Ok, honey. I'm at least that new car today, but first hear some flashcards ago, releasing vocabulary quiz me. You do not need to know all these. You don't hear look. This is the right of people to carry one and two you, a simple price. Then they deliver the car to our house Possum because I didn't know any of those words, not one welcome to the future of leasing road you choose from hundreds of cars the lease the pricing is Crystal clear and will deliver the car right to your house so down the road, a lap, Bourguiba, Roto, dotcom today, hello everybody. We are doing something slightly different for our classic this Saturday. I really wanted to share our previous episode on Mary see coal in the Crimea WAR, because it's a really frequent listener request and its from far enough back in the archives that its also pretty short by the standards of so today, but it also makes several references back to another past episode, John Snows, ghost man,

which is also a frequent listener request, and No, not quite up to the link that our shows today tend to be so today we're having a Saturday double feature. We will have John Snow first and Mary sequel. Second, happy Saturday, welcome to stuff. You missed in history class from Housetop works, dot, com yeah hello and welcome to the podcast I'm Katie, Lambert ON by Sarah Dowdy. How are you fitter? I'm great katie? How are you you won't be as great as you start talking about what we're talkin about, which was a listener request. Jamie from DC wanted to hear all about Jon Snow and the Colorado outbreak in Victorian London. I don't know I'm kind of a fan of I mean Victorian London, so I think I'm gonna enjoy this Slim John snow. Born in eighteen. Thirteen. In Yorkshire, England and he was-

Finally, the son of a call yard labour by quickly gets into the medical field of fourteen when he starts three consecutive apprenticeships. And first encounters cholera, not that long after while visiting coal minors, in eighteen, thirty one- he got his first exposure to contagious disease. He doesn't begin his formal medical education until one thousand eight hundred and thirty six, but he gets his empty in eighteen. Forty, four from the universe

London and by eighteen, forty nine. He is a licence specialist of the Royal College of Physicians of London, which was a really elite organization. Yeah. This guy gets big fast. He kind of enters the realm of what today we protocol celebrity doktor, especially when he treats Queen Victoria. That's because he learned about ether being used in America, but pioneered how it was dispensed right. So he helps Queen Victoria through her childbirth, on the birth, a princely, uphold and Princess Beatrice and makes the public more accepting of the process. Yet all Victoria is into whether it's Christmas trees are big, white weddings are either the thing to Trendsetter Victoria, but we don't think of him today for his work and anesthesia. We think about him for his pioneering work in June,

theory and to do that will give a little background first about Victorian. London, which was real disgustingly, dirty the life expectancy for a gentleman and victorian. London was forty. Five, but if you are a tradesman, it was your mid twenty is so I would be killed off by now, and so it is better and London was really really stinky, like known worldwide for being stinky was the biggest city in the world, but sewage was just piled up everywhere, toilets drained into basement s pet, so there would just be piles and piles of sewage in your basement. Stinking to high heaven and necessitates were flashed into the river if they were cleaned, which of course is where everyone got their water. Maybe

and see where this is coming. So, needless to say, London, overcrowded dirty stinky, a good place for diseases to spread, and at the time it was thought of that diseases came from my asthma or bad air from decayed organic matter, so bad smells meant disease and when the entire city state people thought you were getting sick from the sewage, there's, also a moral element to the home asthma theory that stinky people were you now, I'm clean and more prone to disease, he's not just because they were pouring destitute and living in overcrowded hovels. They were morally unsound, says you bad for you poor people eleven Victorian London everyone's. Let your illness was your own darn fault, so

snow. Doesn't by this, though, he thinks that diseases are caused by some agent, not by a smell right. So they started calling me germ theory, and so we ve got these two philosophies that are kind of going had had an they go head to head for four decades. Surprisingly enough to tell us who am, I have myself like such a bad idea, but people aren't quick to buy germ theory saraband a few outbreaks of cholera in London at the eighties. Forty eight him for nine cholera outbreak killed. Fifty thousand people- and this is where John Snow wants to figure out how this is happening. Color is not a pretty disease. You die from basically diarrhoea, that's unstoppable and various digestive ills. You die from dehydration because your body doesn't have any fluid laughed and you can do

