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welcome to stuff you missed in history class production of I hurried use. How stuff works, hello and welcomed by Gazprom, Tracy bewilderment, I'm calling pride every year. There's a thing in Cambridge Massachusetts called PA fast, its held in other places too The weather in Cambridge on the MIT Campus is the one that I go to it's the festival of bad ad hoc hypotheses. It's a place where people present their scientific papers, except the scientific papers, are fake and also funny. And very well argued and sometimes really plausible, on top of being so hilarious. So like, for example, last time, the winning talk was all about the role of noise in the spread of bubonic plaguing the fourteen

century, and it was accompanied by a whole lot of pictures from illuminated manuscripts, and I don't want to get into more detail than that because they put videos of all these things online. Anybody who goes to watch it to see all the hilarious reveals first hand, it is often a very the blending of science and history and faker ie, and Polarity altogether and the reason I'm tired about this. Is that the winners of this very silly nerdy thing used to get a Threed printed, resin representation of Darwin looking doubtful, but now they get a trophy of Hennig Brand, discovering phosphorus Henning brand discovered phosphorus by boiling p. So the first time I heard about this office I would like we gotta do apply cast on that. It has taken me a few years to actually get to it in case. It was not clear. This episode

have a lot of urine in it her. I love a peach of their very funny to me because I'm crass, what a one of my cousins have a daughter who was just at the age to be having sleep or worse and and at the age where mentioning of any bodily function is just and stately hilarious, and I like remember as a kid if somebody was like p b It would just send everyone into giggles forever. Yeah. I've was very different, his child. You know I hope I was raised with a lot of shame about your body at anything it might do or pretty replete with ill. I became a little the older and out in a world where I was like you guys. Urine is really funny child. If you said something about p, sleep over there would be mortification, unlike all the very different culture, yeah yeah, yeah little Victorian at my house in that regard,

The matter in hand. Phosphorus is a chemical elements. Then, if you need a quick chemistry, refresher elements are a basic building block of matter. Elements are made of atoms and atoms are made of subatomic particles, but you cannot take those subatomic particles out, Adam by ordinary chemical means. A pure piece of an element like phosphorus is made of phosphorus atoms, and one atom of phosphorus is the smallest piece of phosphorus that you can get yeah I'll. Take one phosphorus, please when I wrote that I made it almost sound, like all elements are made of phosphorus- that's not

is that all elements are made of atoms of that type of element, and so several chemical elements were known to the ancient world. You'll see slightly different list, depending on where you look, but in general, humans have known about gold, silver, copper, iron, led ten, think, arsenic, antimony, mercury, sulphur and carbon for thousands of years pretty much any ancient culture that has written records names. Least some of these in those records. These elements have all been known about for so long that we could not really say who discovered them or who first concluded that there was anything special about them. Phosphorus on the other hand, is the first element whose discover we can't name, and that was Hennig brand in about sixteen sixty nine, but unlike the other elements we just listed phosphorus doesn't exist in its pure elemental form,

in the natural world is extremely reactive, so, instead its founded phosphate compounds. Those compounds are used to produce elemental phosphorus, which is called white or yellow phosphorus white phosphorus can then be used to make more stable. Our troops, including red and black phosphorus, in casual use, the words phosphorus and phosphates, are used almost interchangeably sort of like how people say carbon to mean carbon dioxide are fundamentally necessary to life on earth. Their part of the structure of d nay and RNA there. Also a component and ability try phosphate or ATP, which carries z within all living cells. Calcium phosphate helps, provide the strength and our bones and teeth. So I mean it's just not on admiration to say that we would be dead without phosphorus. Very squishy People have also been intentionally using phosphorus for sale.

Tens of years before brand discovered it without knowing that that was what they were doing in some parts of the world. The soil does it contain a lot of phosphorus and even in places where the soil starts out phosphate rich, it loses its phosphates and other nutrients overtime through farming, for as long as people have deliberately cultivated crops, they ve also understood that there was something about the soil that needed to be replenished in order for crops to continue to thrive there. A lot of the strategy's people have used to try to make their crops grow. Better, have really been having fun.

