The future is closer than you think in it all starts in the palm of your hand, you may have heard the news five g is coming in the new. I heart series this time tomorrow, presented by T Mobile for business joint hosts OZ, Walsh in an care, a priest as they lead you through this exciting revolution in mobility. It's going to change the way we work, socialized, create, learn and interact with the world around US tuna in here. Just how close we are getting to a more connected This time tomorrow is now available in the eye her radio up or wherever you listen podcast. This episode of stuff, he should know, is brought you buy where space, whether you need a landing page? A beautiful gallery, a professional or an online store, it's all possible with a square space website, and right now, listening to stuff, you should know, can start a free trial. Today, just gonna square space, dot com and enter the offer code. S t you f F and you get ten percent off your first purchase square space

Your website, apart, welcome to stop. You should now greenhouse, therefore extend a warm welcome to the pod, can judge Clark, immerse Charles the view Chuck Brian and. Guess: who's over there being quietness church mass sir, who may or may not exist here, are people still think that having a few people do she's real says you she's real, because always smell her meat. Oh man, I am so like like got a lot to it.

Unlike other cattle, a larger gay who that basically in our cattle day and normally at guacamole, as you know, make probably the best clock boy and the planet since I learn. Ok, whatever glock off one day will happen, it's personal taste here. You know that whole thing remember places absolute, and so it sometimes it's just too much to make walk right. This wrong characters comes in here, so we yeah, but in its totally different to serve. You certainly say you're gonna Molly, like I've summer of accounts as anyway. The upshot is is, I recently took antibiotics, which are disgusting poison by just

had to have him this time is my body would not get rid of whatever had and still have been like repopulating. My gut fleur with fermented stuff. Like me, so yeah took some me so put in some other cattle whipped up spread it out. Some tests is great. Well, an advocate of being a fibrous vegetable should be a pre. Bionic you'll probably provide the conditions for that me. So to ripen into some really top notch got flora. Well, I'm grow stout. Now. Are you really? I found a fascinating on your gut floor as a matter of personal taste, I get sick people like the smell of their own book. That's two different things: do you like the cylinder, improve sure smells great really here I, like all my smells. I gotta do you like. I say this issue

wherein one vote can we be in an ice age? It's part of summer ever right, but the climate changing for this summer's been awful. Yes, personally, every year we just keep hotter and hotter here, and I, like ever feeling here in George, it's gonna be hot into October. I I noticed the change to take place today, really not me. I was out there this morning but Mamma. Well, the animals like. Oh, it's, not muggy nights or getting cooler, that's worth. It starts to change yeah, but it's still like up in the nineties during the day during the day, stop Canada nasty, but it feel different to me, like the airfield different Nan at me at that that first follow blast. I haven't experience varied, seeing like cinnamon, brooms and Kroger. That's put me in the fall mood already unjust,

The thing it or thought that goes into the decoration hollow instead spinner since August, and this ridiculous so back to ice ages. Like you said, we are actually in an ice age to be specific. We in the hall was seen epoch right, yes features, the quaternary ice age and specifically wherein the flattery and inner glacial period, but still, even though its inner glacial it still an ice age there, that's a mouthful. It is who wrote this was his Molly Molly events are dear old friend, yes, she she put out quality. She did TAT Molly points out quite astutely, that you know. If you look at an article the money still sea ice sheets- and am I say, deserve our: it's not you know

I have to have the entire or a third of the earth covered an ice to being an ice age because within- and I say, just periods of cooler, whether in warmer, whether an right now they need our glaciers and interglacial respectively. And right now or even interglacial right. That's all it is but like, when people look around they dont. Think of this being an ice age because we're just during one of those warmer periods right, but I think so I was reading this new scientist article about figures called the history of ice on earth and they said that there are basically three settings that the earth has

