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welcome to stuff you missed in history class from how support tat can and welcomed the market. Is I'm crazy, I'm Holly fry today we have eight massively popular listener: request yeah one of our most requested of all times. So many people have asked us about to talk about he's gauge and coming up on the hundred and sixty fifth anniversary of the accident that made him in his brain famous. So here we go, today about him there today close to common knowledge that different parts of your brain have different functions and and responsibilities, and this was far in the case back in eighteen, forty eight, when an explosion set an iron ride through Phineas Gaiters head drawing his left. Frontal lobe, unlike any one,

and known history who had ever experienced such a catastrophic brain injury. At that point he lived although alter for more than eleven more years time since then, he's kind of morphed into one of the world's most famous case studies and how damage to the brain can affect behaviour. It's legit and some of which is made up. So we will talk about that in more detail. I'm holding back my desire to talk about future Roma who Canaan Fries messed up brain that anybody who are to future ominous unemployment, We don't really know much about Phineas, though, before his accident. Now, before you put on the map by the spike, his life really accorded. We know he was twenty five on September thirteenth of eighteen, forty eight. When the incident happened at the time he was, forming a railroad crew working and they, that time working on the bed for their Rutland and Burlington Railroad

he was in the words of a letter written by his doctor to the editor of the Boston, Medical, inserted, surgical journal in eighteen. Forty eight quote of stature vigorous, Physical Organization, temperate habits possessed of considerable energy of character. Was also a good farming with a good reputation. He was competent and his job and really good at managing the crew, who were all pretty fond of him and as you can Jim Building, a railroad purely at that time was really heavily manual process when they had through a hill decree would have to blast way three rock and one men would be preparing for the charge to be laid in another had to be ready to clear away the rubble that happen afterwards and his foreman Phineas responsible for the overall operation of these activities- and he was the one who was in charge of making, that nations when is planned, which, been doing without incident. He was successful until that, fateful day right,

So while they were blasting, three rock Phineas used hampering iron misses an iron rod. That was forty three inches long, one quarter inches in diameter, which one end of it tapered to a point. That was a quarter inch in diameter and it way thirteen and a quarter pounds. So this was longer than your typical baseball bat and it was of iron and first would make a hole and they'd put powder into the bottom of this whole and then Phineas would use the pointed end of his tamping iron to put the fuse into place and they fill the rest of the whole soil and then he would use the broad under the iron to tear down the dirt before they lit the fuse here, the crew, were working on a stretch of track near Cavendish Vermont, which is the town that had about thirteen hundred people want its green described where this happened and it could actually described to different Tut's along the track. So we're not sure precisely where it happened, but we ve got a nerd down

so, he said at the second class with Cavendish, where many potholes in Iraq give indisputable evidence that black River once went. This way mere where Rosville Downer built his line kill later. I love that giving direction and later on there would be alarmed, but it wasn't, it the time when the accident happened. They had me whole and already poured the powder in, but they had covered it up with sand. Yet so well, he was getting ready to stamp it down. Phineas turned his head from what he was doing, and it seems as though Oh, he wrongly thought the gunpowder had already been covered with sand, but of course, as we said, it had not he lowered the rod, detail but down and hit the rock, and it made a spark and at that point the charge exploded. Tamping iron flew upward. It enter, Under his left cheek bones and travelled through the roof of his mouth and behind his eye

through his brain and out his skull completely I was misunderstanding this in my earlier. Like my knowledge, pre pod knowledge of this sort of thy head law, lodged somewhere. No, no, it travelled completely through his head and landed several yards away. So this steroid his skull in several places, along with obviously part of his brain. It pushed against the back of his eyeballs, who was our. I was sort of protruding a little bit he lost a whole lot of blood from the resulting face and scalp wounds and the damage to the vessels there were inside of his brain and I want to go back and look because I think similar to how you have the vision of it being lodged. Aha we had a vision of it being a spike from above guide have been drawing or a piece of our at some point. That was achieved

