, is nineteen, sixty four and possibly even later, because all of this traced back to a drug that they had believed was safe. This whole crisis led to just an incredible and crushing a sense of shame, grief, depression and anger for everyone involved, whether they had prescribed the drug or taken it or given it to a friend or family member men. Babies born with thalidomide. Embryo apathy died in their first year of life. Those who serve. I usually had multiple disabilities that have seriously affected the rest of their lives, which means that this whole crisis was exacerbated by attitudes about disability and the state of disability rights, the various kinds,

These were so. What am I was sold all had their own nuances, but in general, disability was more heavily stigmatized than it is now, and doctors approach the subject very differently than they do today. So if you read articles written about this cry as it was unfolding a lot of them, don't even sound like their describing human beings worthy of life. The default response even among medical professionals was often to see these newborns as a hopeless and even monstrous tragedy, rather than as the person who could live in thrive with the right care and accessibility. There were even key is M, suspected cases of infanticide in one document it again For a belgian woman named Suzanne, Vanderpool admitted to killing her daughter with perpetuates dissolved in milk, she was acquitted in nineteen sixty two and many countries- doctors,

recommended that babies with folk, Amelia or other disabilities be placed in institutions rather than being sent home with their families, regardless of the level of care that the baby actually needed. My mom worked in long term care for kids with multiple disabilities for years and years, and she definitely worked with kids, who needed some kind of twenty four hour medical assistance. This was not the case with a lot of children who were born after being exposed to the little might sometimes medical staff. Took newborns away from the delivery room before their parents had held them or even seen them, and a lot of places. Parents who took their babies home did so against medical advice and after being strongly discouraged from do so by their doctors and whether a child was growing up in an institution or at home. Most communities were far less accessible than they are today and today there still a long way to go in most of the world schools and other public

buildings were not accessible for wheelchairs parents, teachers and administrators had little to no education or experience in how to make a home or a school accessible to children. With these types of disabilities, prosthetics and adaptive devices had not really been developed for children. So, in other words, there were barriers everywhere. Physical barriers to being able to access facilities and societal barriers due to prevailing attitudes about disability, includes thalidomide survivors described being bullied and harassed by peers and by adults because of their disabilities. The ones who grew up in care have often described feeling strangers every time they visited their families once they got older, but really this is ass as full of information and the heartbreaking. As this is simply the beginning of the story, the thought of mine crisis led to totally revise drug standards around the world a criminal, and

negation and decades of lawsuits and ongoing efforts to get access to necessary support and services. And we to talk about all of that next time. I also have a little bit of listener mail to close us out ray. This firm, Rachel Rachel says hello Ladys. I listened to your episode on the women of the civil war and loved it especially learning about Elizabeth Thorn, so fantastic, but it made me think about how other women have played a part in military service have listened to your episodes on the night witches and the six triple eight central Postal Directory Battalion and others, but I really why and to look into more canadian history thing is that's where I am from, and I stumbled across the nursing sisters. The nursing sisters started out as volunteers during the summer african WAR, but eventually gained a relative rank as lieutenants and then officers by road where one they were nicknamed the bluebirds, because their blue dresses and white fails, which I just love and by the end,

of world war. Two they had been renamed as the royal Canadian Army medical core. Another interesting facts to of the nursing sisters met a hog and Eleanor Thomson and Road where one became the first women to be awarded a wartime metal of Valor and Canada bears great heritage minute on this story which a link below and then moving Are you a more personal note? Also, I'm not sure if you remember Momo, the historian hound, but that's my dog, and I wanted to thank you again for getting us through so many awful bats. I dont know if I could do it without you guys I've added pictures of her into thanks again and have a great they ladys. I was were Rachel. Thank you so much Rachel, of course,

we remember, Momo this story and how much will such a good dog? Thank you so much for this this email and for sharing this information about the nursing sisters. I dont know if they will make it into a full episodes at some point, but in case they do not there's a little tin bit about it about them for our listeners. If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, where history podcast at how stuff works, dot, com and then we're all over social media at missed in history, and that's where you'll find our facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram, you can come to our website, which has missed in history. Dot com you'll find shadowed, sprawly episode telling. I have never done together in a circle archive of every episode ever and you can subscribe to the show on Apple podcast, thy heart, radio app and wherever else you get your vodka

Stuckey missed an historical ass to the production of Iheart radios. How stuff works for more? Upon casts for my how radio visit thy heart, radio, apple pie, guests or wherever you listen to your favorite, shows think about when you consider great exploration vehicles, maybe the APOLLO, spacecraft or or William Babies, bath sphere, but then there, also the completely redesign twenty twenty four explore for when you can't get in a palace spacecraft about this fear and say it is the greatest exploration vehicle of all time. That's right! The twenty twenty four explorer will take you into territory that maybe charted, but hardly conquered. Such the winding country roads that sprawl between your home in your next vacation or whatever. Just last trip to the grocery store in your hometown. You got the cargo space in the twenty twenty four to explore. The only

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