greenhouse, which is basically there's no ice anywhere on earth. Here ice house, which is like an ice age glacial period where there is ice even like today, there is ice on the Arctic in an Arctic caps right now and then there's a snowball setting. The most fun of all, which is like the entire planet, is frozen over the least fun of right. There periods of earths history, where the whole thing was just a giant ball of ice yeah. If you want to talk about the you know, the human eye caught the big ice age, but when we think of the term ice age, we most people, probably talking about the one that began about seventy thousand years ago during the place, the scene era lasted about sixty thousand years and, if you're talking about the United States in the future, major glaciated- they hit the MID west. The Nebraska

cancer, the Illinois and and the famous was concentration yeah. That's the one. I just stand: there were just came out of the Wisconsin one in trade and the colonists because its work were geographically. Well, that's what I think the greatest evidence of M has been discovered here right, so that in all this is kind of confusing. Actually, but just just the curry. I saved at work started to point five, eight million years ago. Right yet again, it still going, point. Five million years to present the quaternary ice age, and so those little other subdivisions have to do with when the ice has been relatively scarce or when it's been all over the place right and then to make it even more slightly confusing during periods of glacial there's, even periods where the glaciers retreat

and advance right. That's stadium, interstate, your periods in those tend to be a little more local and in happened a lot lot more quickly. And glacial or in an earner. Glacial period happened on the scale of tens of thousands of years. Yes, that's right, and this is nothing new like he said this has been going on since there was a planet earth, but I'm actually recognising and in what is an I say, just sort of on the newer front, because in the old days he now they would see a big rock and they say boy. A thing looks like it slid down that mountain there. As you can see, the mountains are carved up in this rock shouldn't, be here and that's weird, so that was the great flood of biblical times were treated. Episode on yeah, there's a given and I'm so that was gonna. How things were explain how these things ended up places where they probably did not start out yet people notice that

was just weird stuff going on in the geography around the Maya, but they didn't. They didn't place a correctly until it turns out the swiss peasantry and some german peasants as well started a notice that their glaciers were receding and, as their glaciers receded up there and say the Alps, it left some mark that they noticed also the same kind of markings further down the mountain, so this was peasants put two intuitive they're inside. You know why I think the glaciers used to be way way bigger than they are today and then maybe that who is what explains these boulders, that be here being here in the middle of this field- and I guess it for I can gather it was kind of like common folk wisdom in some areas of like this, without long before science understood at her, and it was actually a swiss geologists who was the first one to

Vance, a genuine bona fide hypothesis for ice ages. Yeah Louis, I guess, cease the sound that, and he in eighteen, thirty seven presented ideas about this glacial activity at a conference of fighting our brains, and everyone was like where we now know about you how about that right? While they did know about him, he was me the smart guy right he was established, but they're like you, just go back opium pretty much he began apparently his his first theory was that there had been an ice age. It happened like very quickly yeah. He was off by basically like day and in that it had followed a catastrophe right yeah. I wonder if you would have. That seems like the one thing that might have put

off without unlikely that sounded right because he was wrong yet, like I wonder if you wanted to set it up and slowly over time, let's say yeah. They may have said like Eleanor MIKE that he's presenting is finding is like what are you guys, yet all massage it. In that way, it happened overnight. Male discuss arms, he goes or re need over a very long period of time. Before him, though quite a few years before him There was a scotsman area born in Edinburgh, Edinburgh buried at gray, Friars Kirk Yard, while which Do you ever do there? I walked past it. I never made it an ok. Well, my hotel was right there side. I walked through it amazing amazing cemetery. I want to marry kings close instead, which is pretty awesome to tell you you had to go to one of the other right there close to each other. Neither Is that so much time in the day off not close enough

Seventeen eighty I've a man named James Hutton man. This guy was he was a study that the Father of geology. He had this idea that. He was one of the first people to look around and say you know. The earth is always changing like if you look around a pay attention. Look at it that birds, Stein Iraqi, might sit for days and look and wait for something to move, but he said the earth is constantly changing and I haven't idea that it's probably always been this way. So we look go on now and we apply that to the past. We might come up with some pretty interesting stuff here right. Yes, he said that there is basically clues to the past in the present yet what's going on around you. This might happen two thousand years ago as well, and that might explain something like that: bolder being someplace different. Exactly we keep going to the boulders put the boulders are actually

