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hello and welcome to the podcast on Tracy B Wilson and I'm Holly Frey earlier this year. The folks that focus features came to us about doing a podcast related to Mary, Queen of Scots, to coincide with their new film also called Mary Queen of Scots Mary Stuart, as she is also known, as made of several appearances on her show before previous hosts. About the death of her husband, Lord Darnley, as well as her lengthy rivalry with Queen Elizabeth, the first, but Mary is such a mess. We'll figure, and there are so many parts of her life that we haven't talked about. But it was play very easy for us to find something that we wanted to cover, and that is the Babington plot which ultimately lead to her execution so set the stage with a little about her youth and a little about that rivalry with Elizabeth. But our focus today is really on the in the trial that followed, and since this is an episode about the Stuarts

Freeze, beheading is only wine of the gruesome executions to discuss here. There is definitely a trend in those stories where there is a lot of violence so lot of killing each other in very grisly ways. Yet this is one of those times any pretty much any time, but especially when we talk about the stewards in the two I kind of have that thing of lake who would want that job.

No one seems like it's one thing to have a stressful job, and I guess if you really want power, there's a draw, but I would be like no, I'm I'm not part of the royal family. Thank you. I would completely excommunicate myself, but that is neither here nor there. So we will get into Mary story. Mary Stewart was born on December eighth, one thousand five hundred and forty two in Linlithgow Palace in Scotland and her parents were James V of Scotland and Marie of Gies. She was their only surviving child and less than a week after Mary was born, her father died. Mary became queen.

Scotland, at the age of six days old, with her mother acting as Regent Mary spent most of her childhood and young adulthood in France, not in Scotland, she was sent there to be fostered and to escape an unwanted marriage to Henry the eighth son, Edward and then on April. Twenty fourth of fifteen fifty eight she married Francis the Duff of France. He was the son of already the second and Catherine domenici at the time she was benzene and he was fourteen and they do seem to have been genuinely fond of each other, but their relationship was also more like siblings than spouses. On November seventeenth of that same year, Elizabeth, the first ascended to the english throne and that put Mary next in the line of succession after Elizabeth, which was the physical

point of the rivalry between the two of them. There was a lot more than just this one issue tangled up in this rivalry, though including religion, politics, family dynamics, ongoing tensions between England and Scotland, and ongoing tensions between England and France. Consequently, the next decade of married life was increasingly chaotic and turn already. The second tried to make a claim to the English thrown on her behalf, but he died not long after that. That made Francis the king of France and Mary was the queen consort. But then Francis died on December fit the fifteen sixty just a couple of years into their marriage earlier, that same year, Marie of Geese had also died. So suddenly Mary was the queen of Scotland, the Dowager queen of France, a widow and an orphan all. At the same time, she was eighteen. Maria visas. Death also meant that Scotland no longer had its regent and Mary Return to Scotland to take the thrown in

one thousand eight hundred and sixty one, but she immediately ran into all kinds of problems. Her upbringing and manners and education were all very french, so some Scots considered her to be an outsider. She was also Catholic, but Scotland at that point, had become a protestant country and Turning to Scotland had ample up the tension between her and Elizabeth even more since it meant that Mary and her claim to the English thrown were right there, on the same island with Elizabeth instead of someone out of the way in France in one thousand five hundred and sixty five things got even more dramatic Mary married her cousin Henry Stewart, the Earl of Darnley since Darnley was both Catholic and a Stewart. Elizabeth was highly suspicious of this match and of the motivations for it. It really was just an impulsive marriage that married made for love, but it did not go well.

