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Stuff. You should know from house to for Stockholm View and welcome into the park here. Some Josh clerk, there's Charles the beach of brain over there there's jerry, and this is discussed stuff. You should know about disgust, USA, I'm excited about this when shock. You know why I have no idea. I think you do if you stop to really thought about its fight, this fund, both sobs and thought about it, you we say. Yes, I know exactly why Josh and it is as follows. Cohen quotes because this is one of those things that science has fully explained, which means there's a lot of interesting theories, which means miseries. Kids like talk smack. The whole time is injured. This is one of those where I was reading it and I was I mean a sort of just think about it. Then I was like

why would anyone even studied this? I that's, I mean that's a good question. That's a good question. I think one of the reasons that I am fascinated by air and I'm sure what one of these is. These I mean to did dedicate your career, to studying. Disgusted is kind of a bizarre idea, but the one of the main researchers in the study of discusses again in Paul Rosen, he's kind of like the godfather, maybe even the father. Feel like is for people to ensure about he's been doing a longer than anybody says. The he's the Pappy they say in the hills. He said that to him discussed is the thing, the emotion, the experience that makes humans, human there. It is discussed that separates us from the other animals that we share the animal kingdom with so much so that we can

We may use disgust to separate ourselves from the rest of the animals that is pretty fascinating, is worthless. Boring too because they think it says a lot about us, as is humans and animals near. So that's why that's they ask your question, however, now I get why somebody would want to set. I guess I'm talking about allocating funds to study it. Oh gotcha, it seems like a strange thing to sink money into I mean if the humanities are gonna, think money in anything. What makes us the most human would be and make its it makes according to one guy. I love it. Let's talk about gross things, okay, so we're going to so so this this whole idea of studying it of studying- gas is actually pretty new. Rosen didn't really start until like the Seventys, and it was

until the nineties that it really got a really picked up which will come and get into, but prior to that it was basically just philosophers who who were talking about discussed right, Yes, I think, and I'm not sure about studying, but at least as far as it seems, like it was, moreover, like where's. The boundary is for What can we write about? What can we talk about? What can we perform right and still sell books and tickets like we want? We want people to to be catalyzed at the thought of being Grosso disgusted, but not surely be disgusted at a fine line. That's walked. You know now, of course, and this objective it is the other thing about discussed. It's pretty interesting is it also appears to be universal. It's like it's a unit. So reaction. But what discuss people is not universally culturally bound? I guess right, maybe personal too sure I think totally personal though the overtime like, as you know, discuss kind of.

Moved out of the realm of philosophers and into science. There were a couple people who kind of may contributions early on in the field of almost Charles Darwin. He, I wrote a treatise on it and his big thing was that discussed was related to taste, which is true, do in extent those dots when's, big thing and then later on, there is a guy psychoanalyst name, Andrews Angola and, and Sang Ya'Ll basically said that no no disk, is not really related to taste is the it comes from the idea or the thought of putting something horrific into the mouth, which again kinda makes sense to a certain extent. But then when rose in and friends came along, it really sorry to take off and they actually manage to kind of categorize disgusts into a few categories. Which is what you do when you categorize things. Yet

the first one is core discussed and that's what you think of a few like you know, If pooper I mean everyone has run triggers, but if, like vomit or feces or like MIKE, in trails or something like that's cord discuss, that's an encounter with some sort of like physical contaminate. That makes you knew now make that vase and they face specifically that's another universal thing to apparently the faces. It's called the gap, which is your mouth is open. Your tongue may or may not be sticking out you're. No, His wrinkled and your upper lip is is raised actually I don't do that with my mouth, open them so use can you the nose go in the upper lip. I guess like this, but I don't open my mouth right. That's why I sort of like- and I know when it comes to stuff like this, I'm a little when they make these sweeping statements like every

makes the space right, while everyone may make a variation of a face of kind of it, there's like a universal set of of characteristics to the faces, can choose from that. We find a discuss like that. Don't you anything, but maybe you two reaction. Well, I got open, my mouth and when I read that, like everyone opens her mouth. I know that's not true, so that I think would it Reasons why there is like this idea of being universal is because evolutionary psychology is will see has said like yes, this is our realm. We ve got this work and explain this one and to fully explain it basically has to be universe, so I think that's another thing about the point where the study of disgust his right now like theirs. Lot of good ideas, some of which is kind of been shown to be probably true. Thanks to the wonder machine,