quickly like within a day. So Johns now wants to figure out this germ theory and see if he can prove it, but in that particular outbreak there won't be public death records and figure out who is giving water to which households? So this wasn't a good test case for him and in the summer of eighteen, fifty four another cholera outbreak happen. Seven hundred people are dead and two weeks, and this is when he starts his experimentation and runs around testing water and interviewing people and trying to figure out where this is coming from, so we can stop it and he performed to classic experiments during this eighteen. Fifty four outbreak of the first was the broad pump outbreak experiment, which is my favorite he's Lake Sherlock Holmes of Madame than a meme, is back. It's pretty amazing. So in the Soho District of London, what, where he's actually based his medical officers, are actually based

there is a sudden case of cholera. Seventy fatalities within twenty four hour period, most of em within five square blocks, and all of these fatalities are based around the broad street pump, which is a free water pump for the poor. It draws water from a well underneath the golden Square, which has some of London's poorest most overcrowded people so annulled last week of August eighteen, fifty four, all the residents of Golden Square start dying and it starts with an upset stomach and then goes to vomiting and severe cramps in the gut and then to diarrhea and thirst, and then likely said death from dehydration and its faster kills and people are dying within twelve hours. Under it start, and its really fast to spread. So the medical authorities are pretty quick to identify. This is cholera,

snow move then to start studying, what's happening and he takes Really multi discipline approach keep looks that way, samples and sees you know what he can find in the water, but he also said looking at the maps of London had earned the weekly statistics about his dying of cholera in London, looking for geographical patterns, and he draws a ghost map that showed a correlation between cholera cases in this neighbourhood and the broad street pump. Basically, if you lived within walking distance of the broad street palm. If that was your nearest water source, you were very likely to come down with cholera and it's really intense. You can find a bunch of them online of the ghost maps, but they're, just black aligns everywhere, showing people like they're, very disturbing little stocks of black lines and you'll see the pump location in the house

immediately adjacent to the pump. Just half these huge stacks of black lines coming from them, and this is part of the reason he is called the father of modern epidemiology and things right here. So after about a week, he goes to the local board of Guardians of Saint James perish with his findings. With this ghost map and convincing them to shut down the broad street prompted take the literally take the handle off the pumps and people can you that they are not the into it. There are, they know their Still thinking about the whole, my asthma thing, so their engaged in this pursuit to spread lie. Em all over the streets, cattle kill, the smell of the matter, oiling that will kill it, but they decide ok guys can vanished. So let's go ahead and take the pump handle off and surprise surprise the outbreak ends, but would sink

about snows experiment here is he doesn't just look at the overwhelming evidence on the side of if you wanna drink this water, you very well might get sick. He looks that kind of the statistical outliers, yes, is very thorough. I love this He there's some school children who don't live near the pomp who end up dying. He reasons that they passed by the pump on their way to school and my favorite there's a widow and West and Hampstead and her niece an ailing ten and they got sick, but neither of them had been anywhere near. So how so he did some investigations some interviewing and discovered that the widow had once lived on broad street and liked the taste of the well water. So much that she had a sir, and go to so how every day and bring her back a bottle of it to drink. That's like when you gotTa Florida something like bring your land and water surfer, so young

so. He finds the last bottle of water that the widow had gotten was from August thirty first, which is the start of the epidemic. So bad, bad timing. There is also an army officer living in Saint Johns goods who dies after dining in wider street, where he had drunk in a glass of water from the broad street, well and he also in his thoroughness, looks at the people who didn't get sick, so the people of the Poland Street Workhouse or just around the corner from the broad street palm. So I mean, if you think about it, they should have been sick, but they weren't and so he went and looked into that and that's because the workhouse had its very on water source. They weren't using a broad street in that's also a good case. Against the Mai asthma theory at these people are in the work, has their dirty there more likely to be morally several scenario. But here they are safe from cholera. Also broad street brewery, which we know right down the street from the pump.