All case in point Darnley and his men murdered David Rizzio, who was Mary Secretary and favourite, and they did this in front of her at dinner. While she was about six months, pregnant charmers, everyone A man Darnley himself died under very mysterious am extremely suspicious circumstances. We have a previous podcast on that as well, but the one sentence version is this: he was found strangled outside the house. He was staying in after it exploded Mary then got married again to James Hepburn, the fourth Earl of Bothwell who had been one of the prime suspects and Darnley death. There are also a lot of rumours that Mary and Bothwell had been having an affair and had conspired together to kill Darnley marries. Marriage to Bothwell was also strange. It wasn't totally clear whether kidnapped her or whether she willingly eloped with him, but regardless immediately before,

their marriage, can't divorced his wife, Jean Gordon, under very shady circumstances, is sudden marriage to Bothwell caused her to lose the support of a lot of the scottish nobility Bothwell and his opponents each raised armies, but the french ambassador arranged peace terms before any of this could actually result in a war Mary surrendered on June 15th. One thousand five hundred and sixty seven after she surrendered Mary was forced to abdicate in favour of her son James, making him James, the sixth of Scotland James. This father had been Lord Darnley James, was a little. Over a year old marries. Half brother James, Stuart Earl of Moray, was named as the regent as for Bothwell. He was eventually

arrested in died after spending five years. In solitary confinement, Mary spent the next eleven months in prison at lock, leaving castle after one failed escape attempt. She managed to leave the island on May second, one thousand five hundred and sixty eight Willie and George Douglas Age is sixteen and eighteen were involved in both escape attempts in the second, they had a set of fake keys to the castle made and they swap those for the real ones. At taking the real keys right off the table concealed in a napkin. This castle was on an island and once she was free of it, Mary rallied in army, she denounced her half brother and she announced that she had only decayed under duress. She started planning to take back the throne of Scotland by Force she didn't succeed, though she was defeated by Maurice forces at the battle of Lang, side,

at this point. Mary was really out of options in Scotland, so she fled to England. In spite of the ongoing layered tensions between the two queens Mary hoped that she could take refuge with her cousin Elizabeth was quite as far fetched as the two queens incredibly contentious history might make. It seem. Elizabeth really was appalled at what had happened. Scotland, because Mary was without question the rightful ruler of Scotland. This was not how a monarch was supposed to be treated, especially not a monarch who was her cousin. At the same time, Elizabeth wasn't at all ready to commit english troops to helping Mary take back her throne.

To give marry a pass for all of those years of animosity between them. Instead, she agreed to allow Mary to stay in England, while she convened a commission that would hold hearings into the matter of Lord Darnley death. If Mary was complicit in Darnley staff, it would have been out of the question for Elizabeth to help her at all. This commission ultimately determined that England should not interfere in what was happening in Scotland, but it also found that Mary was now involved in darlings death. Elizabeth, though, was really sure that if she just freed Mary, the result was going to be a catholic uprising against her in England, so Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned for the next, almost nineteen years more on that, after a sponsor break this episode is brought to you by the all new twenty twenty Ford explorer Tracy. I know that you

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migration is the way I do you do all of this and more with the all new twenty twenty four explorer. That's all you! Twenty twenty four explore the greatest exploration vehicle of all time, even though Elizabeth suspicious of Mary. She didn't really have any legal grounds to imprison her Mary was a monarch of another country. Her son at this point was the king of Scotland, England and Scotland were not at war with each other,

for wine monarch just imprison another one during peacetime, wasn't really within the bounds of international law. So Elizabeth treatment of Mary was more like keeping her under house arrest. Mary spent her first night in England in working to haul and from that point on, she was kept under guard at a series of manners and castles. At first many of them were owned by George Talbot Sixth Earl of Shrewsbury. He was married custodian or jailer for much of her confinement. He and his wife Bess of Hardwicke, acted as marries keepers and Elizabeth IN for since for most of those nineteen years during those years of imprisonment, the reformation encounter reformation were playing out in Europe leading to ongoing religiously motivated violence. Just as one example, the saint

spell amused a massacre in which French Catholics murdered thousands of Hygge nose with in one thousand five hundred and seventy two while Mary was captive at Sheffield Castle. Religious strife also escalated in England during this time, some of it connected directly to Mary and Elizabeth, because many Catholics didn't consider Elizabeth to be a legitimate monarch at all. She was the daughter of Henry the eighth and his second wife and Belen. They had become secretly married in one thousand five hundred and thirty three, while Henry was still married to Catherine of Aragon. Henry had asked the Pope to annul his marriage to Catherine and. Didn't Henry declared himself head of the english church and appointed an archbishop who would do the annulment for him and was already pregnant with Elizabeth, when Henry's marriage to Catherine was annulled and an archbishop, not the Pope head

