This episode of stuff, you miss than history classes, brought to you by the travel store. I have always wanted to go to Alaska so much, and now I'm finally getting too and so is Holly, and so can you Holly and we'll be aboard celebrity clear lines departing from Seattle on July, tenth, twenty twenty we're gonna see so in ports in Alaska, including Skagway catch. A cannon Juno were also planning a couple of private events onboard just for our listeners, so please join us on this exciting crews to Alaska Angela tenth call the travel store at one, eight hundred, seven, seven, seven, sixty five, forty, that's eight hundred seven, seven, seven sixty five for

or log onto stuff you missed crews, dot com. You must allow, and one man I'm coming round- will we're finally getting hit on a topic that has been requested by a lot of people, a lot alot of including Alexis cigarettes and many others too many to list and count Tracy. Do you know well having this short answer? Is yes, but I don't need anything fancy I basically net things that can be constructed from rectangles fair that count, well. I got like I know. I know folks who are really really engineering and they knew all kinds of fancy stitches and they know how to get cables and they know how to do all that stuff. I know how to knit and pearl and add one make one and cast

and bind off, and I can make lots scarves them. Walls and the occasional hat Bed Blake. I don't make anything fancy we're on similar levels, A point like I I no, how tonight the basics its for me like in the creative realm, the yarn arts, or not my thing, I'm really more of a dressmaker at hearts. Part of it is that we could prove because I have not practice knitting. I always feel like in the time it takes me to make a scarf. I can make six having dresses. So it's hard for me to get really mean The idea of getting but lots of people knit and some people do absolutely beautiful things knitting, and because of its functionality and providing needed the clothing and covering and accessories for humans. Knitting has been around for quite a long time ago How long is not entirely clear, do you know a decent amount about how it is kind of travelled with us humans, three time whence it came about

our colleague's stuff, mom, never told you didn't knitting episode in January of this year and, as you might expect, their focus is some history, and then a lot on hounding has been commonly associated with one sex or the other throughout history, and they also talk a lot and that other sewed about how the invention of mechanized knitting machines really shifted things and how gender roles were affected by that invention. So. For us, we're going to focus more on the earlier years of knitting and similar techniques to knitting and sort of, place in history and then we're gonna talk a little bit about the vast variety of network that developed just one small part of the world. Just can give you a sense of how things can kind of blossom indifferent, locate and so, if you want to know more about mechanized knitting and even some fun spy related knitting tales, you should check out christening Caroline Knitting Episode, but we're gonna FUCK like, I said more on the history of critically the early part of knitting, the

Earth noon, use of the word knit as a noun as in this fabric is, and it was no eight fifteen hundreds, but its roots as a verb, go back a lot further No news of a verb was prior to the twelfth century and its possibly derived from the Middle English Didn, which defends from all english word bitten, which spelled with sea The root of that word is the old english word for not, which is not a It also merely to the dutch word Newton, I but I have access to the ox wording was dictionary. I loved. With things up an ox reading, It takes an area. The first thing I did was plug knit in there The most logical thing

actually from an English like a french book for english speakers and in its description of how things about meeting was a sentence. I commit bonnets or holes in it three fifteen thirty admit is spelled carrion. Why tee, just like a hose in general. The problems with tracing the history of knitting is that there were similar techniques in use throughout history that have caused some artifacts to be misidentified. To someone who needs or knows about meeting the difference would be fairly apparent, but to researchers that maybe aren't textile specialists. It's really easy to attribute accretion technique of an object knitting when it might not be, and there are even cases were, experts have been fooled

obviously a lot of the aims. That meeting examples are of course, made out of natural fibres and a lot of them have decomposed over time that we have very, very few actual samples to study at most of the workers. Get meetings. Origins has been pieced together from cultural views, rather than actual samples of knit items, the complicate matters even further in the early history of knitting, there was not standardized vocabulary for it, so even in texts. It seems like knitting is being referenced. It may not be what we think of his knitting today. First, there are instances where some form of needlework or fibre arts is mentioned in it. Be that in, but we really don't have a way to know for certain, because meeting in its spread are closely linked to trade routes. We also don't know with certainty that the few historic fables that we have of knitting either discovered or even from the place that they were found, they could have been made somewhere else than carried along a trade war.