It still is not fully explained, and so there are some ideas and descriptions that make it seem kind of wacky to right yeah for sure that second kind of disgust back to that was animal nature discussed, which is apparently these are things that in anything that reminds us there were really animals and that that could do could be a wide range of things there from like some people. Think people eating with their hands is disgusting and I think that would qualify under animal nature because, like your like an animal. Let's say sex and we'll get it that more later, but apparently there's a baseline discussed for sex, which, I'm not so sure about that when either an inn, hygiene is another one. Poor hygiene is the answer nature disgust. Then another one is the like. You said Anne Trails, something has called the the boy

the envelope the ideal body envelope being violated, whether it's like there's a deformity or there is like some sort of open wound or something like that. They think This whole animal nature thing that all these things remind us that we are animals and they discuss can be triggered by reminder that we are that we are in fact animals which is kind of weird, but we'll get into explanations. For that later, I can't wait. That's right and the final one is moral discussed which and this is one where you know you can be disgusted with someone's behaviour, or you know, disgusted with like something a politician does or discuss it with racism or bigotry. Somethin like that right and there were makes like the least him on a sense of youth, about it like the ok, the first two or just kind of like everywhere,

his animal related. We might have issues with being animals, so we're we're gonna, disgusted by ourselves with the thought that, where animals- maybe it's a bit more of a stretch than that core discuss like core disgust, makes this most sense out of all of em agreed yeah, and I don't even think that the moral discussed, I think, that's a different type of thing altogether. That other people have proposed. That there's like they're, like some people, have said. Well, english speakers are just misusing the word discussed there actually talking right, while they ve done They ve done studies of people in the wonder machine that shows that they, the region of the brain, the terrier insular, that's usually that usually lights up when you're shown a picture of like dog, poop and said you're gonna eat this. You know you're interior, insular lights out. Same region lights up when people are disgusted with other people. Moral

The article remember the ultimatum game, like I remember you say, come up all the time back in the day in our episodes area, but so, if some he was given a really really low offer it take it or leave it offer that was so low and so unfair that the person said just leave me. I asked I don't want this free money, because I find it insulting that same part of the brain that that is triggered by unlike fecal. Disgust is also triggered. Which supports the idea that there actually is a moral dimension to discuss that we experience it in the same way near concentrating it is interesting, but it is like that. It's the most tenuous of those three I think So the way this all started out there there a bunch of theories, but it makes sense that it might have been sort of an offshoot of distaste which, as you know, your body is conditioned thanks to

evolution to if you eat something that's better or rotten. Like your instinct, your taste instinct is to throw it out and get rid of. And it's a defence mechanism to save your life and so ideas that discuss developed out of that and that its Sip simply an evolutionary trade that could have you no saved took life. How many years ago, yeah there's there's evidence, apparently that this this this taste, which is based Please in an involuntary reaction, is like dropping something this hot, like you, don't stop and think like. While this cooking pan is about five five hundred and fifty degrees Fahrenheit, and then you drop it. I should probably drop it. You just drop. The pan. Distaste is the same exact thing and they have actually seen

elsewhere in the animal kingdom? I'm so we ve probably experience distaste since before we were humans and it's just spitting something out that doesn't seem right in a winner of an effort to, I guess, keep the body from becoming polluted with disease right, They think that distaste somehow became a behaviour that was laid over. The six I'm sorry discussed has a behaviour that became laid over this existing structure of this taste. Yet trusting to me, because that means that if it becomes all of a sudden, like you have to eat poop, to be disgusted right, like the mere site approve now, can discuss some Oh, yes, in that discussion. And over time. I think so. That is why rose and says this is big discussed is the defining characteristic of humanity because they suspect other animals at the very least. Almost

all other animals. Don't have the cognitive capacity to use their imagination to magic themselves eating poop and see in in being disgusted by it as a result. Right. So that's why they say discussed separates humans from from animals because it requires imagination to go from an invite Terry reaction of spitting out food too, not even getting to the point where the food is in your mouth. You can imagine that you would have that reaction and experience the emotion of disgust, so you don't have to go through that process that actually very dangerous process of eating something rotten. To figure out that you shouldn't be eating it. You can imagine it beforehand and that's the function that disgust at least core disgust provides humanity. It advances us. We want to learn through trial and error over and over again, not to eat Roddy meat. We just no some very basic level that that is a disgusting thing to do. We have a reaction to it. Are you want to break yet hurried over?

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offer afore weak trial, plus free postage and a digital scale, and there are no long term commitments or contracts just go to stamp that come click on the microphone off the top of the home page and type in s. Why, as K that stance, I come promo code s why, as K, Stanza com or go to the post office again,. So. I think we should go back to took, took Andrews like how this actually may have worked back in the day. Let's say took in his buddy: mock mark strolling along the tundra. You know, Chuck after eleven years old, surprise that we have a new character- and I am very much yeah- well- don't get used to it, because Mcnuggets he's about to die for Mamma so I took in mock marker walking along the tundra. They find