No doubts because the workers given a daily beer allowance, so they don't need to drink water like as a lesson in there somewhere for mobile. He also has the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead who's. The vicar of Saint Luke Church And wait had actually wasn't originally on his side. He thought the outbreak was caused by gods intervention and he started a report to prove it, but it actually only ended up confirming John Snow Study, but he was man enough to come to me it's a snow and admit be no. My research is the same as yours and he actually helps no track the source of the local outbreak of sick child. At number. Forty broad street right near the pump had had his diapers washed and the water was dumped into a cesspool only a few feet away from the well and after the child died, no more diaper pale water had been dropped in that aspect, so people start getting sick

so later in the year, our Sherlock Holmes John Snow conducts a grand experiment and he compares the London perhaps are receiving water from two different companies and one company uses water that comes from the upper tens and the other uses water. That comes from the heart of London, an interesting Lee. Parliament had actually require the metropolitan water companies to improve the quality of their and take, but not all of them had complied and, of course, sewage is being dumped into the tent sanitation, commissioner named had been Chadwick, believed in the Mai Asthma thing and he thought Then, if you dumped sewage in the river, you are keeping barrier away from people, so he thought what he was doing was actually really good but of course, he's dumping sewage into water. That's then getting turning drinking water, but this dual water company thing can it presents the perfect opportunity for an experiment for snow, because the

companies were rivals and it had a one point competed head to head, so some houses had means from one company, while there next door, neighbor had a man from the other company. So essentially you had this controlled experiment, everything I was the same in this neighborhood, except for the water, where they got their water from an it turned out for people who got the London sourced water. They had a much higher chance of contracting cholera and snow is overjoyed because he thinks, while he's finally proved that the ratio of people who died from one source of water versus the other was something ridiculous. Six hundred and seventy five to five- I mean, if that's not proof, you know what and he suggests intervention strategies to control epidemics and his thinks that he's proven that contaminated water as what gets people, but it didn't seem to stick. No, people are still stuck on the my ass theory and its

Not, sadly, it's not really until the eighteen eighties, when germ theory is in a golden people. People go with that when the causative organism of cholera, vibrio. Cholera is actually finally understood so when John Snow died in eighteen. Fifty eight people still thought it was my asthma and no one accepted all the things he worked out. So hard Chadwick was still suggesting ridiculous things. At one point he was quoted as saying all smell is, if it be in time immediate acute disease, and am eighty nineties he suggested bringing down fresh air from places like the Eiffel Tower and just repeating it to you that we were discussing how that would actually be done, big. How have you catch the air and then.

Tribute it and look around it. And I can't ask Mr Chad, where the great stink of eighteen, fifty eight, which is my favorite name of anything that has ever happened ever, is what starts to change things, because this summer was incredibly hot and sewage was everywhere in London, the flush toilets or overflowing the suspense which are going into the street drains, and I mean it was so bad. No one wanted to be in the city. It was so horrible. The people in the House of Commons Wert draping their curtains and soaking them in chloride of lime. Just so, they wouldn't be smelling sewage, and so a committee was set up to figure out how to fix the stink, and this is where the modernization of the sewage system in London started to happen.

So, even though sanitation is much better in London, today is still a problem in a lot of places in the world, and cholera is actually still causing a lot of deaths. Diary is one of the leading causes of death for kids and the living world there's a treatment for its day or all rehydration thoughts, which you now basically keep you from dying of dehydration in twelve hours, twenty four hours and its people its estimated that its prevented forty million deaths since nineteen. Seventy eight the new year is about us, which resolutions do you, plan to conquer and twenty twenty become more mindful or creator, healthier the lifestyle through diet, exercise and, of course, improved sleep. The sleep number three sixty smart bed helps everyone get the proven quality sleep that will change their life uselessly by Q, app to help create a routine this