Madden moments, so a lot of people. Catholics especially did not consider Elizabeth, a legitimate successor to the throne. They thought of her as the illegitimate child of a king's concubine, in addition to all of that on April 27th, one thousand five hundred and seventy Pope Pius the fifth and issued a bull that excommunicated Elizabeth and called her a heretic and quote the pretended queen of England and the servant of crime. The ball also absolve the nobles subjects and people of the said realm of any oaths and duties toward

the best and made a medians to Elizabeth punishable by excommunication. The papal bull, combined with the existing questions about Elizabeth legitimacy, to spawn a whole series of plots to depose or assassinate her and replace her with Mary, the Ridolfi plot of one thousand five hundred and seventy one was named for one of the conspirators italian merchants. Roberto ridolfi. This plot was connected to a catholic uprising called the northern rising, as well as the king, Philip II of Spain. Then there was the Throckmorton plot of one thousand five hundred and eighty three name for Francis Throckmorton. He was working with agents from it's possible. That Mary was connected to the Throckmorton Plotter at least knew about it. Frank Morton was right.

A letter to her in code when he was arrested, and then there was the pari plot of one thousand five hundred and eighty five, which was named for Welsh Spy and Dr William Perry. None of these plots was particularly likely to be successful and it's not clear whether Perry really ever plotted to kill the queen at all, but Elizabeth advisors did in courage her to take them seriously. Added to all this stress was the assassination of William the silent or William, the first prince of Orange in one thousand five hundred and eighty four who had led the Netherlands against spanish rule and was ultimately assassinated by a catholic fanatic. First of all of this, in one thousand five hundred and eighty five Mary was moved to Chartley Castle and assigned a new custodian. Sir, I mean I pull a the move and the changing custody are widely reported to have been the work of Sir Francis Walsingham, that was Elizabeth Secretary of State and spymaster, the move to Charlie

Walsingham keep a closer eye on Mary. It let play completely cut her off from communication with the outside world. Parliament also passed a new law related to all of this, and it started with an informal agreement known as the Bond of association in one thousand five hundred and eighty four, which was formalized as an act for the security of the queen's royal person and the continuance of peace in the realm, which was passed the following year under this act, if a person conspired and a plot against the queen If a plot against the queen was concocted on a person's behalf, that person was prosecuted, whether they knew about the plot or not, it was considered treason and it was punishable by execution backed also specified that anybody participating in such a plot or having such a plot carried out on their behalf

was permanently and irrevocably barred from ever ascending to the throne of England, the Bond of Association and the law that followed were clearly crafted because of Mary. They set up a legal framework to prosecute her if her supporters added to put her on the throne, regardless of whether she was involved or even knew about any of it. Can they might as well have just called it the law to make it? So we can behead Mary Stuart, because otherwise there is a logic break down to it. There are several logical breakdown yeah that all brings us. Finally, to the Babington plot name for Anthony Babington. He was catholic, very well off and connected to several other people who had been involved in previous plots to try to depose are Assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary He had also served as a page to George Talbot, six Earl of chivalry who had been marries custodian and during that service he had become quite fond of her. One of his connections was to a catholic priest named John Ballot

