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there's things when you look at the recent archiving go while that has been a while. I really wanted to do an epoch. On the land of poor witches spelled p. You in tease sometimes will also hear people pronounce it punt, and sometimes it's described as a kingdom, sometimes more of a massive trading center. But there are some really really big holes in our knowledge of poor to that make it hard you're a whole episode on it. For example, we don't know exactly where it was. There are references to point in egyptian writing but span about two thousand years than there's also mentions from elsewhere in the world, but it's not totally clear whether all of these references are referring to the same place, but one of our biggest sources of information on food comes from hat ships. It uses a huge expedition there in the fifteenth century. Bc e with expedition to point is also an important and illustrative part of had ships its rain.

They we're going to go to point by way of hardships it and the civilization that we call ancient Egypt, expanded and contracted in cycles for thousands of years with periods of prospering and floor Jeanne divided by periods of decline in instability. This is part of I have not jumped on it. Any african history recently If I start delving in and then I go well, I was waters too deep and backing up egyptologist have roughly divided these prosperous areas into the old middle and who kingdom separated by intermediaries periods these people their civilization by a number of names, including the two lands, the of land and commit, which is usually too it's late, it as black land, often interpreted as a reference to the fertile soil that sets along the Nile River had ships it Pharoah near the start of the new kingdom, which started with the founding of the eighteenth ruling dynasty, the eighteenth dynasty, also included some of Egypt's most

well known Pharaoh's, including an hotel. The third I cannot, and into common these kings did not call themselves Pharaoh's, though that's a greek term was coined a little later and then kind of retroactively applied to all of the kings of this ancient kingdom. The eighteenth, Misty was founded by a in about fifteen thirty, nine b c e and after his ass in about fifteen fourteen BC. E emotion was succeeded by his son, a minnow tap the first, but when a man would happen, first died in about fourteen. Ninety three hundred and ninety BC, he did not have a male, air. So in that case one, his generals tat Most was next on the throne TAT most their married, a woman seemed almost, and it's not entirely clear who her parents were. One of her titles was king sister, but it's not home. Known whether that came from being the sister of one of the previous kings or tat most as own sister in this is

the kings, had a primary wife known as the great royal wife, along with other lesser wives and concubines, and were much ancient egyptian history. It was typical for the king to take his sister or half sister as his great royal wife, and to marry him their sisters as well. The king the embodiment of the God Horace and the marriage to a sister or half sister harking back to the egyptian creation story. In this story, the first God a tomb had no partner, so he created the first pair of deities by himself. This brother sister pair then produced another brother sister pair and so on and the eighteenth dynasty in particular, it was required for royal sisters to marry their brother kings and then four daughters of that pair to marry the next king and, in addition to the religious aspect that connected back to this creation story. This also really concentrated the power and the wealth within the royal family. So whether tat, most though was marrying his own sister or the sister of

the previous kings, his doing this strengthened his claim to the throne and preserve the idea of balance when TAT most died. He in a most I had one daughter patch upset that ships it. And trained as a high priestess in the Temple of Amman, who was head of the egyptian pantheon as well as patron day b of the kings and the city of Thebes during the new kingdom tat mode. And almost I did not have a son but TAT most did have a son with one of his lesser wives, and that son was TAT most of the second tat. Most of the second followed his father on the throne and about fourteen eighty, two b c e, and he married his half sister had ships it. Who was about thirteen the time, because the new king was very young, inexperienced and chronically ill. The kings, great royal wife, acted as his regent, but tat. Most of the second not live long after becoming king. He die in about fourteen seventy nine b c e after he had been on the throne for about three years. By that point here,

ships, it had one daughter, never era, and they did not have any sons, however, like his father tat, most of the second did sons by other wise. Clouding won by a woman named ISIS. This was tat. Most of the third It was about two years old. At the time of his father's death, a marriage was planned between TAT, most of the third and his half sister, never era, and this would similarly strengthened his tide of the throne, although at the time both of them were way too young to immediately get married. So in the meantime, hardships it tat most is the third step. Mother and aunt was gonna, actresses Regent, because his mother ISIS wasn't of royal blood. Up until this point, the line of succession in the eighteenth dynasty had progressed in a way that was really pretty typical. Apart from tat. Most of the first being it are all who was not of royal birth, and it was also pretty and for a woman to act as region. If her husband died before his air was old enough to rule on his own, it was more come.