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having our third instalment black history theories and the woman we're going to talk about today. Mary see call sexually someone Katy Blog about recently, and we both liked her so much that we wanted to look into her life. Even more, I love her even more because she is a nurse, as is my mother, and I have a lot of respect for the profession So today we like to introduce you to marry, see call she was born Mary, Ann Grant in Jamaica and eighteen o five and she was born free and of mixed ray She was the daughter of a scottish army officer and a free black boarding, housekeeper and she says autobiography. I am a creole and have good scotch blood coursing in my veins, and she gets a travel ban pretty early on. She takes two trips to England when she's young. And gets her start in what would become her life's calling eventually, which is nursing through her mother

she's really knowledgeable about herbal medicines, sexually colored doctress yeah. I like that time allotted like when I call myself an ETA tricks and villages at her. She did Mary, but it's interesting that he doesn't figure too much into her autobiography or even really. Story of her life when you're looking at it. Does mention that he was dead. Had and that she nursed him through illness and that when she died, she didn't leave her room for days and her mother died soon after that. So these were too big personal blows and her yeah well, and it comes with money problems too, because as a widow she's not bringing in his much income and eventually her Kingston House burns down in eighteen, forty, three leaving her and even worse financial streets, but she resolved to work hard and she gained this reckon

Haitian as being a very capable nurse, and it's funny she says one of the hardest struggles of my life and Kingston was to resist the pressing candidates for the late mister see clothes shoes, which is just a little aside that I love and while I was very much in demand better. However, I said no, and we were talking about how it's interesting, that she doesn't remarry, because it would certainly make her financial problems a little easier to deal with, but she wouldn't have been able to do all these amazing things that she goes onto when she seemed to have a very independent street. She must have had something in my. I think a husband would have been a bit of a hindrance so in 1850s there, there weren't any formal nursing programmes. Mary see coal learned to care for patients during an eighteen, fifty cholera epidemic in Jamaica, which killed thousands and thousands of people by watching and experimenting and gathering evidence on what techniques and remedies seemed to work and taking a rigorous scientific approach to what she was doing

This reminded us are at the said we did a while ago and John Snow in the ghosts map, which is also cholera, and also this very scientific approach to medicine, which is so second nature to how we think of it. Now but not in the days of Mayotte and Nineteenth azure. No, not at all so she goes up travelling again when she's through this epidemic, which she up to do in. She is, of course alone which you now horrors for victorian woman and she ended up at her brothers. Hotel increases Panama, which was a place that many California gold seekers stopped by. An cholera has broken out there too in eighteen, fifty one- and there are the doctors around two important take away from her time in Panama. She saved a lot of people and she advances her medical knowledge

she even does an autopsy on a little boy, his diet of color. She wants to know what were the insides look like if someone who's been ravaged by cholera- and she says she learned a lot from that to ass. She was one of the few who believed that cholera was contagious and she also about cleanliness was important, which again Like I go snap we're not if it makes a little bit different from your average nurse, whose usually, under the direction of a doctor, she's got a broader practice. She's died, no thing, she's prescribed You know our balls or pharmaceutical medicines and jobs

even doing light surgery eventually, and this post mortem so she's of a different more than here in your average nineteenth century nurse and she's extremely talented. But she didn't enjoy her acquaintance with Americans and Panama and she returned to Jamaica just in time to fight a big outbreak of yellow fever. But when the Crimea and war broke out, she was convinced that she found her real calling. She wanted to go to the front lines and take care of the man so, we're going to take you on a little detour to understand a bit more about the crimean war. Will the crimean war ultimately breaks down to a lot of european powers against Russia, but specifically it's a war fought in the Crimea and peninsula between the Russians and the british, french and Ottoman Turkish later, with the support of Sardinia Piedmont. So we ve got all of these european powers in nine.