You also wanted Elizabeth off the throne and helped put him in touch with even more people who have similar goals. Babington and several co conspirators started flooding in early one thousand five hundred and eighty six using an in as their meeting place, and they were not all have discreet about any of this. They even commissioned portraits of themselves either because they thought that they would live and be famous for it or because they thought they would die but be remembered as martyrs, either way portraits of themselves were going to come in very handy It's like they were writing their own history books before they did the thing that was going to become historically significant yeah. They are often described as being arrogant and full of hubris as sort of a pattern, them. Also, meanwhile, Walsingham learn about this black pretty quickly and he saw it as an opportunity. He concluded reasonable

But as long as Mary was alive, there were going to be ongoing attempts to get rid of Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne just as reasonably he concluded there no way Elizabeth was going to sign off on marries execution without some real concrete proof that she was involved in a plot to kill the monarch and take the throne or herself, so he allowed the Babington conspirators to continue with their plotting and even took steps to allow them to do it when Gilbert Gifford, an English Catholic who had been in France, returned to England Walsingham arrested him and got him to work as a double agent now ends

my counts, Gifford volunteered and in others this is more of a situation where Walsingham convinced him and were using the air quotes around convince threatened. Maybe tat Giffords mission wasn't just to gain the conspirators, trust and provide intelligence back to Walsingham. It was also to actively encourage and enable this entire plot at Walsingham Instruction Gifford Whence a Babington and told him. He had learned about this plot from another of the conspirators. A man named Thomas Morgan, Gifford, said had worked out a way to get messages to and from Mary. Even though, all that communication with outside world had been cut off for months, he said he had a friend who was a brewer and that they could smuggle messages into and out of Charlie Castle in beer barrels with false bottoms. At this point, we don't know who this brewer might have been. He was always are

two only as the honest man Babington approved of this plan, but he did not entirely trust Gifford with his secret correspondence, so he used a cypher to encode all his letters. Mary already had the code book she'd mean to decipher the letters and encode her reply. Apparently thanks to an emissary from France, but give her didn't. Take these letters straight to his brewer friend. He took them to Walsingham, who was working with a forger to replicate the seals that use than all the letters so Walsingham and its border would open up the letter, make a copy of it resale the original and send it on his way and then keep the copy. Walsingham would take that copy to his code, Breaker Thomas Phillips, to try to work out the code man at one point even had Philips housed at Charlie Castle to do this work more efficiently, right there,

where Mary also was Babington. Cipher included replacing letters of the alphabet with symbols and using other symbols to represent specific words and phrases, and he thought this cipher was secure, so he wrote a clear account about what he was doing, but Phillips quickly, crack this code or more likely they had actually already intercepted Key and Philips was just using it to decipher what was in front of him. Mary and Babington exchanged a few letters that were mostly about Mary, getting access to all the mail that had been withheld from her and then Babington sent her a letter that reference to quote a great preparation by the christian princes. Your majesty's allies for the delivery

of our country from the extreme and miserable fate wherein it hath too long remained. That letter went on to describe a plan to be carried out in the wake of such deliverance. When these other christian princes invaded they would dispatch the usurping competitors being Elizabeth, and then quote myself with ten gentlemen, and a hundred of our followers will undertake the delivery of your royal person from the hands of your enemies for the dispatch of the usurper, from the obedience of whom we are by the excommunication of her maid free. There be six noble gentlemen, all my private friends who, for the zeal they bear to the Catholic Cause and your majesty service will undertake that tragical execution Mary