it as being Phineas games that someone drew them might have had it that way, because I have the same image in my head of it being a lodged thing yeah. My understanding of this whole accident was completely incorrect, learn more about it. It get came up from underneath under his his cheek bones yeah. I know it's crazy in the words of a news article in the Boston Post, which has picked up from the Ludlow Vermont Free Soil Union, quote the most singular circumstance connect with this melancholy affair, is that he was alive at two o clock this afternoon in possession of his reason and free from pain. Let us not, therefore, doing so. Not only did he lived through this experience, he may not have even lost consciousness, although there was a lot of dust and debris following the explosion that had to settle before people got to him. If he did was conscious. It was really brief. He was

to sit up right in the cart while being taken a town for a doctor and one forgot there. He was able to walk with of Vienna with some help. The stairs which fell running yeah, I can't imagine who volunteered to help you know I mean, can you imagine like that? I don't I don't wanna do it while he was yet he was kind of. You is a favoured yeah favoured boss via the crew. They were all fond of him and I think they have to have been a bit gruesome. It was definitely gruesome. Can I get more gruesome? So if you are tender of stomach, let's just say that the main may wants. It is fast forward. Bracer impact have a friend screen at first. Yes, of course, it does get really growth. I skip over some bits that are particularly disgusting because it got to appoint winners. Reading that the day by day notes of what happened is Congress it'll make you squirm? It will slow, town Phineas went to Joseph comes in inner, his tavern in the towns, doc

Doktor John Martin Harlow isn't available right away. They couldn't find him so someone road to another nearby town to summon their doctor, who was Doktor, Edward Williams and once Lily got their phineas was feeling well enough to say. Well, here's work enough for you doctor. About an hour later. Doktor Harlow got they're. Here. After Williams conferred with each other and eventually decided that doctor Harlow would be the one to treat Venice and here's a side. Note I will we ve Be this into the ground of those points. If you're tired of hearing it sorry, this whole thing was so horrifying, an improbable that neither of the doctors nor a reverend who happened to see them going by on the way to get the doktor believe what they want. The crew told them happen. They were like no way that is impossible. What you were saying cannot have just happened they didn't believe it until they saw the rod and the scene of the accident where there was blood in brain matter everywhere,

knowledge of the brain. Wasn't the only thing that was vastly different in eighteen, forty, eight medical practice was a completely different point of its evolution are legion. Theory of disease had not really happened, yet it was still to come, so many doctors for treating illnesses by balancing humours, they didn't realize the issues of german back Maria and where I emanation Doc, Harlow specifically had graduated with his empty from Jefferson Medical College in eighteen, forty four, although he but we also studied at Castleton Medical College in Vermont and the Philippines school of anatomy before he went to Jefferson. His medical practice was often focused on antiphlogistics principles, today. That just means anti inflammatory. But at the time it was this body of ideas that disease came from various sources of over stimulation of access which

to be balanced in order for the person to be cured. So a lot of common techniques were bleeding copying. Applying relative and give people, laxative and emetics to make them throw up. Their actually credited how much blood Phineas had lost at the scene of the accident with helping him to eventually recover and the he described as described in this wise quote. May we not infer that this prepared the system for the trying ordeal through which it was about to pass interesting medical content yeah. Why there's like a tiny piece of truth? Do it the fact that he had this open injury instead of it like being closed, like his brain- had room to swell without putting pressure on itself like that. Actually, true, but probably massive bloodworth did not in fact make it the earth over. All were his body to heal,

and Arthur Harlow, also was a follower of four analogy which you may have heard of it. That concept that the different parts of the skull relate to different parts of a person's character. Then it was a really common belief at the time the people are probably seen those pictures of skulls have the little greed lines drawn around them in their labeled with what their particular area pertains to you in the persons behaviour purse. At any rate, there were no antibiotics or surgical disinfectants, then, and handwashing before a medical procedure was not even a standard. Practice so most of what Doktor Harlow did was to clean obvious dirt like, leaves the brain tissue and bone fragments out of the wound and achieve to replace the biggest pieces of the top of the skull sort of put them back in place. Then close at the scalp bandage. The whole thing he asked treated undressed, some pretty extensive burns on Phineas his arms and hands every

had been so distracted by the dramatic facial and head injury that they didn't This is injuries at first, but of course this was an explosion related injury, so it makes sense that he would have had other damage right. During the first few days after his injury Phineas did surprisingly well, I mean he was definitely very ill. Tending to ask after the work on the railroad, he would ask who was acting as the form and while he wasn't there he also declined to see his friends saying that he would be back at work in writing to you. So he didn't really need have visitors the bleeding gradually slowed- and he was more able to sleep, but then he started to develop, accesses and fevers, and the wound became fetid doktor Harleigh response was to once the humours prescribing some less laxative, as well as silver nitrate, to treat what he described, as quote, fungus, which may actually been fungus. Coming from the brain, pretty discussed here I mean you,