Together and to understand why that happens. We have to go back even further further away from Mary Fecal sorry, but we ve had the napoleonic wars at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the great powers have gotten together and work to rebalance the european states and they want peace. And monarchies. No revolutions, please no republics. The Russia will be call everyone pressure, pressure. Austria, Britain and France all want different things, but they managed come together and work out the Treaty of Vienna after than Pollyanna worries, and they establish a kind of shaky but still impressive peace, peace for the most part for thirty years until the Vienna system breaks down. So this initial problem is that the Ottoman Turkish Empire, which, in this vast ancient view my old here it's weakening and the

european countries, are starting to, but in to support the various christian population, since we have issued going on between France and Russia that we're not gonna get into too much. But our main point here is that Tsar Nicholas the first is seeing an opportunity cash in on this breakdown of the Ottoman Turkish Empire and he wants to exercise protection over the orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire. So this is the christian population through mentioning and he thinks that hill settle the sick man of Europe as it calls the empire, the aging fire in carve up anything that pressure, Austria and Britain will be into their still stand behind him because they might stand to benefit to but

prize. Yeah. Britain and Asia are not interested in Russia controlling this huge contentious area. This area that links Europe to Asia so important and the Turks resist the tsar. They put up quite a fight, which I don't think rush. I was entirely expecting and I supported by not only written in Austria but also Franz, so the Turks put up a fight and the Brits and French get involved in not just a diplomatic they're, still thinking that, maybe we can I'll talk this out, but that's not gonna happen. They get involved after the russian Black Sea Fleet destroys a turkish squadron and the british

in french fleets, are entering the black Sea to protect turkish transports, and this is important part we are talking about earlier. You don't mess with Britain or Francis trading operation. Nobody will fight back a little bit dirty so by September. Eighteen, fifty four. We have all out war as the allies land troops in the russian Crimea, which is the north shore of the Black Sea, and they start a year long siege on the russian fortress of Sebastopol and that's where our focus and Mary Seahorse gonna be serving the next year. We have some big battles, particularly Alma River Balaklava, an anchor man, and there is a desperate need for medical help, not because there are a lot of casualties because on that front or actually doing all right, but because of infection and poor hygiene and

It brings us back to marry sequel who again really wants to go to the front, but she's met with an obstacle, despite the fact that nurses are desperately needed, she's turned down by every single war office she applied to, including the one that Florence Nightingale had it up, and it was because of her rays. Apparently that happened with a lot of black female nurses who wanted to go find the war. They were turned down everywhere. They went, but if you think that stopped her. It did not yeah. She makes her own way to Balaklava on her own dime and sets out the british hotel, which was kind of half boarding house half sick bay. It. She went into partnership with Thomas Day, who was so distant connection to her late husband, and start up on food and medicine and all sorts of supplies and left for Turkey as sutler witches. Somebody who,

who provide supplies to troops on the front line, and she went to a lot of men who didn't want to go to the hospitals, but eventually she got a path allowing her to be the first woman to enter Sebastopol and the soldiers started, calling her the black Nightingale later. Moving onto the battlefields themselves, and she was known for wearing, really really bright. Clothing, lots of yellows and rads ran ribbon, and tat. It was apparently a very welcome sight to the man who started calling her mother seek hole and she really thrived there. This is exactly where she wanted to be right in the middle of the action doing what she loved to do best will, in all her experience with hygiene and treating he's, tropical diseases prepared her for dealing with the infections and the horrible hygiene of the Crimean WAR, Hello

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But the war ended suddenly, so We know what's been going on with Mary, let's switch back to the rest of Europe, so by September, 11th, one thousand eight hundred and fifty five are year long Feuge of Sebastopol. The russian fortress is coming to an end and the Russians are forced to evacuate it and they blow up there for I think they're shut and the Warsaw struggles on a bed in the Caucasus and the Baltic Sea, but Russia finally accepts preliminary peace terms in eighteen. Fifty six and later signed the Treaty of Paris. There are some important take away from the crimean war. One we got was from the BBC, which said in military terms that this war was the midway point between Waterloo and world, where one

and that's cause. You ve got the napoleonic strategies which, on a final here, this war was terribly managed on all sides. That's why they're so much disease and so much need for nurses like Mary or Florence Nightingale, but when, when you have these sort of antiquated military strategies, you also have modern weaponry armoured warships, rifles, at least for the British Intercontinental Electric telegraph and submarine minds in war, photography and even an even worse journalism, which is something that aegis because without saying now now this is the first real media war. There was a times correspondent, William Howard, Russell, who was sending first hand despatches from the front line. That's a pretty big deal. Women talk about him,

their podcast, but, of course, the crimean WAR, it doesnt sort out Europe's problems. Russia does realised that it better get its act together if it's gonna compete on the same level as the rest of up and also Austria loses Russia's support because they haven't behaved neutral. They haven't behaved with completely morality during this war or not at all, so they become dependent on Britain in France, which dont end up supporting them through the rest of the century and consequently, we have ITALY and Austria left, prime for nation building and ready for unification. So this is the collapse.