a? an old, dead, antelope and mock mark is like This doesn't smell great, but I tell you what I'm gonna eat this thing, because I don't have this genetic trade Is my mom eight, this stuff and its fine and took took like I don't know my friend. It looks in smells gross do have this genetic rate, so I'm gonna pass on that. So mock marks like yours, I'm gonna chowder on this rotten antelope fairy, then mock mock, get sick and dies before mock market can have any babies, and then, if this happens, thousands and tens of thousands of times over a huge population you can see. Over time. It would be like any nickel evolutionary trade. That might of overtime and all of a sudden tactics. Families is thriving

today in the United States. All healthy descendants of took, took and Mark Mock is long gone right and I'm because tourism the pass along his genes of being disgusted by rotten meat and mock mock died before he could pass his genes of not being discussed in along so natures or natural selection? Her evolution selected for refer, took Turks right right into It was a prolific lover, as we all know it. I imagine mock mark dying words gasping. I regret never having seen the ocean profits, they give Mark mark, everyone doesn't know, but it's true that there is not a modest location so Chuck. That's that The evolutionary psychology basis for explaining how discuss, came along and was passed along right and it makes sense in a very basic level, but it starts to get less and less

suppose you ve already pointed out, as we start to add more and more inputs of disgust right like yes, it makes sense that either is somehow the idea of not eating meat was past long either genetically or even you could say, took took, went back, the Hunter Gatherer tribe and said: hey. Let me tell you, in a market was crazy. He ate some answered antelope, which I guess we all kind of thought was ok up to this point. But let me tell you steer, clear of the rancid antelope. You don't want to have anything to do that because it just killed bookmark and everyone trusting took took in not just assuming that he hit mock mock with her or something out in the wilderness and left him to die that he actually did die for meeting antelope. This became past, this is another way it could have happened and that this, like ancient knowledge, We just lost

where the ancient knowledge came from, there was actually took, took seeing mock mark die and instead of just became something that we came to think of as like instinct over time, you just don't eat answer me, but really what it is rather than being pass along genetically. It was a m. I guess a meme idea that was passed along generation to generation. Came so ingrained that wages would confuse it for genes or instinct, Well, it is another explanation of it, but both of em like an evolutionary component to it for sure yeah and then over time that even changes to wear like it's not like humans labels. The human body then, like a a dead human body, a corpse, let me get my poking- well you probably wouldn't pocket, because your evolutionary instinct is probably to stay away from that body. While that of the stick is for- and it's not just because like while it may be partially because a dead body does MIKE creep someone

but there is also an evolutionary basis to avoid that body, get it the house and bury it because it's have been diseased maybe even done studies. There was a study in two thousand and biology letters just that the greatest teen science mag their tiger lead in biological sciences. So biology letter said they didn't study where they found the images of objects that held what was called the potential disease threat were rated, is more disgusting so this is just the idea that again because of evolution. We're have trained ourselves, to avoid. Somebody who looks sick? Okay, now we get here, other big chink in the armor. If you asked me, where did we get the idea that body cause disease and that you can become polluted by some weird magical transference of this disease by handle

you're coming in close contact with the body like preacher. In theory, free germ theory, germ theory is very new. It's about a hundred and fifty years old, almost on the nose we're talking about people's of two dead bodies in corpses. First eons before that there too the views of not thousands and thousands of years, eight or maybe even more like what it's like. I mean what, if someone just like back in the day. Where people like uh, that's great commission, Gimme A me some sugar right or where people always sort. Repulsed by that yeah I don't know, and we know- and we don't know we can say we can only go as far back as any like historical references we can find, but you can make a pretty good case that the an aversion to two that something like that or a dead body goes back much further than There is where you come to that question. Where did we get this idea? Where do we go

this understanding on a very basic fundamental level. That corpses are to be avoided. So much so that we are disgusted by them and even if you're not disgusted like. I want a wretch. If I see a dead body in person yeah maybe surprise. I think a lot of people would be very surprised that if they actually did see a dead body, they would be they they would probably wretch their hands on me. You know, what's going on this day, senior visits eviscerated recently there or the smell, I think, also Giroux, but the did the idea that that there's something that is you know, what's going on the states in yeah, it's a visceral recently there or the smell I think, also drew, but the did the idea that that there's put distance between you and the polluting entity, the dead body. Where did that come from before germ theory? That's my big question that I haven't seen answered any words: where did we get that again? Was it

somebody handle the dead body in like became directly sick from it. So Firstly, that even like took took could say: yes, the dead body cause this and steer clear of hanging out around their bodies or was there some sort of awareness. I'm on a very basic level there We haven't figured out how to explain yet that it that kept generation and generations of humans relatively healthy before them advent of germ theory in our understanding of it, it is a bit of em, mind experiment. It is like that this perhaps very sound of someone very ill and hawking up. You know flam sounds gross right but like like you before germ theory before they knew that that would make. That was sickness. That made some one sick. Maybe people are alike,

