Here's the thing: saving money with Geico was almost better than playing pick up. Basketball is always that guy who joined your game he never passes the rock he instantly bricks theories and who can we have you and then put his hands up and say no foul, no foul, with Geico its ease the switch and save on car insurance. No need a fake, an ankle sprain, because you're absolutely exhausted, so which, in save with Geiger it's almost better than sports continue step. You missed in history. Class from Housetop works TAT come no. I would welcome the fact that somehow we try and I'm crazy level today we're gonna talking to the topic that a lot of people have requested the one that I have noted. As the most recent request her there was no Amy, I'm a little worried. I've gotta confess big.

We ve got before the show about pioneers who advanced the medical field, specifically as it relates to influence their usually super uplifting and really great stories. Today's subject definitely adds to that medical improvement for the health of children, but it also has some problematic elements, and I dont know that people who have requested it necessarily know those problem parts and they may be disappointed to discover them. I have several things that are on that. The specific topic that we're about to talk about the several things on my episode suggestion was that I know that all who have asked for it, are expecting like a one hundred percent affirming uplifting story, but there's like a bad sides. You it that yes, yes, I was describing the story to my husband in the car this morning, as I often do sort of his away to make sure I've got bases covered and You know all the logic flows, and he said I feel like History- is full of this one M night Chauvelin plot, whereas we repeat

seem amazing internet may turn out to have Blake this horrible thing about them. Yeah casually raiseth, I was like a good way. To put it briefly, this particular time period, So we are talking about Mary Breckinridge. She is known as the founder of american nurse Midwifery and she's an iconic figure in Kentucky, but as we have just related to their problematic parts of her her ideologists them, eugenics, we're gonna, get you yet So we're gonna talk, first about sort of her life and what led her to do this in and then the end will discuss these problematic elements. Yeah filleted it Mary Breckinridge, was born in Memphis Tennessee on February, seventeenth, eighteen, eighty one, her father, Clifton Roads Breckinridge, was a congressmen from Arkansas, so she spent a lot of her childhood in Washington DC

he's an interesting figure to there's like a whole scammed, all a voting scandal related to his his political career, but maybe for another episode after Washington, the Breckinridge is moved. Julie across the globe to Saint Petersburg, Russia, when her father was appointed. U S, minister, to Russia, these education, as you may guess, from this life of being in a pretty prominent family was one of privilege. She attended private schools in the- U S and Stamford Connecticut, and that the laws on Switzerland and she had private tutors in Russia is well basically everywhere they went. She had the best possible education at the age of eighteen, Mary moved Arkansas where she lived until her marriage Henry Reckoner Morrison was a lawyer and nineteen o four Mary was widowed after just two years with her husband when Morrison died because of acute appendicitis, still sort of With this loss, Breckinridge enrolled in will again this time and new

city at a nursing school at Saint Luke Hospital. She graduated and became a registered nurse in nineteen ten sixty years after the death of her first husband, Mary got married a second time this time to the president of a woman's school and Eureka Springs. Arkansas, Richard Ryan Thomson, Mary started to work at the school as a teacher, their international education lent itself to teaching language We french and she also taught classes on hygiene in nineteen fourteen Mary and Richard, had a son, Clifton Breckinridge Thomson and who they nicknamed Bracky two years later and nineteen sixteen. They had a second child. This time a daughter named Polly and they were very excited about it, but their joy was abruptly cut short when she died just six hours after her birth, Mary wrote of this last quote: aggrieved for the life. She had missed the splendid work she might have done, the human motherhood. She might not know. Two years later,

four year old Bracky also died just days after his birthday. He got sick. He underwent surgery to address what doctors thought was an intestinal blockage immediately clear that he had a serious abdominal infection and he never recovered. This death not only struck her to the core as a grieving parents, but also really made merry fear for her work and how it be perceived by the public, she had been writing several years about how to raise healthy children and she had in the course of two years lost both of her own. She was worried that people would think that that men she didn't know she was talking about throughout the rest of her life. She believed that Bracky was ever present in a spiritual sense and that she could communicate with him. On the other side, the strain of losing two children also took a toll on her marriage, very experienced bouts of depression which continued through her life and her husband. Richard was not faithful, Mary left Richard and nineteen eighteen, while worldwide