The response to this letter, which was intercepted, is dated July seventeenth and it was also intercepted, and it said in part quote when all is ready. The fixed gentlemen must be set to work and you will provide

that, on their design being accomplished, I may be myself rescued from this place and being safe, keeping till our friends arrive. There will be hard to fix a date for the execution. You must have a party, therefore, and readiness to carry me off, and you will keep for men with horses saddled to bring word when the deed has done that they may be here before my guardian hears of it marries response didn't really get into the idea of assassinating Elizabeth. It rested on the idea of a foreign invasion if that invasion were successful, should logically become queen, but she really left the question of who should be monarch of England in the hands of God and the invasions outcome. Her letter expressed clear support for the conspirators, freeing her from her confinement, but not for the idea of assassinating the queen. Yet people hang on the word execution,

lad. But in the context of this she was talking about executing the plan, yes in the sense of to do a thing right, not to assassinate the monarch, so of course, Walsingham intercepted this letter and all of these other letters, and even though he had Babington outline of the plot and marries support for at least part of it, he didn't have any of all the conspirators or a clear statement that Mary hoped or or planned, the assassination of Queen Elizabeth so before passing, marries letter onto Babington Walsingham had his order at a postscript. So in this fake p S Mary ass, to know the name

that the six men, under the grounds that she might have some information about one or more of them. That could let her give him further advice. His hope with adding this fake p S was the babington, would reply and name more names, but before his correspondence with Mary got much further, Babington learn that Walsingham had discovered the plot he fled, but was captured on August force in his confession. He implicated all his other co conspirators and also said he had gotten a letter from Mary saying that she had supported the entire plot. Here's the thing about those letters there the originals don't exist, and this is not a recent development. By the time the case came to trial, all the originals had been burned or otherwise destroyed, as is common practice. When you get some secret correspondence from somebody, so all that was left of the letters were copies. Cop

is made by a forger employed by wealth again, while trying to figure it out a plot to overthrow the queen. So this raises some questions about their authenticity. In fact, Walsingham played such a key role in all of this, that the Babington plot has been described as a double conspiracy, with Walsingham conspiring against Mary Ann Babington and his crew conspiring against Elizabeth. Each plot could only exist in conjunction with the other. The conspirators had no way to communicate with Mary without Walsingham double agent, and that honest man with the beer, barrels and Walsingham had no plot to use against marry without Babington and his crew are. One of the articles that I read about. This was basically like this whole thing is so convoluted that even now, hundreds of years later, it's sometimes hard to tell who is tricking who, at which point we will talk about the trials of Babington.

As co conspirators and bury after another spoke to break this episode of stuff. You missed in history classes brought a: u buy, Norton three sixty with life lock. You know there are some real Grinch is out there, but they aren't green. They dont living caves at the tiny dog, I'm talking about cyber criminals and identity, leaves than they would love nothing more than to steal your happy holidays, because this time or we can do a lot more online shopping and browsing and booking travel, and we might not always using the most secure wifi that makes the holiday season just another hunting season for cyber criminals, who were after you're devices and private information. That's why Norton three sixty with lifelike should be on everyone's wish, as in all in one membership for your cyber safety that gives you device security, identity theft, protection, a VP for online privacy and more no one can

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Abington in twelve co conspirators were put on trial on September 13th through 15th, one thousand five hundred and eighty six. Initially, the men all pleaded guilty to everything except plotting to kill Elizabeth, although they all change their not guilty. Pleas on that charge to guilty under pressure from the prosecution has portraits that they commissioned of themselves were also brought up, has part of the evidence. The method of execution was gruesome, Babington and the first seven conspirators were executed on September 20th, one thousand five hundred and eighty six. They were hanged, cut down while still alive and then again, while still living, disemboweled and castrated in front of throngs of spectators. Queen Elizabeth

execution was excessively cruel. So when the rest of the co conspirators were executed, the next day, they were hanged until they were dead and then their bodies were just invalid and castrated. Mary was arrested on August 11th, one thousand five hundred and eighty six. While she was out riding she was taken to Fotheringay Castle where she was held prisoner until her own trial, which took place on October, fourteenth and fifteenth of one thousand five hundred and eighty six. It was held before an assembly of forty six commissioners as had been outlined in the law that has been passed the year before the evidence against Mary included the confessions of an having and John Ballard confessions from her secretaries, Gilbert Curl and Jacques now were included as well, but both of the secretaries made their confessions under duress. They were deceived into thinking that the prosecution had copies of letters that they had written and fight