For us, along with the other essential nutrients of nitrogen and potassium back into the soil as examples, the practice of burning off the stubble of last year's crop doesn't just clear the land for new planting. The ash also contains phosphorus, which goes back into the soil. People have also fertilized their crops with things like manure, urine, fish and oyster shells, olive which contain phosphorus and other nutrients. Crop rotation takes advantage of the differences in how different plants used, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, to try to keep all three of those readily available and the soil people did things like this for centuries without knowing what phosphorus eyes or that the crops that they are growing needed it. Ancient people's use of phosphorus also wasn't limited to agriculture. As one example for thousands of years, people have you steal, urine to clean things, a big reason

this is. The urine contains urea which decays into ammonia when its left out for a long time, but Urim also contains a lot of phosphates and phosphates help make other cleaning agents more efficient. Please don't take this as a any sort of household cleaning, tip You were in San Francisco at the end of our tour. Last year I went to the Book Binders Museum and that their I had a guided tour

The book binders museum in one of the things that I learned about is how, in one element or one part of the book binding printing process, there were these little ink Dahlberg that were sort of leather covered things that you would Dobbin the ink and you would put them on the plate that you're going to Prince, and if that dried out, your apprentice had to go and clean them and start completely over. So part of the apprentices job was to keep that nice and moist, and the tour guide said: do you have any ideas of what they might have used a clean these things and

was like. I bet it's urine, because that was the thing that I could think of you know in the early days of book. Binding would probably used to be clean, doing something and she's specified that it was stale urine, and that is for the reason that we just said so. Of course, when Hennig Brand was alive, people did not know what phosphorus was or that it was connected to all of us and even after he made his discovery, people didn't really understand what it was he had found at the time. European scientists still understood the world in terms of not the chemical elements that we think about today, but the four elements of earth, air, fire and water, the field of alchemy, was just starting to evolve into the field of care.

Story when he lives and the definition of elements was just starting to evolve from those four elements into more like today's definition and there's more about the shift from alchemy to chemistry in our most recent Saturday classic. But as it relates to Hennig brand for the sixteen sixties, there were still a few alchemists searching for the fabled philosopher's stone, which was believed to turn base metals into gold and produce an elixir that could cure diseases and prolong life and brand was one of them. Hennig brands. Discovery of phosphorus came about because he thought the secret to the philosopher's stone might be found in urine and we'll get to lie. He thought that and how he may his discovery after a sponsor break, this episode is broad. You buy Mazda and the Mossy Ex thirty, a truly remarkable suv. The six thirty aside,

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You navigation services, as a vehicle finder has automatic nine one one dialing in the event of an accident. It's got. You covered for more information on Mazda than the first ever see Ex thirty. Go to Mazda, USA, DOT, com, slash, Iheart or better yet does the entire Mazda vehicle lineup visit your local area Mazda dealer today, We do not. Now, all that much about heading brand, as a person, sometimes as name is spelled Henning instead of Hennig, sometimes as last name, is be, are alien tea or be are eight indeed t instead of b I and II, and he was probably born in Hamburg and what's now, Germany, sometime Sixteen thirty. He seems to have spent some time as a low level army officer during the thirty years war and that suggest that he was from a middle class family because he was an officer. So probably they were not very poor.

But also he was not of a very high rank. So they probably worked all that prominent either. In addition to his army, service brand seems to have done at least part of an apprenticeship with a glass blower before turning his attention to alchemy. This would have given him the skills to make some of the glass vessels used in alchemy and the glass blowers furnace would have been useful to our chemical pursuits as well. At some point. In all of this, he married a woman whose dowry was large enough to fund his research after brands. First wife died here married, a woman named Margareta, who had also been married before her son became brands assistant and his workshop and her families money continued to pay for all of his experiments. He may have also presented himself as a physician, although, according to a nineteenth century history of chemistry,