The Vienna settlement and of thirty years of relative peace, and we end up with this new six power system, but that of course, is also terribly unstable and Europe re enters war in nineteen fourteen ninety nine years after the Vienna Summit, perhaps you ve heard of that were but another take away from the crimean war as the deaths we ve got twenty five thousand for the british one hundred thousand for the French and up to a million for the Russians, and a lot of this was because of disease and neglect not outright battle casualties. Now, so what people like Mary seek whole were doing was really important and after the war Mary herself came into a lot of financial difficulty. She lost money from her war effort, since she did a lot of this on her own and since part of what she was doing was buying supplies.

And selling them to people once the war suddenly ended. She was left with other supplies and no one to sell them to she's, not totally unappreciated by the breadth, thou and some people, especially those who have seen the service that she provided during the war. Wanna help her get out of her financial straight on the Brits. Try to help her raise money to get out of tat. It doesn't go as well as hoped know. A lot of this fund seeing efforts? You know you throw the charity ball and it it turns out. You spent so much money trying to set up the I had had that happened. There's not a lot of money left over to actually give to marry, see called, but the publication of her autobiography in eighteen. Fifty seven really helped and sir- and I think this is the most fantastic title front, autobiography the wonderful adventures of MRS seek in many lands and part of the reason her book is so notable is because it wasn't a slave narrative.

The story of a free women of color, who is doing interesting, courageous work in wartime, which you know is considered a man sphere, and she doing it on her own, because she was also a widow, some chosen we were talking about earlier she's chosen to have this single life for her when she easily could have remarried, so that makes it different from some of the earlier in aligning nineteenth century narrowed. If we have from women the fund raising eventually a little more in her favour to buy that late. Eighteen, sixty some of the Royal than London, I've gotten involved I am raising money and publicity to celebrate Mary seek all. She died in eighteen. Eighty one, and while she was honoured during her lifetime, her name dropped out of public consciousness. After her

now, when you're reading things about her, it's pretty much always a reference to the black Florence Nightingale, which is a kind of a shame. Well, and it wasn't even a competition between the two of them. They did completely different things. Like you were saying earlier, Florence Nightingale did a lot more with bureaucracy well, I was reading a piece by Helen J Feedin and yes, she was raising the point that it doesn't need to be a competition between them and people will trotted. I guess and Mary see call by saying: oh, she does so much more hands on staff than Florence Nightingale, but either There is no reason why there shouldn't be room for two, at least two amazing nurses. During the crimean WAR, he always have to pit the women against each. Let's stop doing that their completely different, although supposedly Florence Nightingale wasn't entirely too fond of Mary sequels work

but that's a story for another day, so after Mary's short lived, victorian celebrity, which extends a little bit beyond her death. She really slipped into obscurity and doesn't have a major effort to restore her place in history until one thousand nine hundred and fifty four, which is the Centenario the Crimea, and why the jamaican General trained nurses association decided to name their Kingston headquarters, Mary Siecle House and bread recognition didn't come until nineteen. Seventy three, but just a bit late. Definitely, but since then we ve had kind of a movement to revitalize Mary see com

image. Thank you so much for joining us on this Saturday. If you have heard an email address or a facebook url or something similar over the course of today's episode, since it is from the archive that might be out of date. Now you can email us at history, podcast at how stuff works, dot com and you can and it's all over social media at missed in history, and you can subscribe to arson. On Apple Podcast, Google Podcast, the Iheart Radio APP and wherever else he listened upon. Gown Furthermore, on this and thousands of other topics visit how stuff works dot com

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