heard, which was not true. The letters between Mary and Babington were also part of the evidence, but, as we noted before, these were the copies, not the originals but Mary, consistently and strengthened denied all involvement in this plot. She said she had never spoken to. Babington had never written or dictated those letters. Mary said these copied letters used as evidence were forgeries in their entirety. She also made the point that it was not possible for her, the queen of Scotland, to be charged with treason against England, a nation of which she was not a citizen. She said quote. It seems strange to me that the queen should command me as a subject to appear personally and judgment. I am an absolute queen and will do nothing which may prejudice they're mine, own royalty or other princes of my place and rank or my son. The laws and statutes of

lend our to me most unknown. I am destitute of councillors and who shall be my peers. I am utterly ignorant my papers and notes. Taken from me and no man Dareth, step forth to be my advocate, I am clear from all crime against the queen I have excited no man against her and I am not to be charged, but mine own word or writing, which cannot be produced against me. Yet I cannot deny that I have commended myself and my cause to foreign princes. She also argued that the power of a monarch came directly from God, something that she and Elizabeth both believed if Elizabeth Power was bestowed by God than so was marries, and that meant that these proceedings were under gods jurisdiction, not the jurisdiction of a bunch of men.

While prominent and powerful were mere mortals, although by all accounts, Mary bore herself well and argued her own case impeccably, even though she was denied her papers and any advisors are representation, and then she was found guilty. She was convicted on October, twenty fifth fifteen, eighty six without being present without having any for

word that she was to be executed on February, seventh, fifteen eighty seven. She responded quote. As for the death of the queen, your sovereign. I call to God to witness that I never imagined it never sought it and never consented to it. She asked for some more time to put her affairs in order, but that was denied, so she spent most of her remaining time that night writing letters to loved ones, arranging gifts for her servants and praying one of her final letters was to honour the third brother of her late first husband, which set in part quote tonight after dinner, I have been advised my sentence. I am to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning. I have not had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened:

to be executed on February seventh, one thousand five hundred and eighty seven. She responded quote. As for the death of the queen, your sovereign, I called to God to witness that I never imagined it never saw it and never consented to it. She asked for some more time to put her affairs in order, but that was denied so she spent most of her remaining time that night writing letters to loved ones, arranging gifts for her servants and praying

One of her final letters was to honour the third brother of her late first husband, which set in part quote tonight after dinner. I have been advised my sentence. I am to be executed like a criminal at eight in the morning. I have not had time to give you a full account of everything that has happened, but if you will listen to my doctor and my other unfortunate servants, you will learn the truth and how thanks be to God. I scorn death and vow that I mean it innocent of any crime. Even if I were their subjects in this letter, she also described how her chaplain had been taken away from her and she'd been refused. Commission to have him, come back and give her the last sacrament. She also a star read to pay all of her servants ready wages that we're still owed to them and toward the end of the letter she wrote ask for my son. I come in to use in so far as he deserves, for I cannot answer for him. She had actually been prevented from

being in touch with him in any way during her imprisonment, Mary was beheaded in the Great Hall of Father and Gay Castle on February eighth, fifteen, eighty seven in front of an assembly of at least three hundred people. She was forty four, as was the case with her trial in the last days of her imprisonment. She's consistently described as going to her execution with a stoic and graceful perseverance in the account of Pierre De Boer. Data quotes after kissing her women once more. She bade them go with her blessing ass. She made the sign of the cross over them. One of them was unable to keep from crying said the queen had to impose silence upon her. By saying she had promised that nothing of the kind would interfere with the business at

and they were to stand back quietly, pray to God for her soul and bear truthful testimony that she had died in the bosom of the Holy catholic religion. One of the women then tied the handkerchief over her eyes, the queen quickly and with great courage, knelt down showing no signs of faltering New great was her bravery that all present were moved and it few among them that could refrain from tears and their hearts. They condemned themselves for the injustice that was being done. Walsingham had marries clothing, crucifix and prayer book from the execution destroyed, so they wouldn't be made into relics of a religious martyr. Her body was placed in a lead, coffin and buried in Peterborough Cathedral after the execution, Elizabeth really started to distance herself from it. She was outraged that Davison in her council had carried out this execution.