For a woman to wind up in such a position of power. At the end of the dynasty, though, when the late king had no male air for the first few years after her husband's death hardships, its conduct as regent was pretty typical for the time as well. She built a memorial chapel to her late husband She was publicly dedicated to preserving his memory and, looking after the welfare of his signs, she took action on young tat. Moses half and guided him as he grew into the divine king on his own. She order The renewal and restoration of temples to honour the young king and she sent an expedition to us once a quarry, a pair of arbalist that would be dedicated to him writings about her from this time referred to her as queen or with her formal religious title as the kingdoms highest priestess, which was gods, wife of famine and her depictions and carvings were pretty

typical for a woman in these positions, but by the seventh year of her regency that has started to change. She reported that the recall, of Aman had delivered a message from the God that she should be King becoming co ruler with her step son in her account. This happened at the Temple of Karnak during a festival when a statue of Aman was supposed to perform an oracle or miracle at first no message came, but when it first we did. The statue moved around dramatically and delivered a message to her that she was to be with her majesty and the gods wife. She started to be depicted in our work with both masculine and feminine traits and after while she was shown ass, a man with the skirts and the decorative beard and the crown that signified her being king, she wasn't disguising her gender, though the language that was used to describe her was still feminine. Most of the time, even as the artwork was depicting, her is progressively more masculine. Miss was released.

That happened over time with some more masculine elements appearing long before the seventh year of her regency and then with her depictions, contain We need to become more and more a masculine ass time passed and at some point she was formerly crowned in a series of rituals that took days to complete as was typical for Pharaoh. She took a new thrown name, a which translates roughly two truth is the soul of re The idea of my art or truth in this context also connected to justice and order, and was it that was established by the gods. The role the Faro was to mediate between the gods and humanity. Preserving the gods, Maud there was so a goddess named by who was the personification of these traits. She also ban construction of her more weary Temple, known as just there to Syria or holy of holies. This was built at the dear Elba. Hurry Temple complex near, what's now Luxor this

Paul was meant to guide her into the afterlife where, as Pharoah, she would transcend into a divine being, and it was to make sure that she was well provided for their the tombs actually hold her mummy was built in another location. Had ships it's more to wear a temple was a massive three tier temple made from sandstone full of statuary, including statues of Hatch upset, as the God of sound is the structure itself still stands today: relief carvings on the Temple walls documented hardships, its biography Andrew rule is king. This included a new story documenting her birth, that the Aman had disguised himself is tat. Most of the first and impregnated hardships its mother, both thrown name and her new origin story reinforce the idea that she had legitimate claim to be king and that she was connected directly

the God Aman who had authorized her to do it. I'll, though, she was technically co ruler with TAT most of the third for the rest of his life. She acted as the sole monarch. She also changed his throne name from one That meant the manifestation of re is enduring. So when the meant, the manifestation of the soul of re, is enduring kind of adding a degree of separation between him and being a direct manifestation of odd and it's my entirely clear what motivated her to do this when archaeologists first her tomb in the nineteenth century. They concluded this was power hungry and conniving and had stolen the thrown from our stepson. For her own selfish reasons,

we're going to talk about why they came to the conclusion in just a bit more recent scholars of pretty much dismissed. That idea, though, whilst simple ambition might have been involved, is also possible that there was some kind of threat. It's too tat, most of the third and that had ships. It was protecting him by becoming the king herself. It might have been just that he had been king under a regency for about seven years and he still wasn't old enough to Father and ere. It would probably be another seven or so years before you could actually rolled a kingdom on his own. That was a lot of time to get through in a world where early deaths were really common, and it also possible that her doing this wasn't actually her idea that it was something that advisers or the priesthood thought was necessary, for some reason regardless she could not have done this without significant support. Among the ruling class she had carefully cultivate relationships and alliances four years as region before taking on the role of king. What she did was

precedent it, but the elite in Thebes allowed her to do it and the fact that they did suggest She was admired and respected as a leader before she took the throne, its clear that, regardless of what the motivations where she was incredibly savvy to do this- and she also proved herself to be a capable ruler, which we will talk about after sponsor break. Welcome one welcome all welcome you do yours and marchers to the beat of any drum at Starbucks, we oh. That wellness has a lot more to do with finding your unique journey. Then, following the latest trends, that's why we have something for every taste, every craving, every mood and every you like our new cocoanut milk, latte, an almond milk, honey, flat white because to journeys are the same, and what makes it right is that it's yours.