In terms of the earliest meeting artifacts. So far, they also all exist on their own. There are edition contemporary samples to look at two context, relies them so, for example, we ve never found a cash needed items all gather in one space which I don't want my imagination. That means that there was like no no twelve three cat. Lady isn t it a million a million pairs of medicines and little categories, pierce. Now it's always like one sock, one fragments why you know there's nights, there's not a lot so All of them in mind is we're talking about meetings, history and origins. A lot of this, Is based on some some kind of moving parts as returned figure out more and more about it and before we into finding meetings genesis. Let's first talk a little bit more. Feel about the various techniques for turning yarn or threatened, tiles how the ones that

Knitting differ from knitting and kind of where they all fit into. The bigger picture course with. I wouldn't knitting minute. Lights, yarn or threats to create a textile by using two needles, that's important to create loops within loops and that results in it. Style that has them, alas, this city, so wireless as you might not be familiar with knitting needles, their long, smooth relative, Ben Metal or word or plastic sticks their sticks pointed at one end and what funds they have a blunt stop or, on the other end there are variations on this basic idea for specialty knitting, but that's the basic style tonight. In the round needles that have to when an ends are used and the work can be passed around them in circles to create two units like stockings, some hat pattern these knitting and around become pretty important to the expansion of meeting as a trade yeah stocking particular a big driver

person, myths, their looping, one continuous piece of fibre. Over and over so you'll see, I mean you ve, seen pictures likely with someone knitting and they have a look large scale or a large ball of yarn that they're pulling from so it's. It's not like little Pisa Peace is easily one thing and then, if they get there, may not it so that it continues to the next Bolivar earners game. The stretches of another data varies based on the size of the needles used, the thickness and the weight of the fibre being needed and the attention of the knitter. That's how tightly or loosely here she testified favour and one thing, I left out of the notes that I should mention when Tracy was time out the different items that knitting needles can be made out of they have been made out of many other things in history like bone scientists, basic sticks, but Blake. If you were to go by knitting needles today, you're looking at metal what or plastic man Think of any alternate gave bamboo, which is technically word here,

I have very little time ITALY would grass really, but with the world. Yeah. You can get like double pointed needles that are that you would use to make little tubular things and, like ones in the round that are connected with a piece of flexible to stuff like presided, different things even find yeah yeah, there's the big ones. I I personally tend to be a very tight knit her when I met things they come out smaller than you would. Fact I used to be, and I've loosened up over the years there. So, all been being looks very, very similar to knitting, and it has in fact been falsely identified as knitting before, but unlike knitting, which, as we said, uses to needles nonbinding uses just one needle with an eye that the fibre is added through

so unlike nearing the end of the fibre is drawn all the way through each loop. So it's worked and cut pieces rather than as one long continuous peace. So it doesn't create this loop then I'll leave within a loop team. That knitting does a fragment of fibre text from the ruins of ancient town Dura Europa switches. In present day, Eastern Syria was long identified as possibly the earliest example of knitting, and it was from around to fifty two four twenty somewhere in that window, but know that. Now binding, which dates back to fourteen hundred. Is the Ebay from artifacts founded danish sites. I'm sometimes, if you look at you, videos about now, bending they call it like Viking Knitting, yes it's very fascinating to watch its. You know there people doing today, that's kind of one of the things that I love about. All of these are things that they go on: But in Ottawa and they haven't, died out. Predating even now building is a textile creation. Technically sprang sprang is

did back as far as fifteen hundred to eleven hundred BC, and while it also can look very similar to knitting, it actually require, a loom, it's not something that can be done portable couple of needles. The thread used for spraying is stretched to a high tension and secured at both ends during weaving, seeking to create a grid of that then, when the tension is released, after all the wet, the than weaving is done. It kind of into a smaller shape, and then you have a stretching net like textile as a result. First, for the of yarn arts Inglese activity where else intervention parfait. So we know that closer came along a lot later in the eighteenth century, but it was evolution of embroidery technique that was called hampering so closely which has worked with a single hook instead of needles arose from this of being worked separately away from the back in cloth and it doesn't usually get confused with knitting or looking at historical pieces.