he was quote and uncouth physician, who knew not a word of Latin. As we said before, the break brand was looking for the philosopher's stone, which was believed to turn base metals into gold and produce the elixir of life. Manny alchemists believed that the key the philosopher's stone was somewhere in human bodily fluids, fluid the brain focused on was p, not only easier in a bodily fluid, but it is also yellow. You know a gold civically urban I'm, not the only person who thought that maybe you're in had something to do with gold you're in with pretty mysterious at the time. Nobody knew how the body produce it or why it was yellow, but they did know that it did all kinds of fascinating and seemingly magical things. We talked about. It's used as a cleaning agent before the break, but it was also used in tanning. Leather and dying

brick and in all kinds of our chemical recipes urine was also a used in some methods of making saltpeter and then the salt Peter was used to make gunpowder. So part of gunpowder was firm urine with all of those things going on. It wasn't really that much of a stretch for people to suspect that this strange potent seemingly slightly magical liquid might be yellow because contained gold. Today, though, we know that the yellow color mostly comes from a substance called Europe. Violence which is one of the end products of the bodies breaking down the iron containing molecule. Heem brands expense so the urine involved boiling it over and over in a vessel called a retort. Retort is a sphere go vessel with a long downward pointing spout if you heat up something in return,

the vapor rises. Then condenses in that long spout. So you can use it to distill things. One day as brand was distilling urine and his retort. The fluid dripping out of a spout started spontaneously bursting into flame, and it also smells very strongly of garlic and he found if he caught it in a vessel and then Stoppard the vessel up. It would glow, regardless of whether it had been exposed to any light, I'm sorry to laugh Brigham body that big my fiery. Like glow p. I know one thing is very funny brand. And he was onto something perhaps even the philosopher's stone, so he kept refining his process producing this whitish waxy substance. That was very, volatile if exposed to air- and it had a blue

glow? If it was kept away from here here is his recipe for making phosphorus as published in philosophical experiments and observations of the late eminent, Dr Robert Hooke, which was published in London in one thousand seven hundred and twenty six. Since this was almost sixty years after its discovery and recorded by a different person. It is likely that various steps have been changed or added, but this definitely will give you a sense of what all was involved in this. So under

the heading phosphorus element Horace by Doktor Brandt of Hamburg, it reads quote: take a quantity of urine not less for one experiment than fifty or sixty pailsful, let it lie steeping in one or more tubs or an hogs head of oak and would till it purify and breed worms, as it will do in fourteen or fifteen days, then, in a large kettle, let some of it boil on a strong fire and as it consumes and evaporates poor in more and so on, till at last, the whole quantity be reduced to a paste, or rather a hard coal or crust which it will resemble, and this may be done.

Two or three days if the firewall tended, but else it may be doing a fortnight or more so for one batch of phosphorus brand was leaving urine out in pails for about two weeks and then boiling it for between two and fourteen days, and that is not the end of the process from me. Are you powder the previously made coal or crust end quote, and there too, some fair water about fifteen fingers high or four times as high as the powder and tell them together for one quarter of an hour, then strain the her and all through a woollen clause that which sticks behind may be thrown away, but the liquor that passes must be taken and boiled till it come to assault which will be in a few hours, the threat,

be continues on with adding more ingredients and steeping them together until the substance became sort of a path which left behind a red or reddish salt after being evaporate and sand, and then that went into a retort. End quote for the first hour began with a small fire more the next, a greater the third and more the fourth and then continue it as high as you can for twenty four hours, sometimes by the force of fire. Twelve hours proves enough for when you free the recipient, white and shining with the fire, and there are no more flashes or, as it

blasts of wind, coming from time to time from the retort. Then the work is finished and you may, with a feather, gather the fire together or scrape it off with a knife where it sticks. This recipe goes on to stress the need to preserve this fire in an air tight container and how, if you put it in the sun, it might quote kindle gunpowder. I think that might just mean explode this. This recipe also contains a cautionary tale quote my author says he had once wrapped a knob in wax at Hanover and it being in his pocket, and he busy near the fire, the very heat of it. Let inflame and burned all his clothes and his fingers also for though he robbed them in the dirt. Nothing would quench it unless he had water. He was ill for fifteen days and the skin came off