We ve got before the break about how before had ships, it became king. The line of succession had unfolded in the eighteenth dynasty, inner pretty typical way, but had its attention to the throne wasn't typical at all. There were other women who had held positions of power in egyptian history, but for one to take, the throne in this way was really unprecedented. So, in addition, throw name and the revised story of her birth. She got to work immediately, taking steps to try to reinforce the idea that she was a legitimate ruler. She commission, hundreds of statues and other artwork doing her as king, along with statues and structures honouring the God Aman. She expanded the priesthood and constructed temples, Oliver thieves and beyond, including a bark chapel that french archaeologists name, the Chapelle Cluj after an earth, The blocks used to build it in the nineteen twenties, the chapel

original location is unknown. It was dismantled after had its death, and its blocks were used for a pylon in Karnak. She employed craftspeople associated with it of the kingdoms, most prominent families. To do all of this building up her base of support at ships. It launched two mill Harry expeditions into new bia, one of which she reportedly led herself. She also sent expeditions mine, gold, in new media and in the eastern desert. She strengthened trade relationships with other parts of Africa and with the Levant, possibly as far West, is what's now Afghanistan. Shortly after taking the throne, she also dispatched a massive trading expedition to point which will be talking about in more detail in

bit and throughout all of this, she gave favours to prominent men who support she needed to stay in power, but she also made appointments to political newcomers, which gave her support that did not come with as many strings attached in the fifteenth year of her rule had ships that send another expedition to ask why the quarry a second set of problems with this pair being inscribed to her. A year later, she held a Jubilee festival, known, as said something that was the typically done in the thirtieth year of kings. Rule to rejuvenate has power, it's possible that she chose this earlier date, because it was about thirty years since her father had died away. Point she had become her husband's queen. So in a way that marked the beginning of her time on a throne at some point, she had her fathers Mummy move to a tomb near her mortuary temple again reinforcing her connection to the dynastic line. She also in

basically focused on her right to rule as coming from being her fathers daughter, rather than her, having been married to tat most of the second. During her time on the throne hat ships, its most powerful adviser was a man named seven, but we don't know all that much about him as a person. He started out as the overseer of the large hall at the palace and Thebes, starting at the very beginning of tat. Most of the seconds and he soon took on an increasing number of political appointments and became tutor to hardships. Its daughter by the time had ships it took the throne. He had become incredibly powerful in a very important figure. He ultimately amassed ninety three different official titles and became chief architect of hardships. Its mortuary temple, the oversaw treasuries and craft, People all over the kingdom there's been some speculation that the two of them were linked romantically. Some of it stems from, fact that he was very close to hardships his daughter leading people to wonder whether he was actually her father. He also bill

His burial Temple mere hardships. It's mortuary Temple also centre was a powerful man in the court of a woman which is frequently cause for suspicion, although it's likely that huh said, had other relationships after her husband's death. She would have you have been really careful about? One involving sentiments that admit disappears from historic, record in the Nineteenth ear patch up, that's rule, although he might have survived after her death. She died in her early forties after having rule this king for about fifteen years and as TAT most of the third regent for about seven years before that this makes her the longest raining female monarch and ancient egyptian history and possibly the first to rule as a king rather than a regent or other interim ruler. We noted early

there were other women who served as regions or who grew into having a lot of power as queens and there's some debate about whether any of these earlier women became kings in their own right after hardships, its death tat, most of the third became the sole ruler is clear from his time king that hardships it had prepared him to be a skilled leader from both a with Harry and a political perspective. He had gun, marrying and fostering children by his late teams and by the time he was twenty. He was commander of the military after had ships death he conquered. Much of what is now Syria, as well as parts of Sudan. In Iraq. The first of these expeditions took place was mediately after he became the sole monarch. It seems, as had it had started, making preparations for it before her death like had ships, it had done tat. Most of the third also undertake huge building projects, constructing temples and having oblast, squirrels and ass one.