It's not a short walk to presume that way. Do this nature traded in the manner it was, would have some infection issues He also bled Phineas and drained the past from the wound, both of which were motivated by this idea of getting rid of the excess and balancing the humours, but of all the things they may have been an actual real medical use. In this case, They would have reduced some of the pressure going on inside of his skull and in the case of the purse removed Fractious material from his body Anthony have been able to see a little out of his left eye for a while after the accident, but he did eventually lose all site in it along ability to open it, so it can permanently shut right He got a lot worse before he started to get better and better, points he was nearly kilometres in. Timber, his friends and family went ahead and picked out a coffin undecided. What clothes they were going to give them?

put on him to be buried in and at least one of the people attending him, so that they should stop treating him since it was just prolonging the inevitable. Then you started to rally and just in his behave, began to be apparent, while he was still under Doktor Harlow care example, on October, eleventh Doktor Harlow offered him one thousand dollars for some pebbles that he had collected and Phineas refused a little later in October, when he was really starting to improve pretty steadily after that. In a dramatic downturn He decided he was ready to go home any plan to walk it was twenty miles away. So he went out shopping for some provisions. He was going to be the end. He did so in bare feet with no coat on so remember. This was Vermont this, Suppose your set him back a little bit, but by the end of November he was able to go home to his family. So obviously he was having some

many issues right here. You know we'd turned out Large sum of money for for some rocks for some rocks, which you wouldn't want to. I would take a thousand dollars for pebbles right now. And then he put himself in danger kind of thoughtlessly yeah Doktor Harlow, attended to him for ten weeks and then went home to Lebanon, New Hampshire by carriage any stayed until April, continuing to recuperate. So, of course, one of the things. Apart from having his brain partially destroyed by a giant iron ride, one of the things that he is really famous for, The change in behaviour that came afterwards, this episode of stuff you miss than history classes, brought to you by Norton three sixty with lifelong. What are your shopping online with your smartphone? Its super feels like ear. Personal information is just right there in your hand, but that's not always the case, because, as soon as you hit submit your personal information could start going other.

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twenty five percent or more of your first year go to Norton dot com, slash history, that's Norton, Dotcom, slash history for twenty five percent off. Am I a lot of this is portrayed as like. He just became unable to work and unable to hold a job, and that's not really accurate. His recuperation did continue to be pretty slow even after him. Doktor Harlow CARE, but he really wanted to get back to work and started working on his parents, farm by the middle of the following year, which was eighteen, forty nine he was barely able to do a whole days work there, so and ass. He was recovering seemingly pretty well. Physically, his personality had changed and we described. Before the accident as being very smart, competent unreliable, but after the Doktor Harlow described him as fitful irreverent.

Indulging at times in the grossest profanity, which had not previously been his custom, manifest, but little deference for his fellows impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires at times per obviously obstinate yet capricious and vacillating devising many plans, a future operation which are no sooner arranged and they are abandoned in turn for other Peering more feasible a child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations. He has animal passions of a strong man, though most of what we know about finance behavior. After the accident comes from Doktor, Harlow And there's a little bit of question today as to whether this account is entirely reliable. His belief FR analogy might have colored his perception of visas behaviour, especially considering that some of his writings about him include specific front, illogical terms such as nervous bilious, but regardless