and was still playing out and she applied to work with the American Red Cross as a nurse in Europe, but she had to wait for an assignment in case you are ever looking it at information about her life. We didn't go into it. They will often list divorce is nineteen twenty, which is when the divorce papers actually happened, but they had been apart for two years. By that point, this reason for her delay, though, in joining the Red Cross was due to the rule that no with a brother actively serving in the military, could be said to areas where the war was taking place. This, as you know, in order to preserve the family in the likelihood that the place that the brother was station, got bombed or raided more attacked in some way and like a family would not lose model. Children at once since Mary had a brother serving at the time, but really felt strongly that she can make an impact on the children of Europe who needed assistance She and her mother went to visit the head of the American Red Cross, nursing, stir service, Jane Delano and sort of plead her case to get around the rule. Delighted

agreed that Mary would be an asset, but she still couldn't send her because of the brother rule, while the latter On marries Behalf Breckinridge took on a three month assignment travelling through the country collecting data on the state of children's health than giving speeches just to be clear that countries the U S. She went far West and visited a variety of space at the places and when Mary was finally clear to join the Red Cross Children's bureau in France, she first went to Washington DC to make arrangements and fill out the necessary paperwork. But This actually ended up being quite a detour. All of this was happening recall in nineteen eighteen and Washington D C, like many other places, was hit really hard by the influenza epidemic, which we have talked about on the show before as a nurse Mary was desperately needed, so she volunteered to help almost immediately after seeing how badly overtaxed the medical services in the area were, and after she first asked Jane Delano. If she could delay her trip

France, a little while longer with volunteer job, almost immediately became more than Mary had anticipated. He later road in her autobiography quote the head. Nurse of my area fell ill soon after I reported for duty so that I was plunged into the direction of nursing care for thousands and thousands of stricken people. I don't recall how many patients we had of my district at the peak of the epidemic, but it could not in less than forty thousand. Nor do I remember how many nurses I had to help me, but I don't think there were more than five we used hunter. Of AIDS for the day and night care of the patients with pneumonia and the families where everybody had come down with influenza. Many of these aids were clerks turned over to us from the for the emergency by the government bureaus and only a few of them had receives training and home care of the sick. To compound matters, this situation was so

egg as medical personnel, when people who had sorted been requisition into being medical personnel to keep up with the ever growing roster of patients. That records were a little bit haphazard. She notes in her a biography like some of the reasons the clerks tended to write things about the disease that had more to do with, like their area of knowledge than actually were really relevant to the illness lake. One person worked for the government and they talked about how one of the deceased patience had been sacking. A sugar, but she had been kind of hoarding sugar and it was like this is relevant to her medical information at all. Why are you putting this, but it was just the mindset of his his or her. I don't know the gender in previous job made them think of things in those terms bedbugs were also a really bad problem in the area that year, so nurses were fighting both influenza and infestation of their patients homes,

when the influenza epidemic had passed, Mary went back to preparing to join the Red Cross, but her passport and multi papers had a longer processing time than she'd anticipated unwilling to just wait. She filled the time with the Boston, instructive District, Nursing Association, where she furthered her education after an abbreviated version of the association associations, training courses, she worked and privilege, neighbourhoods and tenements in Boston. She later steadily. Experience quote, I was to be grateful thanks, times over after I got the France of all that I learned in Boston by the time she had her passport after November, eleventh nineteen eighteen in the war? was over, but she still felt compelled to go, and so she made arrangements to be released. Her obligation to the Red Cross, which is no longer medical personnel to France, and then she did travel to France to work with the American Committee for Devastated France. That was an organ

asian, founded by Jp Morgan's daughter, am Morgan and which Mary deeply loved. Second, only to the one that she would later found herself we're going to talk about marries work in France, but first we will pause fertile sponsor break. This episode of stuff. You missed in history glasses, brought to you by Norton three sixty with lifelong, what with you're sure on line with your smartphone. Its super feels like ear. Personal information is just right there in your hand, but that's not always the case, because, as soon as you hit submit, your personal information could going other places. In fact, whenever you shop Bank or browse online, your personal invoking get out of your control, and that can we be vulnerable to cyber criminals. More threats demand more protection Why Norton and Lifelong are now part of one company Norton three sixty with life

is an all in one membership for your cyber safety that gives you device security, identity theft, protection and a VP end for online privacy. No one can prevent all cybercrime and identity theft, but nor in three sixty with life, is your ally in today's connected world, because your information is out there sign up for Norton three sixty with lifelike today and save twenty. Percent or more off your first year, go to Norton dot com, slash history, that's Norton, DOT, com, slash history for twenty five percent off, Not ass up her children have really been Breckinridge inspiration to doggedly pursue work and children's health and she never lost that sets of calling. She had been interested in children's health before them, but she really became hyper focused.