Also completed monuments to her that were already under way when she died, but then about twenty years into his reign tat. Most of the third started construction of a new temple, which was an extra hardships, its mortuary temple, and at about this time, people started removing all references to hatch ships it as king from temples and other buildings. All over the kingdom, statues depicting her is king, were mashed relief carvings were defaced. Her name was chiseled out of the reliefs edges air to Sarah and replaced with the names of tat most of the first, the second and the third, her mortar, Temple was re, consecrated and her oblast say Karnak were walled in her name was: also removed from the official lists of kings. It is generally concluded that too most of the third ordered this purge, but it's not clear how much he was encouraged to do so by the priesthood or his advisers. She

an entirely obliterated from the record, though this destruction went on for the rest of tat, most of the third life which was for about another decade, but there were so many statues and other depictions of had suit that some of them were still intact. The a time he died with so much of her record destroyed hardships. It soon fell into complete obscurity, the people who numbered and supported. Her eventually died, and without her name in the list of king, she seems to have been forgotten within a few generations when Mortuary temple was announced in the nineteenth century, no new how to read hieroglyphics yet so all of the smash statues and other debasement were interpreted as simple. Symbolism or the work of grave robbers. Then an eighteen twentieth, John France, wash em Pelion built on earlier work by Thomas Young to decipher the hieroglyphic text on the Rosetta stone and then that pave the way for modern people to be able to read Hieroglyphics Shampoo Leone personally viz

hush up that's temple and was deeply confused by what he found there. In addition to all these replaced names, there were pictures of two kings standing side by side. That was incredibly unusual. There was also writing. They just didn't make sense that had feminine word arms when they expected masculine ones, eventually, archaeologists pieced together. What had happened that had Shep said had been tat most of the third region but had taken the thrown herself but they erroneously concluded that TED Mosca had immediately removed hardships, its name from the record as soon as she died. They imagined that TED Moser was angry at having had his kingship stolen from him for more than a deck and that his removal of his stepmother's name was evidence of both his outrage and her character, based this assumption they concluded that had ships, it was a stereotypical, evil stepmother. Right, however, Disney move wicked, an conniving and only interested in her own

Our debate today We know that about twenty years passed between had ships, its death and the defaced minafer tomb and all the other destruction and the interpretation of what led to that debasement as much different. That's largely thanks to the work of Egyptologist Charles names in nineteen sixty six, who was the first person to pinpoint the date of the defaced meant as being the forty second year of TAT, most of the seconds rain. According some researchers, it was even later than that. So it's I like leave. The ruling class became interested in preserving the idea that the dynastic line had continued without it kind of interruption through tat. Most of the first second- and the third is also possible that there was some concern about tat. Most of the third successor of men, who have the second in ten most did even Silly Mary had ships its daughter, Neffer era, and he had a son there with her or with another royal wife, but both of them died. So his Sesar was a man who tap the second, whose mother

no royal lineage and no connection back to hush upset. It seems that TAT most of the third was concerned, enough about the line of succession that he had a men hotel crowned while he was still living with the two of them, acting as co, monarchs foe, this removal of hardships it from the record might have been connected to all this uncertainty and is also possible that the purge wouldn't have been considered necessary if hatch upsets. Otto had survived and she had become the mother to the next king rather than the kings. Wife. Coming from this totally disconnected LINEAR the idea of a female king is also an affront to the concept of my odd that we talked about earlier. The king was so to be an intermediate airy with the gods and living embodiment of Horace. Keeping everything in balance, so having a woman in this role was basically the opposite of this idea of ordered justice. The fact it a man had a relatively peaceful and prosperous reign. In spite of this affront to my may have read.