Even his friends and acquaintances. Worse, that he was no longer gauge, Consequently, when he felt physically ready to return to work again, his old employee, wouldn't have him back there's a lot of popular writing about him today. That sort of characterizes him at this point is a completely unreliable. Pliable, vines drifter. This is completely inaccurate. He did find steady work after he recovered, although that work did not involve handling explosives anymore, which would make sense He went to Boston for a while in eighteen, fifty where he was under the observation of Henry J Bigelow of Harvard and presented at the Basle II, was presented at the Boston society for medical improvement until a medical class at the hospital and Doktor Bigelow. Also me, the life cast a Phineas his head, showing the outward the damage that was still evidence. Even the initial wounds had healed, he's

some time it Barnum's American Museum in New York City and gave a couple of lecturers and exhibitions about his accident in the northeast sometime in the early eighties fifties and the sea, to be certain that the total of his public display, like sometimes people, say that he traveled around with a freak show when he became this freak show performer seems to be an exaggeration of what was more. A couple of exhibitions, lectures that he within an early facing while he was hired by Jonathan Courier to work at a livery stable in New Hampshire, any work there for about a year and a half, then in August of eighteen, fifty to a man who was starting a new carriage company hired him to come work with him in Chile, Phineas worked in a stable and drove a stage coach in Chile for about seven years, and we ve talked about how demanding the job of the stage driver is in our recent episode about Charlie Parkhurst. So

it seems as though, contrary to some of the popular writing about him. He did recover some of his mental abilities or at least adapt to life without them. It may even be that there really routine work of driving the steam the same stage cartridge day after day after day, gradually His brain adapt Eventually, as his health began to fail, he went out to San Francisco. Where his family had moved in pursuit of the gold rush. He was pretty thick when he got there bet he recovered sunlight and was able to work for a while on a farm in Santa Clara. Then he had a series of seizures. They got more and more serious and he died and may have a team sixty here, buried on May twenty third of that year, and there was no tops. There was no autopsy but if a teen sixty seven in his body was exude and his skull and the tamping iron were sent to Doktor Harlow after Harlow eventually sent those to the warrant in museum at Harvard which already has

Doktor Bigelow Life cast, so you You can actually see all three of these things at the warrant. Museum exhibition gallery at the count- whales, hurry of medicine. Thanks to the skull and a lot of modern imaging work. Today we have a much better idea of the exact extent of Phineas his injuries. Especially where the rod went besides the obvious, through his head, his all damaged in multiple places that you would expect cheekbone at the back of the eye socket at in the top of his head and he lived for the rest of his life with parts of his skull missing, early, including a pretty significant five pat from the top of his head. A number of researchers have tried to tackle the question of exactly how the rod travelled through his head and brain endings, Finally, what parts of his brain were damaged? because some of the holes that were in his skull worst smaller than the diameter of the ride, which, like the one under his cheekbone, was smaller than the rod wise and then the one at that

top of his head was a lot bigger alot Their findings didn't really agree with one another until we developed tools like see, teach scams to look at the skull itself. An mri of living people's brains to clean. Kind of a model for what gauges might have looked like into send for researchers. You see tee scans the skull to create a three representation of Phinis Skull to try to determine exactly where the damage occurred. In there crucial factors in that someone a bone at the entry wound must have moved out of the way, almost like a hinge and then closed, down and later shield over the entry wound on the skull under the cheekbone is smaller than IRAN itself in Twelve, a team of researchers led by John they're, all Van Horn, published a paper called mapping connect the damage in the case of Phineas gauge it used

all kinds of medical, imaging techniques to map out exactly which parts of the brain would have been damaged, and this is where they used in our eyes of other patients to to sort of way a model there. Findings Aryan Piano s one. So you can read them online for free and at this point as to the modern computational studies agree that the damage was really confined to the left, frontal lobe fanny, became really famous in the world of Nero psychology. Today, music, study in many many psychology and neuroscience textbooks and chapters about how an injury to the brain can change. A person's personality A lot of the writing about him today. Really sort Echo actively gives his story a lot of credit for everything from the bottom ease to how doktor stagnant tumors in people's frontal lobes. On changes in their behaviour but alive This is really hindsight, and sometimes it's kind of pulled out

the mayor near a little bit of making things up going on so his accident. The fact that he survived it and the fact that he basically recovered and lived for more than eleven more years. All of that definitely contributed to the fields of Neurosurgery and euro psychology and they were on their own. Pretty incredible, he really was long dead by the time. Surgery and steer techniques progressed to the point that Nero third surgery was even a survivable event. The writing about him, also ascribes what we later learned about. Lobata me in brain tumor, patients to Phineas himself sort, flying other people's behaviour after the destruction of their frontal lobes to phineas his behaviour when he lived, but these Christians, which we mentioned before that he became violin and shift. Listen, couldn't hold a job. They just don't match up with the descriptions of people that actually