come in here and do that in my face. It love that sound, but it doesn't seem likely. It's like a seminar to me. No man, it's very hard director headroom and also, if you remember our great stink episode prior right prior to germ theory. There is miasma theory which was the smell of something directly polluted you and made you say well as a guy. Well maybe that associated with it, but even that it's like. So ok what what made you think that the smell? What makes you think that a dead body He went in and of itself as in giving off any actual signals that it will make you sick, if, if its decayed enough in you like interact with it What about that made us associate sickness, a transfer of sickness, that Transferences is an invisible magical, transference of pollution from the dead body to you, the person whose handling the dead body, that is, that is significant, remarkable that we came up with that. That's what I think is is

just so fascinating about all this year, and I think this thing about the contingencies plays into because- and it's funny I have to admit when I read this- the word contingencies head was adding a letter. Something- and I kept saying in my head- is content, Genesis and also what is that content genesis? And finally, as high contingencies correctly inside man, my dream, like what's going on so anyway, there are content, jealousies, that's like facetious! I had the same, really facetious, who not yeah? What do you think it said? Herb sounded like fast said he something like that and I kept sounding it out and then. Finally, I was like- ah that's facetious here, but you were probably like twelve not a professional broadcaster, yet

I'm in your eye. Those are so these contingencies in humans, at any time there. There are many contingencies at work within us competing against each other. But if you go back to took, took and mock mock mock mock died, pour La Hague did feel some disgust, but it wasn't like, but he still was also hungry. So that's the competing content. Genesis, and his desire to eat or not desire. His need to eat right overcame, has low level disgust of like well, it's not doesn't take great, but I had this other can let's eat, it says I have to eat so I'm gonna eat the sing and doesn't die right. Then it a little. Complicated it is more complicated and if you stepped back and think about it, evolution airily it would

way more sense for us to not maintain a sense of disgust and be able to eat like rancid meat, land. Then, instead, learn like two like basically develop a got that biome that will will kill any any bacteria decay that could make a sick, so We could have like that. Many more things that are available for us to eat when we're horrid up that makes way more sense through natural action in evolution then learning to not eat something that sort of thing to their like the the winning contingencies. Ultimately gonna be the one that makes you more fit for me. No replication right right

so a relocation ensure you here for cloning self self cloning, so the that. But yes, so if you have more available food that you can gain energy from in the environment, that would make more sense to adapt to that, rather than to adapt and aversion to write a potential food source right. So that's one question: any also kind of lay that right over sex as well to write. So this this explanation why we might be a verse why we have competing contingencies for sex right, like you want to be attracted to your mate, because you're up person, you ve you find attractive, is probably going to be

a good match for you reproductive wise right and that if they smell good right and then he has and then, if, if you, if you are trying to reproduce with somebody here disgusted by, they might not be a good match. Reproductive I've was evolution. Airily, it makes sense. That's that's it. That's a mental Jim ass ex right there to me it makes more sense to just say here is an example of evolution. Screwing up of natural selection, screwing up we developed inability to field disgusted by sex. Because it reminds us that were animals and so on. Missing out on sex or at least deriving pleasure from sex, because what we are possibly disgusted by the act of sex if we stepped back and think about it in the right way. Right, you see, I'm SAM sure So there's a lot of holes here, which is why I mean I've got both my six years on

Is there shoot him in the air out a glee because it's been a while, since we had an episode like this year? Another thing that I found interesting to from this was the that, just as the mere reaction moat parenting, most pull up in their mouths. I keep my shut, but regardless We all have a discussed reaction. I guess, if you don't, then your problem serial killer like if you saw someone like open up and smell like rotten meat and literally just kept us. This stone face were like women that smells really bad like they are clear, sociopath right in that's what Rosen was saying. That's, why discusses a it's? It's the defining human characteristic, because that person would seem a non human. In that sense they be robot kind of year by it. So if people make them

face like that. Is the queue like you don't even need to smell the milk. If I walk in the kitchen and Emily pours some milk and it well, I was gonna, say ass. He climbed out of the thing, but wouldn't out like a by sea, Emily to smell the milk she makes her discuss face, I don't need this smell it But why is it that there is a hundred percent chance? The Emily or any one ass, a female, yes, I will say smell this year and every legal now, that's! Ok, thanks for the warning with the wrinkled knows and raised upper lip, I know, but when you're married it's like Nutrasweet smelling like you have to smell now, and I want to spell it I've suffered, so that becomes like all a sudden, a something, like bonds, communities together and cultures together, even right, but which is another okay, so this then we get to the the nation. The moral explanation of disgust of how see somebody involving cheating or