So don't do that, but we should note that it's possible that Paracelsus used a similar process to produce phosphorus in the sixteenth century. More than a hundred years before brands discovery, he wrote about a process for repeatedly distilling urine which would cause what he described as the earth, air and water to rise, while the fire fell out of it. After doing this several times he said there would be quote congealed certain icicles, which are the. Element of fire that sounds close enough to a brain was doing that these icicles could have been phosphorus, but we also really Don't know it just merits mentioning as a potential. Here. It is apparent cells, as has been on my episode list, for a very long time, long enough that I, getting ready to do it and then far bones did it, and I didn't want to feel like I was copying, saw bones even though not everybody listens to both shows. But now it's been long enough. Maybe he will keep farther up. The list

There are also other accounts that describe brands process a little differently. You then, that recipe that we just went through an invite of them. The salts that are produced after the first round of distilling the urine are discarded. That is actually where most of the phosphorus would have been at that point in the process, so When was doing it. That way, he would have been throwing away most of what he was trying to get regardless, though this is a long involved, complicated Franklin gross process, a one thousand seven hundred and sixty seven dictionary of chemistry described. It is more curious than useful, along with being quote both costly and embarrassing. Brand was very fond of his costly, embarrassing discovery. He named it cold fire or sometimes just my fire. It's not clear who was the first person to call it phosphorus, which is from

and words that mean Bringer of white Light Bringer. That same term has also been used to describe a variety of other glowing substances brand kept his discovery secret for about six years. And we'll get the what happened when knowledge spread about it after reverse, have a little sponsor break. Miles and Jack from work. We recorded a pike has together in the modest ex third eat. You might remember how I've deadly remember. I want to take this opportunity just straight for in a straightforward way, talk to people about what the Mazda CS. Thirty looks like ok, looks like it's constantly emotion. It has beautiful design like water built that really mean like it's got its making.

Jobs. In a way I mean the way like the interplay of light and shadow in the body. It does create a bit of a wave. The thing that I like look there's been some of whose japanese I like the attention to detail and that's what's going on, especially in the interior of the car. It's got like half. Leakage Sheikh have utility I'm on the go anywhere any time any. Who anyhow and also with Maza, connects you Craig have wifi, you could do remote engine start stop seeing dont on your ring is wonderful, and plus I've been in the day and I was bending corners in it shut out tomorrow for letting that happen. So, if you want information on Malta and the first ever six thirty head over to Maza USA dot com such Iheart or better, yet go check it out in person at a local area. Masilo today,. Haven't grants. Discovery became public knowledge through of murky series of events involving two other man named Johan Coal and Johan Daniel Craft, who, like a lot of

people in the story worked in both chemistry and alchemy. It seems as though Congo had a piece of bologna, a stone, and this was a rock that was first described in sixteen o three five and ten zero cask euro low and this stone in the dark cask year, although was a shoemaker men like so many other people, he was hoping to find gold he had collected above of interesting rocks from the mountains near his home in Bologna, in what is now ITALY, and he discovered that if you bet them and then left them out in the sun. They would glow in the dark Bologna stone became a curiosity and a source of fascination, as people wondered. There was something magical about it and whether it might have something to do with the philosopher's stone Galileo described it this way in sixteen twelve quote, it must be explained how it happens, that the light is conceived into the stone and has given back after some time. Has

childbirth. Today we know that Bologna Stone was in fact barium sulfide love how so many elements of this story or like what, if I bakes them, rocks what, if I distilled p over and over, so Congo, with intrigue not only by Bologna Stone but also by all kinds of other luminescence substances, and so when he heard that somebody in Hamburg had created something that glowed indefinitely, he got really excited and he wrote a letter to craft about going to Hamburg to see what this was all about. In some versions of this story. Poland. Craft went together and brand taught them both how to make phosphorus after craft paid him to do it, but another verse, the story craft swooped in ahead of Congo and paid branded not

to show him how to make phosphorus, but also to keep that information from craft than that version of story. Craft had to work it out for himself, and regardless of which of these is more accurate. Both council and craft did wind up knowing how to make phosphorus craft started travelling around Europe with phosphorus another glowing substances and he did experiments with them before nobles and dignitaries. This included Friedrich Bill Duke Elector of Brandenburg pressure on April twenty fourth of sixteen seventy six and then a year later, crafted the same at the court of Johann Friedrich, Duke of Brunswick Luneburg in Hanover Crafts friend. Free Wilhelm Leibnitz was, among other things, the Dukes librarian Enlighteneth suggested that may be. Phosphorus could be used to light a whole room. But craft said production have that much of it would be just way too difficult. Even so, the Duke became intrigue with the idea of setting up a mass production facility out in the heart