really really high quality evidence for ice ages. In general sure there's the there is actually a term for among people who study ice ages called erratic acts in an erratic is a very, very heavy, bolder way too heavy to have been moved by humans. Yet that is also too far from its point of origin to to say, roll down hill right. It doesn't make any sense that its they're here, which is why call neurotic very famous ones, there's wine in the Swiss Alps, while I'm sure there's many but there's one in particular, this article maintains its and this without that is about fifty miles from its point of origin. Yeah, there's one in central park there is many miles away from its point of origin in New Jersey removed, tried to make it in the big city is a bridge and tunnel. Bolder right, oh, and actually one of the one of the ways the Germans figured out tat there was such a thing is ice age because they say to that

bolder there in that field, I'm pretty sure that Scandinavian Rock yet and sure enough. They were corrected. So you start to put all the stuff together, huge bowlers, being moved values between mountains carved out in a u shape, rather than that telltale v shape that a river carves out sure these are clues there now while they are radically but right there clues into the path yeah that when you start to to put all of them together. The only thing that that really explain them is huge massive movements of glaciers, glacial movement in and when he studied that stuff. You look at these groups in you studied the boulders.

If we make calculations- and it's amazing that way back, then they are able to make these calculations August ease puts in particular in some other guys got together, and they said that the present ice age at its peak- I guess- was about a mile thick of glacier mile or ice. Yes, it's amazing air and further studies have concluded that in the last ice age, I guess the risk was counting glossy Asian yeah thee the about a third of the earth was covered in glaciers. Now have we saw the glacier is yet I mean I almost goes the same, but just in case there is really pet densely packed. Now it is in its know that that is allowed to melt it's it's cold enough, so that it never fully melts. Yet the base at forms to ice

and on top you got more more snowing as more more snow doesn't melt. The ice builds up, thicker and thicker, and just from the sheer force of these things, mass encountering gravity they can actually move there like very slow, the time very slow, moving rivers of ice, yet on a massive scale, Yan and we'll get at it. I was gonna do something out. She took a quick break. Yes right, we'll take a break in real life, go back to a little more amazing glaciers,

problems its human nature to hate problems. But why is that, after all problems inspire us to men things, then things make things better? That's why so many people work with IBM on everything, from city traffic, to ocean plastic, new schools to new energy flight delays to food safety, Smart loves problems.

I began: let's put smart to work, visit, IBM Dot, com, slashed, smart, to learn more rights. Are we talk about the sheer size, a mile, a mile, thick of ice? Yet I said like a third of the earth: get covered seventeen million square miles of the planet during the last place creation cubic miles. My friend cubic miles right, though Jack his deep yeah a mile, deep man that is nuts so in Attica, hadn't about ten percent, more rights than it does now in the big change that, with the big difference. What sets that I sage apart was The amount of activity in the northern hemisphere is very unusual too the amount of ice in North America in Europe

standing down like through the MID West, the United States, and it was it was a new scene. I need Chile senior homely jam. Basically, His and Chuck I mean like it was largely in North America, but this also really covered a lot of Europe too. I mean like Ireland, was Germany was covered. Scandinavia was covered by eyes and a basically everything that wasn't covered by ice in Europe was a tundra very much like Siberia. Is today saw a documentary on, I think, is a history channel show about the last ice age and dumb somebody figured out how much all their ice wade you ready for this brazilian pounds. This might be more than a brazilian sixty eight thousand trillion times was the total weight of the ice Odin the earth on earth during the last ice age during a nice place