I don't think I've ever stumble across any that are like this is knitting. I mean the certainly layman will do that if data they modern life for local, I also it so, we the scarf signal, that's crochet, but in terms of historic artifacts. We don't usually run into that problem, Admitting start, though, like so many other things like, We came from the cradle of civilization, with some estimates, placing its development around the eighth night century and its past. That meeting is a direct descendants of not work fishing nets used by sailors from arabic countries during that time, but the known. Examples of knitting are from Egypt in their from around one thousand to fourteen hundred these blue and white cotton socks with an intricate pattern that indicates that there will definitely not be first knitted thing: they're kind of two advanced their civil the oldest knitted thing that we have left you ve ever need something for the first time. It would not look like this.

From Egypt and islamic countries around the Mediterranean knitting spread to Europe, a man it spread throughout the continent. Then from trade. It kind of went globally from there and meetings rapid spread when you think about it, makes a lot of sense compared to other. Textile creation options? It was fast and relatively cheap and I'm sure any modern knitters listening may have laughed at that one, because good yarn can get really expensive in a hurry knitting. A sweater is very rarely going to save you any money and in many cases, will cost you a great deal more. Purchasing wanted a store, but you will have a work of art at the end, There is also no need for a loom with knitting, and it was relatively easy to learn. It was also portable is needed to thin stiff items to act as needle and act as needles and then a thread or the threat of the yarn that you're gonna use and the variety The items that could be created with knitting was

Ripley Diverse, so by varying the weight and thread or yarn used or the size of the needles in the stitches. Everything heavy weight limits that were like protective items, two delicate laces could created using the bay. Same handheld technology for another call them about meeting that, I think, is less through, at least in my experience of a lot of other textiles that you might make for utility purposes is it you can learn pretty easily to net in the dark lake. The that's true. The women who taught me to knit grew up in Germany during World WAR to you, and they had a lot of times when they would have to be a lack of conditions. They they all looked knew how to knit by feel which it's a lot easier. I think to knit by feel, especially if you're getting something reasonable, then so a garment by feel or embroider by feel my guess I came to want to do in our project, or I make things in the dark and see what they look. So the prisoner

samples of meeting in Europe are pillow, covers made of silk fibre and they were found in Spain and their dated Circa twelve. Seventy five, in addition to the we'll covers with profound princes to most of the knitting examples from Spain were around the same time are pretty ornate of them were liturgical items that were for use in the catholic Church and coming up work. Talk about an alternate though unsubstantiated origin point four knitting, but first pause for a word whenever here's the thing saving money with Geico was almost better than playing pick up. Basketball is always that guy who joined your game He never passes the rock he instantly bricks theories and who can We have you and then put his hands up and say no foul, no foul with Geico it's easy to switch and save on car insurance. No need to fake an angel sprain because you're absolutely exhausted, so

which in save with back it's almost better than sports. So we mentioned member the break that there is an alternate story everywhere: Knitting Cambridge there actually several, but these are the big ones. This isn't a pocketful story about the origin of giving that kind of slots it before any of these known examples that we ve talked about in this tale, claims that Saint Viagra, who is an irish abbot, invented knitting and then pass it on to France and that it spread from their since this kind of is the exact opposite direction of spread. That we actually have logical evidence of and this would shift deeds really significantly, though, as safe Viagra died in the year six. Seventy there's no real evidence to back the claim that he invented knitting, although he is claimed by some as the patron saint of knitting. There does We appear to be an essential patron saint of knitters that I could find, but there are several that our claim I various different ideologies,

So, in addition to Saint Viagra, Saint Lucy, Saint Ursula Saint Sebastian, answered Rebecca, have all been claimed by knitters at some point in time, but none of stories, really holds the key to the history of knitting in the technique, part of Spain. The majority of needed items in Europe between the late thirteenth century right up to the early fifteenth century, we're not perhaps what you might think of when you imagine knitting today, they weren't sweat, sweaters or scar of their other weighty garments, but they were there Fine work that had been found in that princes Tomb from earlier they were three items. They were delicate and fine and items that have to do more with adornment and decoration than utility by late for Century knitting had definitely made its way to Germany and ITALY, and we know that because the virgin Mary is actually depicted in art from this time period, knitting yeah. And you know that wonderful feeling, when you change clothes from fitted garment made from a woman fabric, I e one that has no stretch to accompany it.