Mountains, presumably so the smell of it wouldn't bother. People live near negotiated with brandy come to hand over to work on the project and he retreated a workforce and started stockpiling lots of firewood and barrels full of urine burthen unclear were all of this year in came from, and these stories like theirs I count but says that brand had a relationship with a tavern keeper or a brewer or some other person. He would have a client Oh that paid a lot, but little vague. Meanwhile, Gustaf out of the Duke of men Limburg. Gus drought also heard about phosphorus and decided that he also wanted to start a prosperous factory as well, and this Deuce representative, YO, hardworking Betcher started trying to recur brand away from Hanover, it seems as though brand tried to use betters offer to negotiate for more money from Hanover

He wasn't really savvy enough to do this and instead he just came off his kind of cranky and obstinate, in the middle of all of this craft, started writing to hand over as well suggesting that he might actually be a better manager than brand. For this whole phosphorus production project Leibnitz persuaded the Duke to keep working with brand, and it appears that during all of this brand did finally document his methods. For me, phosphorus, he apparently ran a mass production facility out in the mountains were a few months, but in the late. Sixteen seventy spots for us in the knowledge of how to make it reached England Robert Boil, who was one of the founders of modern chemistry heard about, rams production of phosphorus from urine, and he independently worked out his own way. To do the same thing about ten years later, boiled then works to establish a prosperous production facility in London, as phosphorus became more available demand for its skyrocketed. It went from being a curiosity that

People thought may or may not be the philosopher's stone to something that had, at least in theory, practical uses. Johan Congal figured out how to cast phosphorus into moulds underwater and wrote a treatise on the use of phosphorus and medicine called treatise of Phosphorus Mirabel Alice, and it's wonderful shining pills. Soon phosphorus is being marketed as a cure, all prepared in a variety of pills and oils. In lineaments it was recommended for alcoholism, apoplexy, asthma, cataracts, cholera colleague, depression, epilepsy fever, glaucoma, gout, impotence, Migraines paralysis, Scrofula Tennis, two things and tuberculosis, and that is only to name a few. Although phosphates halves of medical uses, pure phosphorus, does not any of these things and is in fact, highly toxic and can be used as a poison, hemming brain The died around seventeen ten in about thirty

years later, Andreas Sigismund monograph discovered phosphorus inedible seeds. He concluded that people were consuming phosphorus in their food and then screening it in their urine, and this was the first step in the scientific communities. Understanding of phosphates as a chemical element and of its movement through the world in the phosphorus cycle. This is a cycle that begins with phosphate rich raw. And moves through water and soil into plants and animals, then back into the water and soil and then into sedimentary rock. By the early nineteenth century, phosphorus was seeing large scale industrial production thanks to the discovery that it could be extracted from bone ash. Most notably white phosphorus was used to make matches, which is something that we talked about an approach

episode on a London match, girls strike white phosphorus was really dangerous, though it caused a serious medical condition, known as fussy jaw and in eighteen. Forty nine red phosphorus was introduced as a less dangerous substitute by eighteen. Fifty one phosphorus was seeing more practical uses, including in manufactured fertilizers. This actually lead to a supply and demand problem which lead people to look for new sources of phosphorus. One of these was guano. Guano itself is rich and phosphates, nitrogen, and Casio, making it an excellent fertilizer. The sedimentary rocks that form in places with lots of guano are also rich and phosphates, and this led to a land grab for islands and caves with lots of guano in eighteen. Fifty six! U S. Congress past Guano Islands ACT which allowed the United States to claim on it. But it islands to mind the guano on them. They were