After that, and she had been able to focus some of her public health work in Boston in Washington DC on the needs of children, and she obviously was we're. In that area as she toured the country for her reporting assignment with the children's bureau. She then carried that focus and passion for the care of children to Europe as well. In her work with the OECD of she started a program that focused on the needs of pregnant women, children and nursing mothers, providing both medical care and vitally needed neutral and even though the war was over, they were still heavy restrictions on where she could travel, so she had to once again wait for a military permit to travel into the war zone once she finally was approved. She saw immediately that the people of France needed all the basics, clothing, bedding and, above all, food. She wrote quote in the parts of France occupied by the Germans. Not a question of the people returning to their shattered homes because they were already there when Germans withdrew. But-

around them the ground, the bridges the roads were destroyed, so that it was almost impossible to get supplies to them, and some villages in the Nord people had to be fed by airplane. With such widespread destruction. The problem of transport assumed gigantic proportions. One of the vital parts of rebuilding the country that Mary was directly involved in was acquiring weak seed, That rural areas would be able to plant crops. She personally Livered, the request for wheat and as the women, Oh furs and their organisation were the only ones who are managing regular transport in the area. They delivered all of the wheat seed that ended up in the ground for that following spring. Even so, getting crops back up and running was actually quite dangerous because the fields were filled with buried explosives and farmers who acts.

Emily hit them well, digging often died or required really expensive medical treatment that a cd F also helped people reestablished their households. In addition to seeing that they got feeds to plant crops and medical treatment, they also assisted by helping them get low or no cost furnishings and providing small animals to farms like rabbits begins and throughout all of this, the nurses and other personnel working under the umbrella of the American Committee for Devastated France were living in really rough conditions themselves. Public work it is water and electricity services were not restored for quite some time, and the nurses lived in a building that had been severely damaged by bombings. Mary wrote quote the American Committee for devastated. France was a masterpiece of an organization not only in its handling of direct. Leaf under baffling difficulties. But in later developments there were to be integrated into the very heart of french life, Mary

He fell in love with the people of France and she wrote in one letter to her mother that she saw so many families trying to fight their way back from male nourishment after the war. She wrote, If I could give right now a goat to every family that has a baby, I think we could go far towards being many that are dying there is such and ammonia among them that they have no powers of resistance. I wish I had a thousand goats right now. I wish I had fifty scope thing is my favorite part of restoring mine You married mother, passed the letter around friends and family and soon donations of money for the purchase of goat sport in to the OECD. F. Mary would later call this project her goat crusade, because she also had to raise funds for feed for the gates for their breeding in letters back home to each donor, to tell them about the family he was benefiting from. There morality, yet I was kind of before a lot of the modern cheers

organizations do things like that, but she was naming goats for families that had bought them, and then you know would keep these correspondence is going away. Here's how the family that got your go to doing our pretty interesting, theirs great story in her autobiography about the first truck, which I think had twenty nine votes that she opened the door and there was one vote then had apparently like destroyed a bunch of them supply only baby bottles issues like either even care so led the goats earthly here for a while. She was in Europe. She also became acquainted with midwifery practice in both France and England, and she felt that it should be established in the United States as well ever eager for education. I have to admit that problematic as she is. I admire her constant quest to be educated, Breckinridge decided to formalize her learning on this subject and she studied may midwifery in several different schools in great Britain and was certified by the Uk Central Midwives Board, and

no. This is the first time that Mary Breckinridge had been exposed. The concept of a midwife, assisted birth and her family was in Russia. Her mother had a midwife in attendance at the birth of marries younger brother and that have made an impact on her and over their talk more about later, like midwife, it has been a law, as it has been around in some way as long as babies have been used. In yes, she she built the isn't like she discovered it now, just kind of how she sometimes framed in the? U S no idea. This was a big and it's like mounted. An hour ago. We were talking about more formal, I midwifery training programmes. Additionally, she also studied how pre WAR France had provided for infant tear, and she learned that the public assistance office had this programme which allows new parents to bring nearby