That's got some give well so Europe during the fifty than sixteenth century is because this is when needed. Stockings became very, very popular as trade exploded and more and more people have access to knit wares and learn to knit according to an article in an eighteen. Thirty, two printing of the Ladys penny Gazette there's a story. This is at once. Queen Elizabeth was given a pair of black knitted stockings from her silk woman, allegedly in the third year of her reign. She then refuse to go back to woven cloth stockings, one of the Oxford English dictionaries. Examples of the word knit was about Queen Elizabeth is. She became a big fan when she was like way. Fabric and stretch excuse me things. He was all in their popular We became so great that knitting basically became huge business at this time when meeting guilds in Europe really third and popularity, and while

the mention of what may have been some sort of meeting guild in France as early as twelve sixty eight how to do with milliners of gloves and have we don't really this confirmation of this until thirteen sixty six, some actual documents are there isn't early possible, but they were more like standard Soulier for accessories and then adopted meeting as the arts, popularity rose and demand for knitted item skyrocketed. And by the fourteen hundreds. We know that there were knitting guilds in the Netherlands and ITALY and by the early fifteen hundred's. The knitting guild was one of the most important guilds in Paris and there were guild spread throughout Europe by the midst century knitting? Was a prominent trade throughout the continent? Living in Russia became so commonplace by the sixteen forties. Knitted stockings were considered a standard part, a military gear. The point of a guild

to maintain and improve quality and the craft seats, tradesmen and the help market. The goods of its members the joined, the gilded, the master, a tradesman- and this was an all male press. Time- would have to devote sixty years of his life to study three as an apprentice and pre travelling to learn new techniques after the six year. Waiting period. A guild candidate would have approximately three months to produce a prescribed assortment of emitted items rain from delicate gloves to a full minute club and then these would be reviewed for quality. Was worthy. The applicant would then be granted killed, membership and, after them point. For the most part, it appears that there is really just one primary knitting stitch in you, so the basic when that you would start with if you learn to Daily Tracy and I talked about, we can knit and we can pearl. That means if you're doing that with the right side showing its,

stitches that are created by the loops and the backside, which is considered. The pearl side shows that It is as bumps there's a little more texture and point, any variation in the design of admitted item was created by changing the yarn color, but in the midst seen century somewhere right in the air. We see textured knitting, beginning where some of the speeches are knitted ineffective backward so that the bumps those pearl stitches appear on the otherwise smooth right side to create pattern. Designs, it would also mean that you could change the fitted the ends, though your stuff wouldn't curl up at the bottom of what irritates me about that still today, I think we call stock Annette. Maybe that's. Why course one started. It never stops. People are still manipulating stitches to create new texter designs all the time. The latter

of the fifteen hundred is also the time period where people figured out how to skip stitches, leave empty spaces and network as part of the design, waiting, mill, islets and then progressively to me intricate laces and this swear my Knitting knowledge starts because I have everything: this beautiful powder that involve doing exactly this thing, to make us lazy, looking shawl and because, as I said earlier, I am a very tight bitter. I realized three quarters of the way through that I was making also and not a human saw because I have been doing whole thing waiting tightly yeah, it's interesting to me. I had not thought of islet fabrics sort of being. The thought of it in that way. But that's they were creating islets scan fascinates me so when the stocking frame knitting machine was invented in fifteen eighty nine. So this is not long. After people really started to play with designs

Ellen knitting. It was the first in a dramatic shift for knitting lit, by hand did not vanish at this point that seem a bit later in it vanished, but this didn't cause its immediate drop We'll talk about why in a moment and her of the stocking frame was an english gentleman by the name of William Lee, and there is a rather fanciful story that claims that Lee invented his knitting frame because the woman he was enamoured with was always very occupied with her knitting and thus had no time or attention for him we decided he would free up her time by evincing a contraction that would take all the work out of her hands and he spent the next three years working on it. Doesn't seem like you ever did whim below of his news, though, but it did changes, career path for ministry to industry, as he turned his stocking production into his full time job.