habited by people. They were inhabited by lots and lots of birds. Today, the vast majority of phosphorus is mind from rocks. They are rich and calcium phosphate and about ninety percent. Of that in mind, phosphorus is but the one use- and that is back, the fertilizer phosphorus- is still used for other applications as well, including plastics fuel additives fire dogs rat poison and, of course, that is still used to make matches it used to be in a lot of detergents because, like we said earlier, it helps detergents clean better but too much phosphate and bodies of water early. Two algae over growth, and so a lot of nations have either banned or strictly limited. The use of phosphates in detergents. Phosphorus is also used in weapons, including organic phosphates, which are chemical weapons known his nerve gas as well as incendiary devices, and most screens, ironically Hamburg, where phosphorus was discovered, was hit with thousands of phosphorus containing incendiary bombs,

during operation Gomorrah in World WAR, to gather use of phosphorus and weapons is pretty controversial today, but it still is used. Phosphate, rock is not a renewable resource, even though the phosphate cycle does eventually put phosphates. Back into rocks takes a really long time and over the past few years there has been some discussion about whether the world is running out of phosphorus phosphorus itself is not in very short supply. It's one of the most common elements on the planet but

there's not that much of it. That can be mind without huge environmental damage, like there's a lot of phosphorus everywhere, but only a very few places with phosphorus and a high enough concentration to be able to efficiently mine it. It's not totally clear exactly how much available phosphate there is in rocks, they can reasonably be mind or when we might reach peak phosphorus predictions run anywhere from decades two centuries, because the vast majority of phosphorus is used as fertilizer for plants that directly or indirectly become food. This shortage has the potential to be a global catastrophe and one of them

host alternatives is urine, recycling or all the way back to the boiling some urine and see how I have also allowing lowly I'm glad I got this whole hinted brand thing out of my system. After, like three years of saying, I should do a pod guest on that guy and his weird urine boiling. Do you have a little bit a listener meal that may or may not include bodily fluids? A dozen include any any bodily glue. It's from Heather Heather, says I'm delighted to add another topic to the list of places. My podcast has intersected with MR history. So one of the reasons I follow you loyally. This is in reference to the Sappho episode and others as I wish. You had noted with regard to Higgins, translation of the Oda Aphrodite that, like many male translators, he silently changed suppose unambiguously female pronouns Bamell ones in reference to the one who fleas, refuses gifts and fails to live

though the programme gave the impression that the Association of Sappho with love between women is entirely a later invention with little basis than her own work. But in this the most complete home we have of her Aphrodite promises, Sacho her female beloved will return her love Heather, who is the podcast we're earlier in the letter- is the lesbian, historic motif. Podcast podcast. Thank you for this note Heather. I read a bunch of of of to to Aphrodite to try to get one for that episode that seemed accessible to people. You didn't necessarily have a huge love of poetry or a lot of background knowledge to make them. I makes sense and all of them translated it that way. So I was not aware that this that the programmes and had been changed, but I did want to clarify, since I'm not sure how we gave that impression, because some of the other work that we read in the episode was the office

What we talked more about was that the stigma against same sexual relationships was really a later part of the response to her work, not, but that was something that wasn't in her work from the beginning, so just in case other people came away from with the impression that there was no like attraction or affection between women and Sappho's work like that. I would not describe it that way at all, and I think the other poem that we read, that was a lengthy. Her chunk was an example of that. So thank you again, Heather for that. No, if you would like to write to us

this or any other part Catherine history by gap that has to works dot, com and then we're all over social media have missed in history? And that's where you can find our Facebook Pinterest Instagram Band Twitter? You can come to our website which, as MR history dot com and find shown, us probably upsets Holly, and I have done together and a suitable archive of every episode ever and you can subscribe to art show on apple pie. Ass, the Iheart, radio out or anywhere else you get together. Stuffy missed an historical, so the production of Iheart radios, how stuff works for more pod hats, radio visit by her radio, Appleton guests or wherever you listen to your favorite, shows everybody. So this episode of swift, blue mind sponsored by the all New Mazda, see Ex thirty, which actually just got to test DR recently in the beautiful mountains of southern California, and I will say-

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