Unwelcome questions about that divine order and the rule of other kings had shifted. The mummy wasn't placed in the team where she intended to be, or if it was, it was later moved, but me from a tomb that was found in the valley of the kings in nineteen o too, might be hers. That's he was fully excavated, starting in nineteen. Twenty during the excavation archaeologists, sound, the mummies of two women, one of which was the floor. One of these was later genocide as hardships, its wet nurse, the other one The one that had been on the floor was possessed and in a way that was often used for royal women. A city scam found that it was missing a too Meanwhile, a box marked with hardships, its cartouche. And unearthed, as well, in a cache of royal mummies, a scam of that box. Feels that it contained a tooth, and this too appears to be a match for the mummies missing one. So

It's likely that this was hardships its mummy, although that is still not one hundred percent proven here. There is discussion of using DNA to try to confirm everything back when these initial analyses happened. I don't know what the results of that work. I could not find reference to it anywhere, but it's also incredibly difficult to get good dna out of mummified samples that are this old anyway. This finally brings us to the voyage two points that I wanted, The folk sign from the beginning- and we will get to that after a sponsor break this episode of stuff- you missed in history classes, brought to you by W W, formerly wait watchers. I have got some exciting news from them. W W has launched the new mind, I mean: have you programme its their most groundbreaking and customize proven weight loss plan I joined Debbie

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The first, a reference to point in ancient egyptian writing is from the Palermo Stone, which dates back to about twenty five hundred Bc Ii. That was more than a thousand years before had ships. It became king according to the Palermo stone kings to harass and an expedition to put which returned with eighty thousand measures of a substance that generally written as an t. Why w sometimes preceded by an apostrophe? Some sources translate this word as frank, incense and others translated as murderer both of these are made from aromatic tree resins and are used to make perfumes and incense as well as spices and medicine. This expedition also brought back Would in the form of rods or stay

leaves which were probably used to make spears and other weapons, because the egyptian kingdoms territory at that time didn't include trees. That yielded. Would that was good for that purpose? There are periodic references to point, also known as gods. Land in egyptian rating after that all documented expeditions were associated with kings, who were known for exceptional leadership and good fortune. There are also fictional references, including the tale of the shipwreck sailor. This story dates back to the middle kingdom. In it a sailor, washes up on an island in the Red Sea and meets the Lord of point. The Lord of Point is sir, who gives him all kinds of gifts, including murder? I paint baboons an elephant tusks egyptian documents described to different routes. To put one of them is the Red Sea and one of the long, the Nile, both of them involved some time on the Nile as well as travel over land for the Red Sea route. Ships were probably bills on the Nile,

they failed to captors from there? They were disassembled and then carried along a dry river bed called the Wadi Hamas, and that went all the way to the Red Sea, which was hundred and twenty miles or a hundred and ninety three kilometers away, then on the return trip, the goods probably would have been loaded onto pack animals to be carried back across the Lahti summit, and then they would have been loaded into different ships on the Nile rather than deconstructing the ships and carrying them again. It was an involved process. We would only want to go to this place if bit sick, that much effort if you're gonna get some really good tree get out of it. You really had to want to do it, travel along the mile ships would have used rowers and sales to travel south against the current and then followed the current back. But it's not clear exactly where the overly Importune was headed after getting off of the ships, whether an expedition

travelled along the Red Sea or stuck mostly to the mile, might have been a matter of practicality with the Egyptians travelling farther down the Nile when had friendly relationships with the kingdoms and empires in that area, but then passing over the land and travelling down the Red Sea when they didn't, or it could have been. That point was very large and stretched all the way from red Sea to the Nile and the Egyptian visited different parts of it at different times. Like mention it. Half of the show hardships this expedition to point was one of the most notable acts in her time is king and a lot of what we know about point comes from her documentation of those expeditions. According to the count in the relief carvings and had ships is more cheery temple. This voyage restored trade. With point after an interruption of more than two hundred years, she had several probable reasons for wanting to embark on this expedition. One was simply access to luxury goods and aromatic resins the reasons the partition

were really important for religious purposes, as might have been a reward for her supporters when she ascended to the throne, like they helped her get on the throne and then returned, she was gonna, give them access to all of this good trade. It was probably also a way to keep the army busy. Although it does appear the hardships it led a couple of small military campaigns into new media. It wasn't generally considered appropriate for a woman's personally led an army into battle. On top of that, there was just a lot more risk for her than there would be for a man in her position. It would have been just catastrophic for an unprecedented female Kay. To lead a military campaign that then failed so had ships. It needed some other way to reinforce the idea that she was competent and accomplished and capable as king and she needed something to do to keep the soldiers occupied like having them go all the way to boot, and, as was the case with her attention to the throne, hatch, upsets relief. Carving, show that this was done.