Once again, we will go back to Queen Elizabeth, the first, because it was known that she was fond of stockings, there's a reason that a reference to her came up when Tracy looked up net in the austrian English dictionary Lee to her and presented his invention and petition for a patent, but the monarch is to issue him one. She was very fearful that this invention was gonna. Put too many people out of work. We talk about back at our episode about what I, which also relates to admitting now that I think about it: nothing is everywhere and is everywhere. So those King Henry. The fourth, however, was completely happy to form a partnership with Lee and his brother, and so the siblings moved to Paris to produce frames and train knitters there to use them seemed like a really good sense. But five years later in sixteen ten King Henry, the fourth was fascinated and leaves agreement with the monarchy was no longer valid, inventor tried to pursue the matter with France is the legal system he met with obstacle after obstacle, and then he died in sixteen forty

That sounds very sad, but there's actually something of a happy ending to this tale. William Liese brother then went back to England and when he did, he smuggled some of their remaining knitting frames with him and allegedly some of the people who have been trained to use them went as well. He set up a product partnership would it which would eventually become the worship company of framework knitters, which started as a guild with a royal charter in sixteen, three it existed before that, but that's it became a royal charter and this action still exists today, as a livery company with numerous charitable projects, as well as education and outreach when Theatre the revolution arrive, knitting became even more mechanized and hands. Knitting was no longer needed to keep up with supply demands. There continue to be people. Did handmade items for sale, but it became a much smaller cottage industry and handling was also freed up to be a hobby. Instead of the way you made your living

You learn more about the whole economic ramifications of all that are obviously mentioned episode. Rather, what rights yeah, I, like you, said christening Caroline, really talk a lot about what happens after industrialization him and how it gene thing. So next we are going to talk about some of the specific design styles of knitting in various locations, but before we do, let's take a quick brain Have a word from a this episode of stuff? You missed, and history classes brought to you by Norton three sixty with lifelong, what they you're sure online with the smartphone. Its super feels, like ear person, information is just right there in your hand, but that's not always the case, because, as soon as you hit submit your person information could start going other places and whenever you shop, bank or browse online, your personal invoking get out of your control, and that can we be vulnerable to cyber criminals. More threats demand protection. That's why

Morton and Lifelong are now part of one company Norton three sixty with flock is an all in one membership for your cyber safety that gives you device security, identity theft, protection and a VP end for online privacy. No one can prevent all cyber crime and identity theft, but nor in three sixty with lifelike as your ally in today's connected world, because your information is out there sign up for three sixty with lifelike today and save twenty five percent or more off your first year, go to Norton dot com, slash history, that's Norton, DOT, com, slash history for twenty five percent off. Throughout the world, different areas became known for specific styles or designs of bidding. Austria and Germany became known for heavily tabled designs in the traditional knitting style found in Turkey. Kazakhstan and Afghanistan features chain

that's embroidery and really fine patterns and those who have passed down through centuries and south, we could develop uniquely shaped accessories. Those fantastic pointed camps that we still see made today. He textiles that are made with thick will fibres. We're going to It is a little on the notable styles that have developed the british Isles and Ireland because for such a relatively small area, there's just a lot of variety and allowed to specify specificity. Each regions visual knitting. Styles. So fair I'll minutes, that's probably a phrase that you have heard before whether unit or not. If you have just shopped, you have probably seen something advertise this way, then been leverage by clothing companies for years in advertising to convey quality. Cereal is a relatively remote island to the north of Scotland in its become known for admitting style that really echoes scandinavian designs. The modern version of a fair I'll sweater which really hit its developmental stride in the nineteen teens feature

horizontal stripes of repeating designs worked in multiple colors thereof, near to the islands, but make up Shetland and the region known for its wall. That wall, which is multi colored, both because of the wide range of sheep colours and because summer died with natural color and such like in matter, has been component and fair I'll meetings of the eighteen hundreds, in the modern era, some synthetic buys have been used in farewell. Knitting really at a minimum, with natural dies still holding a lot of favor. Nineteen twenties and particular fair I'll minutes were incredibly popular with the fashion set similarly in more muted color ways. If you look at fashion plates, particularly for gentlemen of the nineteen twenties, you will see exactly what we're talking about with the fair I'll sweater particular with a golfing outfits that like really, need. A beautiful banded design repeats