These to a government office, usually like a town hall where a doctor would be for weighing and for advice on their care and that there was also a service in some cities of France, which provided baby milk stations. But there wasn't much edges should for parents in how to handle milk and some of the other medical deeds their child might have. She saw where she felt was a gap in the system and the lack of parent education, and she decided that a visiting nurse service could fill that gap, so she set up a demonstration version so that it could get some data on its excesses soon she was asked to expand the program and she had a really scramble to find properly trained nurses to staff it. A little experiment. People like this is great. Can you widen your area of coverage is like

before long, her nurses were seeing to the general health care needs of the communities in which they work and not just prenatal in early childhood care. She was really pleased with her success in this endeavour, but the administrative duties that it required took her away from the hands on nursing that she loved much ass. Her role with the American Committee for Devastated France grew Breckinridge was offered a car in a show fer to drive her is needed, but she opted to actually pool those resources, with the other drivers who were already helping to deliver aid. Mary also travelled to Scotland to expand her medical knowledge. While she live in your decentralized, patient base. You have that sort of helped her form a model for her leader work in nineteen. Twenty one Mary was ready to return home to be near her parents. They were getting old one thousand nine hundred and twenty one Mary was ready to return home to be near her parents. They were getting older and she definitely felt the pool to be with them. She also felt at the programs that she had worked to establish and France had reached a point where they could

without her and she felt that it was really important that they do so like. She was aware that she couldn't stay there and direct all of this forever. She wasn't exactly sure what she would do. Spell she wrote a letter to her mother quote. I know but the way leads back over the ocean to the country where my own children were born and where they are buried, the country whose development when people have further for nearly two hundred years. Despite this resolve, she actually felt really conflicted about leaving France. There is pressure to stay and develop nursing school programmes for France and for her last year she worked tirelessly to fulfil this request only to have effort after effort fall flat, she felt in some ways ass though she had failed. But having friends and associates remark on the increase will improvement of the health of France's children really bolstered her, and next we're going to delve into the project that consumed the rest of Mary Breckinridge is life and which became her claim to fame. But before that I was to glue Breakin have

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once Mary was back in the United States, she again opted for additional education and she took classes at teachers com. Of Columbia University that focused on public health, nursing and nineteen. Twenty five May Breckinridge relocated to Leslie County Kentucky to try to make her idea reality. She had inherited money from her mother who had passed away not long after Mary returned to the United States. She used her inheritance to found and fund the frontier nursing service. Her concentration, Service was on prenatal in early childhood care, which harking back to her experiences with the families and post war, France. She wrote quote in France. I felt, as I was to feel later in the Kentucky Mountains, that a programme for children should begin before the children are born and should place emphasis on the first six years of life.

So she chose the Appalachian Mountains area for a number of reasons. I know some people liked pronounce it Appalachian. We all do differently. This one is one where I'm good with what I like. I grew up in North Carolina and spent seven years in Western North Carolina, and I say apples and yes I mean I grew, I was in Florida what I think I probably learn my word and me I was taught it is apple action, but no disrespect to anybody who prefers the other pronunciation to say in whichever way we say it, somebody will be chagrin. So she chose this area. As I said for a number of reasons. First, it was woefully underserved medically and most of their residents were too poor to travel elsewhere for care. Second, because her family had southern She believed that she would be able to use their prominence to garner funding for her programme and third, she was thinking long term and she thought she could manage to launch a nursing service successfully in the decentralized communities.