Finally ordered saying that the Oracle had delivered a command that quote the highways to the murder. Harris's should be opened. This is slightly different from being from how other Pharaoh's documented their expeditions to plant which more focused on a moon or common re causing point to send their goods or causing the way to point to be opened. The buyer leaf than hardships, its Temple depict large, sailed ships crude with thirty rowers. Each carrying goods from Egypt, including fruit, meet bread B and wine. They fail across the water and based on the aquatic life that shown in the carvings that water is probably meant to be the Red Sea once they arrive in point. There are carvings of the region's trees, which might be the trees used to produce ebony frank incense armor. There are also some big trees. There are also depictions of huts with domed roofs on still

switch, might have been houses or greater ease from there. The relief show all kinds of goods being loaded back onto the ship's, including herbs would resins gold, incense and animal skins. There are also lots of live animals, including baboons, monkeys, cattle and hounds enslaved people. In there Mulder him are loaded into the ships as well, and cross section of the loaded ships show them just pact to the gills with goods. Once the goods arrived safely at Karnak Temple and thieves, the Egyptians and the point, eight dignitaries who are returned with them are shown preventing Hap shuts it with the goods that they had brought. This includes live resin trees in baskets meant for transplanting and hatchets. It did transplant them around her mortuary Temple and the carvings hatchets that also consecrates. The best All these goods to the God, I'm in the people of Poland, appear in these depictions as well. They have dark reddish skin, with long hair and goatee like beards.

The only ones whose names are mentioned, our king Para, who at his queen naughty the queen, is depicted as being there strikingly large, something that has led to a lot of commentary about her body and a lot of it is did with the assumption that there was a pathological explanation for her body shape and size, but it may have just been she was built or a mark of status and wealth in her culture. By the way, if you look her up, be prepared to reeds and really gross and insulting, Things about her body in almost every single article, including articles that our brand new, almost no one, had nothing ugly to say about what the queen of good looked. Like is relieved, our very detailed. So it's likely that had ships it sent artists with expedition and ordered them to make very careful observation for the sake of these reliefs when they returned and the relief there definitely our biggest single source of information about point. But there is still so much that we don't know. For one thing: we really don't

Now how the people of point referred to themselves point is what is in egyptian writing, but it's also echoed than things that came later like Herodotus is history which was written in the fifth century BC I also don't know exactly where it was something. People have been trying to figure out for more than a hundred and fifty years at first researchers, cost on the arabian peninsula, but as archaeologists unearthed, more and more descriptions of point being to the south, rather than to the east of the egyptian kingdom and more references of the goods being

did they started focusing more on the stretch of the continent between egyptian territory and the Horn of Africa. Many of the goods described is coming from point were native to this part of the african continent, but there is still a lot of room for speculation. This is especially true since the ancient Egyptians were certainly not Koontz, only trading partner, so the goods that were available in point probably came from other parts of the world as well, both on the continent of Africa and elsewhere. Also, the domed huts and still houses that are shown in the reliefs are more associated with central and western Africa than with the parts of the continent that were most likely to be accessed via the Red Sea and which archaeologists and other researchers have mostly focused on in their search most, but not all. Researchers have concluded that point was probably located somewhere along the Red Sea, but exactly where is still a mystery race,

teachers have certainly put forth a lot of ideas, a lot of them simultaneously, contradictory and well supported, most place puts where in what's now, Eritrea, Ethiopia or Somalia in article in the Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt stand Belinda explores descriptions of point as on the twin shores of the sea, and he interprets the accounts description of where the expedition pitch their tents, as on both sides of the Red Sea based map. He concludes that point lay along the Bow Mandeb straight with model Djibouti, on one side and Yemen, on the other, in both Eastern Africa, Andy turner, Rabies, peninsula and twenty tan researchers even tried to use oxygen, isotope analysis to try to confirm points location by studying the mummy of a bad boon that had presumably been brought back from put that research suggested that this baboon was from, what's now Eritrea or EAST