Final islands off the french West Coast have emitting tradition that dates back to the late tutor era, and this region may very fine stocking favoured by the light like of Mary Queen of Skies and the location close to the EU. Incontinent made it a natural place for exporting meeting to other countries. Because the island's became somewhat isolated as revolutions and wars have neighbouring countries busy the x. Business lagged, but the knitting continued and the drop often influence from trading countries actually cemented the style of sweater? That's considered the channel islands signature. It's a very squared off boxy shape with nodded edges, it sort of a decorative nodding along the edges. That's there can have finished and there's also normally a slit on either side of a sweater and, as I say, sweater over and over again, I feel compelled to mention that in something they call it a jumper. Yet

referring specifically to like a pull over sweater, even though sweater also gets used to reference things like cardigans. They want not, at least in the U S but a pull over sweater or what some people a college jumper. So that slit, that I was mentioning is normally on either side of the bottom edge. Look at the history of these, sweaters for range of movement, and these were particularly in dark. Color is very popular with fishermen for decades north of this fact they were of we alluded to earlier: the Shetland Islands and one of the house works of the Shetland Knitting tradition is its variety goods way, being from ragged, blankets and socks. All the way to the most delicate lace have all been refined to perfection there as is as the beginning of the seventeen hundreds. There was true between the Shetland Islands and merchants from Germany and the Netherlands. But it

was it really until eighteen, forty? That lay started to be an export focus up to that point? All of that trade was more like the heavier goods and one of the really lovely characteristics of the final phase of Shetland, there knitted on the bias, so they start with a single stitch which forms the corner rather than sitting on a row of stitches emitting a square like treaty set at the top and show she could net that are made from rectangles usually that involves casting on. You know x, number of stitches and then you need all your rose, but this casts on one stage and then span. Slowly in this beautiful bias in it Lay scar for a shawl from Shetland during its today was considered so fine and light that drought, the correct full size, and I lay the way you have never done that how they would show the quality to merchants, and as the trunk here, fair I'll network became vogue in the ninety twenties. As we mentioned, it became a part of the fashionable set Shetland

to follow that trend and moved a little bit away from lace in India. Heavier wool garments. Think that thing that abandoned that was turning into a doll, shawl started with one stage the it's hard. I don't. My grandmother used to it on the bias, and I would just sit there agog like. I couldn't really grasp how she kept tension right in and again it's years and years of experience, but who had not and the pattern will tell you to begin by meeting a gauge swatch to make sure that what do need a drought, the correct size- and I, they usually have never done that which has really mattered when I've been making scarves rights, it matters a lot when trying to make that saw this. Admitting the errand islands in Galway Bay off Ireland, the West Coast is tied to a previous podcast topic virus, potato famine

in eighteen. Ninety one, the congested districts Board, was formed to address the issue of poverty in the plan was to train people to knit exportable goods became local ends. We grew to the point of the government agencies. Training programme. The more and more intricate designs, the hallmark of these stocks, that were developed during this time was the use of thick woolly. Yarn was left in its natural color and the last of the regions of Great Britain and Ireland that we're gonna talk about today is the Yorkshire deals, and this rural region is unique in that industrialization really did not impact it to a degree that it did other areas in terms of knitting. It remained a farming area, as it always had with knitting and sort of a secondary industry and one interesting characteristics that I just fell in love. When I read this of the knitting style associated with Yorkshire, Dales is