some very unfair and is a racism or just something some really anti social. Violating behaviour. Yeah that you you experience, disgust at the very least I'll say used. The word discuss them disgusted and ideas I mean. Maybe it is the same thing. So that's that's! that's what they wonder. Machine study said in the other the other way that they backed up there's a really interesting article by Rosen Jonathan height. You actually see it was a contributor in our superstar guide to happiness, Remember them. Guy Named- oh Hollywood is Clark. Mc caully, they're kind of like this big three triad in in the study of disgust. Their known as the only three, the hidden a couple of years that a year, a kind of, but they in this paper, they basically say: ok, so you got that under machine evidence suggesting that our actual brain is a part of our brain responsible for experiencing just

ass. His lighting up when somebody gives us an unfair offer of money. That's one thing but so they go around the world and say that Japan in Spain and Portugal, all over the world, whatever that society or languages cultures word, is for disgust they keenly use it to describe things like the experience of seeing somebody whole poop up to their mouth and experience of being treated unfairly or seeing somebody races. So it's not just people in english misusing English word discuss, which means actually bad too in older middle English AIDS is there Some sort of moral component to disgusted seems like, while even the word distasteful like is rooted in the word taste right at this. A similar thing to like behaviour can be distasteful.

And rotten antelope, can be this taste for exactly especially if these are real jerk. I hit the other three interesting. Thing about the work. The John and hate did. Was this a tying it to play? ideology idea, ideology, cheese. What is wrong with me today. I thought oh super interesting, because they did research and they found that people who are more sensitive to disgust and tend to be more socially conservative and that can be exploited So when you go to a major news outlet that maybe conservative That is why you are more likely to see photos of unwashed earth, sick emigrants approaching the border and not like pictures of like the handsomest most fit immigrant approaching border, because that will, at least according to the study

they they have a higher powerful, more powerful motion of disgust riots. Its jacking your ability to experience moral discussed, because apparently really really easy to come up and poke to push a pertinent a person's discussed buttons in from from what the study says is that this happens a lot way more. They were cognizant of and that if we can make ourselves cognizant of it, we could actually defend against it, more Yemen they're, not gonna. Fox news is gonna put As I said it, you said that the new they're not gonna, put together looks like Antonio Banderas in the image. Caravan hella. As therefore yolksac as there page led photo, you know it's gonna be the per it's on the on the stretcher that sick and dying in that's gonna cause this reaction of discuss like things Levi. This e g, I flies flying around when a person did you see it.

YO benders walking up in the video and going this while, as do sexy and then the other interesting thing about that that hold study that he was doing eight was doing. Was they also found that people make harsher judgments when they are exposed to a disgusting stimulus? Sir, it usually was smell, like the smell of up to de booty, a shot duck, and if you smell this, flageolets. You would react more harshly toward like a photo of something right now might discuss you just little bit, I want to know the methodology of this study pretty badly liked it was it really is one of those things where they just kind of suddenly the area between you and researcher filled with the far smell floor? Where do you get the farts vows era synthetic that occur. I think there is you probably like it's him novelty joke shot. They picked up like US

bow tie while they got their hand hard right. They, like Cuba, here's your ten dollars and have a good day. They shake their hand. There's a browser you I exactly so about me like is so where they You were talking about something like you know how I, what kind of a prison sentence? Would you? Oh excuse me what kind of a prison sentence would you give to somebody in like this? This far smell this kind of comes up like they're. Just not talking about it, I would guess, is how you would have to do it right. Data A stranger asked me, the other night, if I parted oh yeah, how'd, you know I was at the fleet would make concert standing in the beer line in this kind. For me turn with his wife and fully to said, did you fort and I went nope and I was like? I would tell you if I it. Did he looked at his wife and go? Did you far too, but then we get to talking- and I was like eyes- I tell you- I said I don't even smell anything, so I think you're look the wrong direction and then he felt like I was a little drunk swatting care. I was playing along, but

and he felt like really bad and was over apologetic affected ass one if they parted Dont then turn round be weirdly ashamed of that I get all weepy just own it. So yeah does the guide. I know the whole he whose melted it up now miles a first date, and that is the deal. Maybe he did. Are you really played off? Well, it's us. Should we take a break? I think we should go for it in the hallway, we'll be right, but thank you for that we'll be right back hello, I'm rainbows Allentown and for the past year I tat has been coming clean, to me about his decades long career as big time pot smuggler and by big time I made pretty time. I think it was sixty days. My dad and mom had to live with double my plan is active school boards

Where's doting parents to three heads and the other is outlaws. Like my parents had a sea written in the movies shit, you're real, shake your room with a book in your took ever screwdriver, my dad was in the most organised criminal. He once lost half a million dollars bearing the backyard, and he smuggle during the war on drugs find- how my dad was a pot smuggler for twenty two years and at what cost. I'm Rainbow Valentine, for my heart, radio and school of humans. This is disorganized crimes, smugglers, daughter, listen to organised crime smugglers, daughter on the I hurt radial app apple podcast or wherever you get your podcast. It's back truck is back now everything's fine in here

Man, damn we're still talking about, discuss, limitless us, let's just kind of over this real, quick or more time. Ok, so we started out with this this mechanism. Of this, where you we'd, like involuntarily, spit something out its growth that occurs elsewhere in the animal kingdom. Then overtime, we figure how to create a new adaptation to new behaviour, That is overlaid over that same brain circuitry, where we spit something out and we called disgust and it was. It originally started out as an aversion to things like poop involvement in in that kind of stuff and then that evolved even further, because at some point we It were better than animals and I d like to be reminded of an animal and I guess desire did not be reminded of an animal, develop so much that it.