an Ethiopia, and so they concluded that put might have covered all of that general area. A you're archaeological discovery could clear all this up, but Now the biggest archaeological finds related to poond are from the egyptian harbor of mercy. Go asses known at the time, a saw which show evidence of trade with point regardless, though point seems to have existed as an important and thriving trading partner for roughly twenty five hundred BC to about six hundred BC, the last egyptian expedition that we know it took place under Ramses. The third in the twelfth century, BC elusive, prudent again, I'm very that you will also, if you go,

poking around on the internet. You will also find some more far fetched and less well supported ideas about it being in many far flung places that are not in the immediate vicinity of Africa and the radiant peninsula, which aren't really supported so much by what we know it in terms of what's documented about egyptian relationships with point and about what we know about Egyptians. Seafaring capable These which our words amazing big they could get up, and now the Nile pretty well, but they really tended to stick very closely along the shore of the Red Sea. They were not nearly as good as like getting out into the water away from that safety of land. They were focusing more on architecture. That is fine yeah. We should also note that, in the modern era there is a place called pointless, which is a part. Somalia- and we know that that was named after the land of food. But it's not clear that that was the same physical location.

Does he have a little bit a listener real for us? I do have listener mail for us. Vessels airmail comes from Christopher costs hello, ladies I'll long time, avid listener to your podcast. Having listened off and on for years, I recently started a new job with a longer commute in your podcast to put a huge blessing. I recently listened to your podcast on Chester, a Arthur, and you discussed in passing a church in Boston that had a large collection of Tiffany stained glass, I'm an amateur stained glass maker and I specialize in the Tiffany foil style. I was in Boston for work during the recent eclipse and what are the stops I made in my free time was to a church that had a large collection of stained glass, since I gather you may be familiar with it. I am not sure if this will interest you, but

take high resolution pictures of the windows because of how impressive they were, especially when compared to my own skill, I'm not sure how familiar either of you is with stained glass in general, but when you're working on a window, typically, at least in my experience, all of the different pieces of glass or approximately the same thickness- is not the case in the windows of this charge. Although you cannot tell from the pictures I took, I was able to get up close to the windows them so wives and there's a huge amount of variability in the thickness of the different pieces, which makes the finished product all the more impressive. I would like to second the motion to do an episode on Tiffany either the person himself for the style of stained glass or, if I'm dreaming, an episode on the history of stained glass itself am attaching a linked to the above. I made at the pictures of the windows and case you're interested in seeing them

for some reason you want to take them or post them do feel free to do so. I am attaching a picture of a window. I made myself to give some perspective on the comparative differences between a master of the craft and a dilettante. By like myself again. Thank you so much for what you do. I tell everyone who will listen about your podcast. I'm also about to head on a vacation to Martha's, vineyard and plan on sending you guys something so watch for another message or postcard from me. Thank you and have a great day Christopher. Thank you, Christopher for this email

These pictures are great. The picture that Christopher sets of his own his own thing last work is of a velvet theme steam stained glass piece, which I was absolutely delighted by, and I am glad that that we had this email, because we talked about that. I'm podcast, I was sort of talking off the top of my head. I didn't have written down with a neighbour. The church was aware it was, or anything like that, and this email gives me a chance to fill people in who may be interested. This is Arlington Street Church is at the corner of Boyleston Street and Arlington in Boston. It's right across the street from the corner like one of the corners of the Boston public garden. It is a unitary

nevertheless, church and the history of this particular church actually also connects to our recent Packard Verses, Packard episode, because when you look at the chronology of like the churches, history at what congregations were worshipping at this sight. It follows that whole progression of having like the very old school, Lutheran, Calvinism and then gradually breaking away from that becoming been dissatisfied and then ultimately becoming unitarian church, which is the church the there. Now, though, if you, Google, Arlington Street Church Boston, you will find information about the church and when it is available to go and look at the window, is there a picture? The windows there as well? So thank you so much

Christopher. If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, where history podcast at Helstone work but com and then we're all over social media at Miss than history, that is where you ll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram, and you can come to our website, which is that MR history dot com and find shone out sprawl the upsurge in HOLLAND. I have done together and a searchable archive of every episode ever and you can subscribe to our shadow on apple pie. Cast an eye heart radio out and wherever else your bike, gas, stuffy, missed in history, ass is the production of I'm aren't radios how stuff works for more part. It's for my. How radio visit thy heart, radio, apple pie, guests or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

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