Out and covering roughly seven hundred square miles. It would be a clear proof of concept that similar programmes could work almost anywhere so to be clear. It wasn't as though Mary Breckinridge was the first person in the United States to think midwifery should be instituted here and, as was said earlier, there is more informal. Whither he going back to the even in the area of Kentucky where she sat at present There were lay midwives who delivered. Babies like that has been thing pretty much always, but they didn't have actual medical training yeah. I think they're referred to in I'm not sure, but her autobiography or another paper that I was reading about her. There called Grannie midwives and its basically As you know, an older experienced woman who has been through childbirth herself and then kind of helps later generations do the same thing while an and when a birth goes smoothly. That's often fine right, that's

That's often the care that is needed is that kind of help. But when things don't go smoothly that you weren't medical training right yet, and it was of course really hard to get the service up and running. This was a mountain situation, spread all over the place, but overtime, Mary established a home visitation service, so that patients could receive care without travelling themselves, as well as a number of district nursing centres and eventually a hospital marries. Work had obvious results, after her service had been established and she had been providing education to nursemaid wives in Kentucky the reader neonatal and maternal death rates dropped in nineteen twenty eight. The avenues open, heighten hospital which had twelve beds, thanks to money raised through donors, soon, expanded offer eighteen beds and eight Bassa nets and an expansion in nineteen, forty, nine increase patient capacity to twenty five beds and twelve fascinates as a direct result of marries work and the success of the frontier nursing. Sir,

The American Association of Nurse midwives was founded and nineteen twenty nine just four years after Breckinridge, had found it her service in that. One thousand and thirty one Mary's cousin Marvin Breckinridge Patterson directed the film which was called the forgotten frontier and it promoted the importance of the frontier nursing service in the types of carrot offered. The film which is silent opens with title cards, quote. Do you know that America is still a frontier country for about fifteen million people with almost no medical, nursing or dental care, and that in our history, We have lost more women in childbirth than men in war according to that backing Three, the maternal mortality rate and the Appalachian mountains was cut by more than two thirds. Thanks to the frontier nursing service seems in the foot Marie reenactments of previous events played out by the same people who were in we originally and volunteered to recreate moments in their from their interaction with the fn ass. Yet the filthy,

shots of wind over which was the log cabin that served as administrative building and nursing centre and guest quarters for the service, and it makes it very clear just how remote the patients being served by this service guests in the film arriving at the nearest train station had to travel twenty five miles by car and then switch to horses before they could get to that central headquarter because the road ended abruptly, and there was nothing but trail after that. One of the visitors to the Fn ass asked how the nurses manage to get to their patience during the winter, and the reply was always our most important work. So, of course, we go in any kind of whether nurses or soon on horseback crossing. I see rivers in winter to deliver babies and then another seen a man is carried on a makeshift stretcher for seven hours to get to the hospital after receiving a gunshot wound, you can actually watch this entire documentary on line. I will link to it there's an archival version of it that is available

and this documentary had a really clear purpose. It wasn't just like a hey. This is me. It was intended to help promote the frontier nursing service and, more importantly, drum up donations. This entire enterprise was privately did from Marries inheritance, as we mentioned before, aim from donations, and while the fn has continued its work over the next two decades that remained how it kept going through donations didn't receive any sort of government funding anything until the night. Sixties, no patient was ever turned away if they couldn't pay, but they could offer a trade of goods for care. The nurses were authorized to accept that, but if they could offer nothing, they still got treatment. It seems like that two thirds mortality drop from a promotional documentary might be a little inflated, but still there with an obvious positive impact near and the nursing service yeah, it's a little tricky, that's one of them,

things that it would be an easy number to fudge, because a lot of the people in those remote areas were not necessarily reporting. Things earth and mortality regular later the government. So we don't know how accurate, but I agree, it seems a little as a big number. Yet is a big number bit like unquestionably having that access to basic medical care and wasn't there before would have made a big difference roadwork to impact of the way in which the nurses for the ethnic were trained before nineteen thirty, nine many of the nurses were sent to Great Britain to train as midwife Missus Mary herself had done, but the tensions in Europe surrounding the war made that unsustainable and it was then the Breckinridge founded the frontier graduate School of Midwifery the school contain today, under the Name Frontier Nursing University. There are obviously of his chair evolved and modernized, but it is still the the thing

has grown out of that core entity in nineteen. Fifty to marry published her autobiography, which was titled wide neighborhoods, the story of the frontier nursing service ones, and this was at least in part, a way to make money for the fn ass. The proceeds from the sale of the book went right back into keeping the people of rural Kentucky care for an educated about their health reckon rids died on. May sixteen thank and sixty five and Haydn Kentucky. She worked right up until the end I mean she literally. She had fallen off horse a one point and had to wear a brace, but she still had to keep riding the horses to get to her patience. She was working basically until the day she died, ah, which Zob pretty inspirational, But we gotta talk about the problematic parts now, while Breckinridge contributions to medicine are undeniable, she had some deeply problematic use. First, she was a fan of eugenics from earlier