Came overlaid over that disgust, emotion that had been that had hijacked the distaste, emotion and then at some point. Finally, it reached moral, the moral structure and that hijacked the animal. And the is and animal develop. So much that it became overlaid over Eddie behaving in a certain way. Can disgust us and the whole thing that really kind of change tomato human was the the addition of imagination? and symbolism to these ideas so that we didn't even have to taster smell or see anything anymore. Just thinking about this kind of stuff could disgust us and that's where we're at and disgust research and that's where we're in the podcast you frankly while Nice recap. Thank, you are right, so, culturally, you know. It depends on where you are in the world and what you might be disgusted

So while while it is universal, it's not like every single thing is universal people things in some parts of the world that other parts of the world might think are disgusting. And that again is a thing that basically says I'm a part of this family em up. This by so while part of this group on the fact that, like thing is eyeballs, right out, right out of the fish right of officials had to scoop it out and eat it right. I might think that's disgusting, but that's not like necessarily taboos are not the same. In cultures all over, World, yet whether its food, apparently they think, maybe even you know- well, cannot cannibalism. Obviously, some cultures don't view incest as as taboo is, as other cultures do. So some of the things that we would think would be universally disgusting aren't universally disgusting and the whole idea of food too

shows that you can learn to not find something disgusting or never find it discussing at all, because you were just raised in a culture that each this food and values it, but to somebody else from outside the culture, they see their food. They are disgusted by Sophia. There's a lot of lack of universality in disgust that we might assume would be there that actually isn't yeah I mean vegetarianism invasion. Ism is a perfect example. Someone can eat meat into until there in their mid twenties and then all of a sudden switch to the in ISM in and a year later, the mere sight of meat might discuss them, whereas here before they were challenged down on it, which I would guess, that's just like you restructuring your brain circuitry. Basically, right yeah, I think so, probably it would make sense, but so something they never discuss EU before can become genuinely disgusted nor the other way round. I imagine

yeah I mean you can learn to eat other cultures, foods that you were disgusted by previously and I never killed early and eat meat. Now right, right, yeah you can also learn d, broccoli, overtime, blacklist. Good! It's not, though, really is most in the oven. Delicious, ok, I will give you there rose. Tobacco is ok, but if it's steamed or just like. Floppy in any way shape or form of her bad experiences with it over it over the years since I could someone's over cooking Europe clearly not anymore, but yes, I think I m sure I had used to you so over Cook had quite a bit like a gopher owl Dente when it comes to most vegetables yet blasted for us. It is good mushy, as it is a food quality. That kind of disgusts me. So food preparation is important, like I know we're just gonna getting about the brain, but my now, let's say an egg plant or a squash,

cook that thing till this really mushy. It's it's really grows to me, but I will totally eat and eggplant. If it's nice and firm yeah yeah. I mean that they have free textures enormous with it also affects taste to which doesn't make any sense, except for like it's part of the experience of it right yeah. But true discuss happens for me. I think it's not just like. I don't prefer for that, like mushy food, really really grosses me out what there's something there there s actually hit upon early on in this is that, like discussed, is goes around our conscious thought right. Yet, like you're, not like this, this broccoli is is not to my preference. It is way too floppy and mushy. I be, I prefer, did not have it in my mouth anymore. So bad a spit it out in his falls back under play in did you put it in your mouth, especially if you're not expecting it to be mushy and securing it like you expected to be good, you're, real

without even thinking can be better spit it out probably, and you buy, you might not actually said. I hope that there will be your first reaction. You might have to stop yourself. They bring your napkin up to mouth or whatever, and that's all the things they like really kind of is a hallmark characteristic of disgust. When it is expire, against. It goes around our intellect dinner hour. I am conscious thought it's a basic reaction. Yeah. You can also get out a hand as far as the if the idea is that at its root were trying to avoid disease and dying, we ve all heard of of cases. Phobias really, develop in pathologies out of fear of terms or dirt or cleanliness. Anyone had ever seen the great movie safe by Todd Haines. That was a movie that, where this woman sort of slowly on wines and eventually ends up in it- and I like it,