Max is that I have no idea. Is it like more than a hundred while a north America learn about thirteen? I'm sorry ten million square miles of ice, and you know this all came from the ocean, which means the ocean level was hundreds and hundreds of feet lower running this ice edge. Yet, like Canada is used to having large parts of it being covered by Glade, The United States is not used to this, but it came all the way down into the planes in some cases and basically from New York or to Washington state. Now totally covered by again a mile thick of sheet of ice. You, like you, can isolate on that. Without worry, you're, not gonna hurt you they're gonna cut Did you ever do that grown up that Ohio, like oh yeah, we're like its gate on lakes, We were never allowed to do there until my dad went out and stamped on it, but he jumped up and down, and if

and go through them. We relied escape. Is I kids? If I die right, it was doubts. Gate was, none of us can improve technique, but there is nice. Adele. Do therefore think I'm not much of a worry work, but that sort of like cretin of movies, you right where plunder eyes, so the Mommy River would freeze, her, but we weren't allowed to scale down the river. Some people do we weren't allowed to stand. There is a golf course with ponds. There would freeze pretty pretty good right. There is you're you're gonna fall through these small pond. Didn't. I got pretty rough. The right like skating, It's not like a paradise. Rinkitink depends on and I don't what it dependent. Yet, it's never like an I think right, but certain type of work maybe non windy. Whether I think is what it was better because then like if there was kind of like a chopping up to it from the wind right, it could freeze like that freedom, yeah, whereas if it wasn't Wendy, I would guess it would. It would be smoother. So sometimes it was pretty smooth other times you like a king

data, but your dad would drive zamboni out there to fix it move it over and if the same boner didn't far through them. We are like a packet at his picture, the zamboni falling through, but it's a little ponds. Your dad still like disturbances like NEA, maybe I feel like I've missed out, though I mean that the EU did life is over. You can still skate important, though it is out of the picture myself going to our Minnesota in the in the winter, yet give it a try to trade it wasn't. It was in a very good trade area because the winners are pretty brutal, like if you have local ponds that freeze over your cold to cure. I still feel like it, MR at your fine. It wasn't that big they also teasing. When I said you did Mister, are it so people escaping all over the world? A third of the world people are ice skating on.

And I say it and make we mention these things. They ve been described as bulldozers just ploughing through the earth basic we leaving large swathes, they call it glacial till the sun debris that they leave behind measure in us one. Figure out how it works. The evidence is everywhere and right of exactly what happened yet, because, as these glaciers move and that ice that has formed the basis of the glacier is in contact with the earth below it, it's picking up all sorts of cried the all. I too agree that glacial till he said Eric boulders and as its doing, this is actually creating a scrubbing mechanism right so, like you said, if you look around at mountains in and in valleys, with exposed rock. There were robbed by glaciers. There's gonna be crazy. Grooves worked into em. If someone look like roads almost yes,

some are kind of polished and rounded here and it's all from this glacier activity rubbing stuff over the tops of these mountain, it's pretty interesting stuff and then other things like you'll know: you'll see like a movie where this incredibly beautiful, like River Valley, yet has this gravel everywhere, like two scattered all All through out like the the valley floor, that's not supposed to be there right, a glacier deposited that its rights more evidence of the ice age. Here, that's interesting to think of it. Not supposed to be there now and you think of that, like maybe that's what that looks like you know, of course, that's what it's that that's, but supposed to be there, but now it's time Could we not have we not had these glaciated events that stuff wouldn't be there in that fascinating?

earth, signs that your favorite site, I think it's become it yeah you're really does give me just right, so it wasn't just the direct path of these glaciers that was effected out on the edges of these massive moving sheets of ice, and he had things like arctic deserts, and you had these big areas of dusty wind and there is actually a few ways to pronounce this lsd assassin. Everything from lowest lowest. Let's Alec Lois close to covering all over the earth. Basically- and this is created by those they should just like grinding into the earth. Yeah stern everything up right and then the wind is comes and picks it up these, the finest of the particles and deposits, and so in some places you had

so if, if your area wasn't covered by glacier, yet they didn't mean you weren't affected by the glacier nation, because you would have these Lois Deserts Arthur Glacier, glacial deserts now formed in some places. The lowest was like twenty feet thick apparently- still there in much of the MID west. These sub straight below the soil is Lois deposited from these Lois Desert, and so you would think when you hear about this kind of activity that it had to be like hundred degrees, chillier right or fifty or forty even but it was only. About ten degrees, Fahrenheit, but five point six celsius lower than temperatures now, which is it wouldn't think that that would be enough right. But it's not all just about the temperature. That's kind of the point: no, the