salmon. Him nearly were around him behind of gets conflated with descriptions of other patients with completely different conditions. That also am involved There- frontal lobe in some way yeah their symptoms, get attributed to his behaviour, ascribed to his behaviour when they weren't really going on gag A lot of people also fight him as one of the patients who helped neurologists figure out. The different parts of our brains do different jobs, and this evidently was not the case at the time actors really knew very little about the brain and they were two contradictory and competing theories. One. The brain was basically this undifferentiated thing with all of the parts of the brain able to handle any task and the other witching who did the for analysis that we ve talked about before believe that differ occasions in the brain had different functions, with these groups claimed that gauge was supporting their theory. The people who thought that the brain kid

do anything from any part were like, while he survived. Clearly all the other part the brain made up for it and the people who thought it the different parts of the brain had functions were like well, his behavior change, so clearly he supports our theory, the who due to add to the whole field in the whole world of things that we know about the brain, but there other doctors and other patients who actually had a much bigger impact on this idea that the different parts of the brains do two things in particular doc. Carl Worthy and Doktor Paul Broker, who each worked with patients who have had damage to specific areas that affected their ability to use language so working and broke, have parts of the brain named after them, based on their research bout, those kind of developments we we could not have to the idea that different parts of the brain did different things just based on Phineas gauges, cakes right,

do you have a couple pictures of Phineas gauge of vintage photo collectors, Jack and Beverly Wilderness acquired one someone along like a really remember where they put it on Flickr in two thousand seven, and eventually internet chatter identified it as likely be engaged. This was eventually confirmed by matching the photo to the life cast aside. The museum and His family released another picture in twenty ten, though life mask of Phineas was head and skull. Advertising iron are all worn. Anatomical museum at Harvard Medical School the right has. This inscription The bar that was shot through the head of Mr Phineas P Gauge Cavendish Vermont September, fourteenth. Eighteen, forty eight be fully is a couple funny things about this. One is that his name is spelled wrong and the other is that the bait is wrong. And then there is a name and in some other dating so what's fight, there's a couple. About this. One is that his name is felt wrong, and the other is that debate is wrong. In exile

how this all came to be a kind of lost a history at some point. You gave the wrongs a Harvard Medical School Museum and then he asked for it back in eighteen, fifty four, but the inscription is dated eighteen, fifty. So this all sort of- and it isn't- kind of weird and spelled it calls into question this frequent You may hear about Phineas, which is carried the rod around with him forever after the axe. Clearly here that that clear He also did want it because he asked for it back from Harvard. So that's a little unclear at this point, theirs a commemorative plaque in the camp in Cavendish Vermont? and it was unveiled on September. Thirteenth of ninety ninety eight, which was the hundred fiftieth anniversary of Phineas as accidents. There is all a book called an unkind of fame stories of Phineas gauge by Malcolm Macmillan. It's not the only

look about him, but it came out in the year two thousand and it gives a really thorough history of Phineas. An accident the a lot of the popular perception of him and his life and how he behaved afterward. So it is, I think, most thorough work on him. They can get in one place today year, which is due to lot of the forward. That's it! I understand how that happens. It's such a bizarre. Phenomenal thing. Yeah. It's easy to then accept some other pretty incredible. Details about this worry right well, and it's it's one of those stories that now it's almost is interesting for how it became the sort of neuroscience juggernaut, As for the actual accident that happened, so yes, after leaving Phineas gauge This episode of stuff you missed in history, glances brought you by north

Rod will acts it had through. It is entire skull. Yet the fly this episode of stuff you missed in history classes, Morocco you buy Katy Keen I love Riverdale. So I M excited that the creator of Riverdale has a new show, a sparkling adventure in the big apple, full of fashion, drama and dreams colliding with real life, Thursday February six at eight seven central. It is the new suitable series, Katy Keen we have singer songwriter, Josie, Jorge with his eye on Broadway. It girl, pepper and fashioned Easter legend to be Katy. They are in New York City of eight million and they are for a kind, their friends who would give everything for their dreams and do anything for each other. So the big apple better watch out, because no matter who or what gets in the way they are about to take a big ol bite. These four determine dreamers take on the runway, the recording studio, Broadway and the New York City Social scene, where they find it more than just careers and the big city they find forever friendships. High style has a new