a community where everyone is obsessed with this kind of compulsive cleanliness, who's, the woman its Julian more I haven't in that, yet again it was. It was great amount. Was it's a long time ago. Second them early Indeed, I think ok, eczema earlier work, but this just an exam of how it can happen and how we can get out of hand until basically, you have a compulsive disorder that may have started a legit environmental like discuss reaction to disease right. Yet there will it that's what they think is the basis of of possibly all of it. That has to do with disgust her like a drive to to feel clean or to get rid of germs or to be afraid of germs. I kind of thing that its you're, you're, being indoctrinated into disgust, A little too far in your brain, your brains discussed reactions, as became too powerful, and now it has this kind of crippling effect on your life,

yeah, but they can also like its oddly are things that have nothing to do with disease and dying that have been kind of label this disgusting and Edward it's out acne as one of em that might trigger a discussed reaction in some people and its really completely harmless. It is but it its playing upon in an inadvertent way, our predisposition to be grow stout by things like like a sword ease yes or a pox pustules, it has nothing to do with that. It is kind of resembles it. In the exact same way, people find slugs in snails disgusting and they suggest that it's because they look, Their covered in mucus, even though, is not actually mucus. It reminds us of mucus over disgusted at the thought of touching one of those things same thing: they're, not these carriers, but they remind us of it. That's the key, because disgust works here. Hand with human imagination

I got Emily one, those puppet pals. Have you seen us? No, what is it you now she's, pretty obsessed with with zip bobbing, and she does Watch she's, not one of those people watches the stuff on Youtube Youtube, but it's just like a personal thing, but they buy salt shark tank. There's. This thing now looks it's about the size of a bar soap. Ok, but is made out of silicon askance squishy rubber, rectangular bar any squirt this cycle and no one is made of of it's almost like crisco or something having its plant based and you fill it up with in the top of it is covered with all these little dimple holes and you Papa and I'll come snaking out, just like a like the best people you ever seen. That's me so I kept you

trying to imagine there like this is going on the person's face than its likeness to basically like here, keep busy with this only my face alone. Here you dislike whatever you said in your lap and is pop away, that's really awesome. He has its. It rose really satisfying for you. I thought you might be like now. This is not the same, but she was obsessed with it forgets. Also upload is this: is there any great human thing that short tank hasn't give given this. I can't. I can't think of one you meet, has a thing for cauliflower ear and she'll sometimes watch videos of call authority being drain, and it's like. I can't hang an algerian later ressler. No, that's not that I know of, but MR chance, I guess she better have MR chance, she comes in and she finds you like. Carpet rolling your beer on the floor. Now, wrestlers get it. I think they get it from like a trauma. To the a punch to the er like impact of the ear and then like a swell.

Up, and then it turns into like scar tissue or like this pussy infected deemer. Well, while they were the ear covers. Yes. Well, then, d, look cool to look and, of course, on how so that offer offsets the single it, which is the least scoping. You can wear it's pretty on I have to say sorry wrestlers, but the entire rested a world thinks that the single market is not just this boy. So let's talk about the young disgust scale quick he had ass. Yet you know I don't even look at this because I thought it might be fine if you just went through a few of those with me. Ok hold this great idea checklist make it into a game dill innovating after eleven years. I'm so proud was so job Paul rose in John Height and a couple of other people came up with the Sorry Clark, MC, Caully and Clark MC caully, I'm just gonna save a third person. They came up with a disgust scale. Ok, yes, Sir Chuck

between zero and four zero being strongly disagree and for being strong, agree, meaning its very untrue. True about you. Please indicate how much you agree with each of the following statement. Or how true it is between zero and what three for over four zero strongly disagree. Very untrue about you for strongly agree very true by you might be willing. Sorry, I I'd be willing to try eating monkey meet under some circumstances, strongly disagree for as a zero vulgate zero. They were bother me to be in a science class and see a human hand preserved in a jar Obviously that would not bother me because, when I saw the human head in a bucket very famously my reaction was her as a human head, whereas the person with me

really discussed it right. I think understandably, so I love that story. Ok, here's another one eye ever. Let any part of my body touch the toilet seat in public restrooms, agree or disagree, untrue or true, I'm just gonna. Ditch the numbers! Gazettes confusing me. I don't know certainly bother me that much another problem really discussed. You know oil yeah. I just have to go to another place. Oh when I do that, my man and other girls, probably but whatever ok, here's one more from this when they were gonna, do knows that you're ready, I would rather eat a piece of fruit than a piece of paper. Well, yeah I'd rather eat a piece of fruit. Ok, I think this is like a baseline won the day you gonna hit. So then between