Without waiting for her order, and she actually had Davison sent to the tower see also expressed that the manner of the execution was sacrilegious and she knew that catholic monarchs of other countries are going to see it as a sacrilege as well. For a time, Elizabeth Behaviour was interpreted in a pretty cynical way as though she were just trying to, ever herself with a show of anger over an execution that she had actually secretly been eager for, but letters unearthed in the nineteen sixty suggests England, nobility was truly alarmed at her displeasure, which seemed very genuine and not something that she was just performing for the sake of appearances almost immediately. This whole affair became part of literature and art. There are so many paintings of the trial and the beheading there were ballads written about the execution the weeks immediately after it happened and from there they have been plays a novels and poems and tv shows and movies in and many of them Crown Mary as a very do

and romantic heroine. There certainly accounts and versions that do not take that perspective, but she was very frequently depicted with like a stoic grace and a sense of impending destruction that she couldn't really control and, of course, Mary's son James became James. The VI of Scotland and first of England on March 24th, one thousand six hundred and three after the death of Queen Elizabeth and sixteen slash twelve. He had Mary's body exhumed and placed in Henry the Seventh Chapel in Westminster Abbey. He also had a white marble tomb constructed that has an effigy of Mary on the lid. Her hands are folded in prayer and there is a crown scottish lion at her feet and

the opposite end of the chapel there's the tomb of her cousin Elizabeth. The first do you have listener male, hopefully with a little less beheading. I do have listener mail. It does not have any beheading inhibited. It does still have a little bit of tragedy in it. I don't think I've read this one before it becomes difficult. Sometimes, to keep up with, We haven't haven't read when we're doing episodes kind of out in advance. So this is an aim. How about the thinking of the Ss Princess the fire? It is a thing that we got several emails about Cyprus, one of them, and it is from Chris Chris S good morning when he was Chris and I live in Germany. Working for the. U S, government! I love listening to stuff. You mustn't history class during my daily runs to and from work sporting Osborne. Your most recent podcast about the SS princess suffice I'm not sure if you looked at the following news article, but it appears that companies are still uses. One thousand eight hundred and fifty one maritime law to dispute liability, and then he includes an article that came out shortly after that episode did. That was about a trash

duck boat sinking that happened in the United States this past July, I was the horrifying incident where one of his duck boats that are popular in tourist places for amphibious tours it sank and seventeen people died and the company

is that are being seated, for it were all drawing on that same eighteen, fifty one maritime law that we talked about, capping the amounts of of settlement that that the families could receive in the thinking of the SS princess, so fire so yeah, that is a case, are a law that still exists that still being brought up even now in the cases of maritime disasters. Sir, thank you to Chris and the other folks who have written to us about that. If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, what history, podcast, Hasta, forks dot com, or also Oliver Social media at missed in history, that three will find our facebook, Pinterest, Instagram and Twitter, and you can come to our website, which is missing history, dot com to find show notes for all the upsets the HOLLAND I have ever talked about, including this one, and they share notes to this. One includes a link to all kinds of primary sources where you can read out various correspondence and what not related to this. You can also find a suitable archive of every

ever and you can subscribe to our show on Applaud, casts the Iheart Radio out and wherever else you get podcast for more on this and thousands of other topics visit how stuff works dot com. I'm Katy correct and I back with my new podcast next question, with Katy current nets: and aims to make sense of our chaotic, complicated and effort Changing world one question: at a time I looked or to figuring this all out together, listen to next question with Katy, correct on the heart, radio, app apple podcast or wherever you get your podcast.