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weight loss plan that can make losing weight easier for you had gone over to Debbie Debbie dot com. That's w w dot com to joint Debbie Debbie. Today, with a limited time offer. Do you off listener meal for our enjoyment? I do. This is from Elizabeth and Elizabeth says I was excited for your Charlie, perverse podcast. I've spent many years working in the mountains of Santa Cruz. Practicing forestry and timber harvesting, I thought would give you some background on the area to add some flavour to your image of Charlie. Greece, mountains and eighteen hundreds were absolutely formidable. I warn you. We have mountains. The to Georgia style mountains for breakfast, the Santa Cruz mountains are really steed theirs. Cracks. We heard from earthquakes, cliffs and any watercourse, essentially having steep inner gorge surrounding it in the winter. We hear rain from about November two April and interest rates the whole time. Even in the modern era. Roads are slick, Mcfly, very huge problem. Rivers becomes

and remote mountains, homes routinely get cut off from civilization, that's all that in eighteen hundred, not lions and bears routinely roamed the area, Santa Cruz always been slightly off from the larger San Francisco Bay to the north. And the moderate the moderate area was difficult to get to you as well, because it estuaries may rode over. The hill is referred to as killer seventeen, because it is incredibly whiny steep narrow For a long time, no median provider can the olden days with other states companies used to find roads and passages quote over the hill and try to outdo each other transporting people over the rough terrain. One of the places I worked as a road presume that was one of these states hatreds and is still a visible road cut through the woods slide. Slopes of. Eighty percent and then randomly nice. Why road? You can still dr small truck, aren't I You forgot to mention in the park have made me because you are not aware. That is the reason

there is another mountain Charlie in the area that was maybe more famous, no Santa Cruz area. There is even a Mount Charlie Road named ACT here: another grizzled tub with you lost an eye when it was swiped any fight with a bigger, although couldn't teams anywhere. He said toll on one of his past. It is over the hill, I'm going to mountain Charlie's number. Thank you Elizabeth long. I have not been to the Santa Cruz mountains in particular, but I have driven up till it go ahead in California a couple times for an excellent com and it definitely a whole different experience from the Appalachian mountains, which I am sure you see you then what's the descent. This but it starts out feeling a whole lot. Like I, forty going up the ash bill extended, it keeps going, goes and goes and goes some more and then it keeps going You look down, there's clouds and review and alarming is familiar. I have ever driven it.

I have driven, but I have been in a vehicle with my parents, driving through it I remember being rather tariff yeah, I'm a little bit of a nervous, Nellie Carson. Well, you know, if any of you have ever heard, of a maximum Canada, the maximum time potash network thing if they have every year- and there was a lot of discussion on the forums about hey. I hear this road is really terrifying to drive on, and you know I said at Ashcombe back. Why be okay, k amplify, oh yeah, sure you'll be fine and they were right. I mean I was pretty much find, but there this moment, when I sort of thought down, but how fire by one brief. Second, you will not find this year and then last the last time that I went, I made a wrong turn and wound up just sort of on this. Really it was running along the ridge and the mountains for a really long time, and that was little alarming. So, yes, thank you alive when four.

To us. We definitely did not hear about the other mountain fairly in our research and if so, what great details about the area? Yeah really does help conceptualize at all, and we pretty well said this was terrifying, but we have a lot of terrifying, tailed extra Tarifa, yeah I well. I would like to be a light housekeeper. I do not want to be a stage coach driver and these animalism. Ok, If you would like to write to us about stage coach, you were crazy industrial accidents, maybe not that or anything else, you can. We are at history pipes Every dot com, or also on Facebook, that calm, flash history class stuff and on twitter I missed in history. You can find our tumblr at Miss than history, dot, tumblr, dot com and we ve been putting things about are absurd and other historical stuff on countries.

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