pattern or a type of war, but the actual physical way that knitting continued there for many decades meeting was not as it is for many people a sit down activity, but it was something literally done on the go while walking about with the yard secured in a pouch or basket. At the waist so much knitting also develop as a social activity in the communities of the region with large group gatherings and parties for Ali. Does that focused on the same things but at any gathering plus knitting, so kind like quilting, be or candle making, but would meeting. Yeah, but you would be doing those submitting while you stood there and chatted or you know perhaps even dance the little bits I really wowed delighted by the idea of knitting. While you do other things, perambulate about We also have a little bit of late breaking news because we mentioned Briefly South America, which presumably either

knitting through trade or were they were developing their own yarn arts. But there is a really interesting discovery very very recently in January of twenty. Sixteen are just a few months ago and it thousand year old, dig say in Lemme Peru there researchers, their turned up. What were described as knitting implements in a woman's tomb and whether or not these were actually knitting implements or tools for some other fibre. Art is clear to us just yet. I have only seen them listed as knitting implements, but if, our knitting implements, this really changes the narrative of meetings. History significantly, You can find evidence that this was actual knitting, DEC, We, we changes the timeline. So these item found with with numerous other artifacts it will, no doubt all be studied. So hopefully we will eventually it's a news about what all of that is that right now we don't know so they could make all of those forecasts completely incorrect in terms of its historical accuracy. It's time,

still exist, but there will be things that predate all of its, which would be cool And we can do and updated that point. Do you have them normally. I do and I almost feel guilty, because we read several pieces of listener mail about this, but this has a neat reference for people. If they wanted to learn more so wanted to include it, it's are our episodes on various holiday characters and traditions, and it is for He and she is referencing specifically before her, and she says there are many variations to the story, but the one thing that holds true is that all of the children get coal and Buffon. I always sweeps your house, carbon, Dolce, which is sweet coal as a candy similar in Iraq, handy that's given to italian children as a reminder that none of us are perfect and that we may have a bad moments there still sweet. Also the italian folk lore behind Her- is that she is like a proper italian woman. She keeps a clean home so she hid Ella well she's. If you leave a broom out at night, she will also sweep your floors

doesn't evolved over the years, making her far more sincere and approachable, and my child third generation American, both celebrate Buffon his arrival every year, the great holiday for those with young children that want to take on one of our most beloved traditions. Tell me Paula, who is a children's author, and that is spelled tee o am, I e The Paolo looks like one last name De Camp p o a in case, you want to look it up is a children's author that has a great book explains Buffon two kids. My son brings it into his class every year, so I dont, then he calls from his school about the which the visits our house You like you, that was also it's good to have. People to, especially because some of those pretty these are really fine, and I know people would love to kind of exploring incorporate some of those possibly for their tiny historians and their homes in the year? I was like having a good reference for people, so thank you for that.

If you would like to write to us about your knitting and or your holiday traditions or anything else, you can view so it history find have enough so books that are also based on common life. Mister Green on Twitter, at Mister, mystery, Pinterest, archives, lashless industry, at missed in history that cupboard where an instagram history. If you'd like to toy a little bit with what we talked about today, you can go to our parasite. How that works? Take the word knitting into the search bar and you'll, get acquitted, called the ultimate knitting with your confession. I haven't taken it, so I don't know. I don't know that I will well I've had enough the basics, I'm not an ultimate lunar by any stretch of the imagination, you can also use it ass at our home on the web, which is history, dot com for an archive of every episode of the show ever of all time, as well as shown in its regular one since tracy- and I have been doing me so as well as occasional blog posts- and we encourage you to come and visit us in recent history down at Helstone once more on this and thousands and other colleagues have works. This episode of stuff you miss than history classes, brought to you by the travel store. I have always one.

Go to Alaska, so much, and now I'm finally getting too and so is Holly, and so can you Holly and we'll be aboard celebrity clear lines departing from Seattle on July, tenth, twenty twenty we're gonna sees them in ports in Alaska, including Skagway catch a cannon Juno were also planning a couple of private events onboard just for our listeners. So please join us on this exciting crews to Alaska on July, tenth call the travel store at one eight hundred, seven, seven, seven, sixty five, forty, that's eight hundred seven, seven, seven, sixty five, forty or log onto stuff. You missed crews, dot com