four rate, these not discussing at all are extremely disgusting. I just one of those two. Ok, you see maggots on a piece of meat in an outdoor garbage pale very disgusting you. I agree, your friends pet cat dies and you have to pick up the tab. Body with your bare hands. Not disgusted. Just sad we have done that with all of my animals at a past. That is a clear the bodies right. I think this leaves out there. It was hit by a car and is now part of the road. Basically that medium disgusting Anne said, ok, you're well, yes, said: you're about to drink a glass milk, when you smell it, is spoiled and then in parentheses, weirdly enough, he says because Emily just Chandler your notice inside the smell, that's weird. Yeah I'll have turned food crisis me out a lot: ok, while you're walking through a tunnel under a railroad track. You smell urine,

in New York and at times it's not that big deal it still gets me. Man, I think, smelling urine is worse and smelling poop for some reason. It really interesting. Ok, two more years a man with his intestines exposed after an accident. Yeah. That's pretty high up their yeah yeah, I think so too, and then last Chuck you see someone put catch up, I'm vanilla ice cream and eat it. That's growth! Ok, although that's interesting, though, when I thought about the by, He's an trails like I don't it, but I can watch like a surgery, my favorite thing, but I'm not like fully disgusted, but if it's an accident, I think that it is so it might be a contextual thing as well, So one of the things that I experience when I see like some something in surgery- and I think a context definitely like to do in that case to, but if I see like I said

three like murmur. There used to be that tv network. That is nothing but surgery. You remember that there is like the ladys early nineties. I think, but to see that I'll get like faint right. It is not necessarily fighters, the blood is like the site of viscera. I get it They never made sense to me. If I don't hear neurons on it, I think definitely is part of it to, but I think also part of the discussed reaction is is that your heart rate in blood pressure lower right, explain why you start to feel faint, like I don't feel queasy. Nauseated you like him in a wretch. I feel like a need to sit down for a second, which is, I guess, is still part of the discussed reaction. It just isn't the the the nausea version of its throat, but still revulsion, but a weird, faintly version. So in the medical sitcom that we star and when they the sheet back he starts and how to feel too good guys, like yeah you're so funny and then suddenly hit the deck

I think the way I would play it is even more straightforward. Where I get my eyes just go up in the back of my head and I fall backward in response to the sheep being pulled to get move. I can't wait for that movie to come out you anything else. I don't think so. I be super. We did. We ve gone on for a good six, seven minutes beyond when we should stop at the alike that gamer aspect of that when that was one, Oh your score by the way indicates that you do experience discussed from time to time I'm not a serial killer, no end, if you guys heard or not, the jury also gave her answers as well the strike, If you want to know more about disgust, you can just go look at some weird stuff on the internet. It's out there for you and since I said that, it's time for listen to mail, I'm going to call this one of the many Dyslexia

emails, we got those are really Roland in from people who have overcome dyslexia and adults. Living with Dyslexia so this one is for a move from a fellow Atlantean, unnamed Audrey short. She says this. Hey guys, I have Dyslexia, and I was so happy to hear you talking about my learning disability diagnosed, arouse about ten. And went to the shank school in Atlanta, which is specifically for children with Dyslexia, column, factually sin and following follow, be mail just to clarify it we learned how to read and write using a technique called or the Gillingham. I when I left out fourth grade. I get actually read Importantly, I love to read devoured! Every book I could get my hands on I, while a grudge the top of my class. I had to twice as hard as my classmates to keep up required readings and homework. My peers seem to think that my extra time, a receiver exams

was the reason I did so well, not the council hours and late nights, I spent learning them. Cereal wound this bulling did affect me did not discourage me from pursuing education at college I in Miami University, Ohio, graduating. This may, with a three point: nine nine jp well biochemistry in physics wow, I plan to it today the hd program at Harvard where you see Berkeley, I'm not MR brag, but to tell other children with Dyslexia to keep trying, and so many students are afraid, asked for extra time or accommodation because I don't want to be bullied or stand out, I'm proud of my dyslexia because It is forced me to learn how to stand up for my student rights made it where I am today by utilizing the tools given to me You like extra time- and I want to encourage all people with learning disabilities to seek help, because you Our intelligent and your unique perspective just might change field entirely nice,

Audrey, address short Gran already, that is great email, so that kind of places their whole look. Look. This famous person made it. He gives us tell people. Let me tell you, my address short can agree ok wait ago. Artery. That's fantastic! Congratulate since early on graduating. With the three point- nine, I mean that's impressive: I ain't good luck and grad school to view get in touch with us. Like Audrey did you can go and to stuff? You should know dot com and check out these social links there. You can also send an email sent it off to stuff podcast at how stuff works, come more on this, and thousands of other happened housetop. What's that

I dont think America has ever gone back to the way that it was before the DC safer. The government most likely a skilled marksman fired six times in the course of sixteen hours. It was actually, will you say my mother would be to leave the house. The police say they have never had a crime white like this. It is quite a mystery. From my heart, radio and tender for tv. This monster DC sniper the first two so- it's premier on January second, subscribed today on the eye hard radio, apple, podcast or wherever you get your podcast.