her career, Shiro articles, four publications, such a southern woman's magazine, in which he encouraged women to carefully select their mates, as only people of quote good blood should be having children use, It was by the nineteen teens gaining popularity in the United States as a way to in to eradicate disease and infirmity, as if you haven't listen to our pod cast about the Kalis. Actually Genesis like we talk a lot about. How does this wasn't Something that was a friend's element in society. We like a mainstream taught in standard Highschool, biology, textbooks kind of thing, so it is absolutely to see why someone interested in nursing might have been into eugenics, but the way most you Genesis I did states envisioned. These improvements was specifically through keeping the bloodlines pure without integration of immigrants into families. Breckinridge

I believe that women, in the U S, were duty bound to have healthy babies to keep the country strong and that to do so. Those babies had to be white, ideally white blood, from Anglo Saxon routes. Yeah. She definitely had like a hierarchy of even people that would all be sort of umbrella, under whites, of which ones were the best kind of went, Anglo Saxon, Nordic and then can went down from their legs. She really very clearly had no problems comparing people and deciding which, when she thought, where the good ones and which ones were lesser, she also that that women couldn't be creative. Like me, because their creativity expressed itself biologically through making children and while an official stance on birth control wasn't included in any literature of the frontier nursing service. Mary reckon ridge believe that contraceptives work as good a remedy for rural Kentucky problems of education would be. She had personally approve any

Who will migrations performed by the servants than even then she would only do it if there was a medical reason, for women who already had at least five children. Yes, she didn't seem to really gets super involved in any of the politics surrounding other aspects of health care outside of lake, maternal and children, and she even wrote that she thought like birth control was interesting, and then you know that was that was good for some people, but for her patience, which is a little again she's problematic five years after marries, death ground was broken for a new hospital to be built and named for her in the Merry Breckinridge Hospital was dedicated in nineteen. Seventy five so took a while to build and it assumed the general care duties that had been handled previously

the heightened hospital, and then the heightened facility was converted into a teaching centre. The frontier school of midwifery and family nursing and nineteen eighty to marry Breckinridge was posthumously injected into the American. The American Nurses Association Hall of Fame. As of twenty fifteen, there were thirty nine occur. Did graduate midwifery programmes in the United States and more than eleven thousand certified midwives and certified nurse midwives. So while she is considered thee. The sort of mother of Midwifery in the United States. It really grew very quickly Clearly I mean it was addressing a need that was, they are already oh yeah. We're super interested in really more than midwifery. I feel it should be may be lauded as a person who introduced medic, Gleich, formalised medical training that general with ass. Many Breckinridge

to have the most Emil forests to do, and it made me smile really big when I read it so that when you get it, hey is from our listener, Debbie and Debbie rates. Your Tracy and Holly High mainly was Debbie, and I love to listen to your Prague Castle greeting mounds of math homework assuming teenagers, I teach actually turn in their homework. Thank you for your well researched and entertaining stories to help make greeting not as monotonous your podcast also feed my unsafe, insatiable. For knowledge. I find myself sharing what I learned from your pockets with colleagues, students and my friends and family regularly. The question: how do you know so much is asked of me by more people all the time, and I give you credit on at minimum a weekly basis. I was just listening to your pon cast on Schelling, Michael and in it you talked about the bee hives in their natural form. Parabola was the behind

but they were unskilled, Michael as a fan of both large words and math. That was right up my alley. That combined with the fact that this island as a character in star wars, which is another way I get my gift card on, will give my students in math for liberal arts, major something fun to read about further next socratic discussion. Thank you and she also gives us a suggestive debbie, thank you for being an educator and for Pino, finding new ways to connects yeah things to students and get them excited about math, which I know is sometimes a struggle. I was not. I was a great mass student myself. I was love it when educators rate us, because it gives me a chance to thank them for the work they do, which, sadly, is often thankless and is, to my mind, one of the most important job she could possibly have. You would like to write to us. You can do so history pie castle

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