The point that Molly makes is that it's not like it's so much colder than it was before your time. That the key to an ice age forming glacier the glacial period is that it is the time when it supposed to actually melt is colder than usual so that there is less melt then than before and the less melt you have the more chance you have four snow to fall and make up for what melted in actually add to it, which means that the glaciers growing as long as more snow added to the glacier than it loses during say the summer months, yeah you're glaciers growing. Yet if it's not losing much, it didn't take much now and this the cycle starch there's something called the albedo or albedo Albania and its it's the real reflectivity of ice and rhino once

SK it's going, it's reflecting away the sun. So it's why your hotter and somewhere in a black teacher than a white he sure yeah and is just it, creates that cycle, basically where it's all just compounding all these different elements coming together, absolutely to make. Super thick, so you have, if you have a glacier form on planet earth and it reflects a bunch of sunlight and makes it colder well, that's gonna create the conditions for other glaciers a form to so it has a compounding effect as well. That albedo does. I will take a break and we're going to come back and talk. Famous serbian mathematician aprons. We wanted. You about the future of phone service because it is here and it's called visible yet for forty bucks month, all in

get unlimited data messages and minutes on Verizon's forty LP network and visible doesn't do annual contracts. They also do do shady hidden fees or foot long form bills, either when they say forty bucks a month they mean forty a month yet when they say unlimited data. That means unlimited data. They also don't have physical phone stores That means no waiting. A minds are dealing with annoying salespeople with visible. You can sign up by a new. Or bring your own device get help. That's a tap away the chat text or tweet and get better phone service all from their app or website without ever giving her couch yet so are you ready to learn more switch divisible then had divisible, dotcom, slash, stuff and get twenty dollars off your first month of service and exclusive special offer just for stuff. He should know listeners as this that come slash, stuff

all right. So I said famous Serbia Mathematician majority heard of this guy yeah really I'd heard about the lack of its cycles, nice. So, was militant Malkovich and it's amazing to me that in the nineteen twenties people like well to say him was able to fit rout met with a lot of accuracy, the like of which cycles. Basically, he said you know what

I have a theory on why that these these summers are cooler and why this ice age happened, and it's not just the temperatures, but it's because of the sons, relationship to the earth and how much sun the earth is getting during the summer months right came up with three different factors: the tilt in the earth's axis of the way the earth wobbles on that access, and then how close? We are too, that heat. How close? We are the sun right, you plug those into a mathematical formula, and he came up with every twenty two thousand forty one thousand and one hundred thousand years he's predicting that we're gonna get these ice ages threat. Pretty amazing math feedback it is, especially if you go back so he figure this out and then they they went back and looked at the the fossil record, the geological record, because when he was working, they Didn'T-

this understand. He wasn't like proving their like yesterday how right now so then about that time, unlike the well after that time, but unlike the forties and Fiftys the, U S is building army base It's all over the world. In some really crazy places, including the Arctic and some scientists went along and started taking course samples from those places and they found air bubbles. Trapped in there. There were from, like a million years ago, like the air, was a million years old, knows untouched virgin air and they found that they could do all sorts of stuff and learn all sorts of things from this. Air, and one of the things they found was the basically that the time stamp for the ice ages during the quarters. Period and they found out there in the first two million years, the first two thirds of the quaternary ice age, the ice ages,

aviation occurred every forty one thousand years yet and he d setback insight, yeah yeah. I guess what I said he's like, but wait yet many said. Okay and this this most recent million years it switch to a hundred thousand years and he set his arms cross. Yet very smuggling yeah and everybody said, that's amazing that fantastic scientists. You guys in the lab coats what causes an ice age and theirs is crickets. Coming back from the scientists, the and still is they actually actually know that the opposite is true, not crickets, put a ton of different answers in a totally different theories: yell lots of crickets right, but not quite either. What would be the animal that, with talking crickets, chimney, crickets sure everywhere manic? I was annoying pudding

putting forth theories and in as with most things we usually Kennison IRAN. I bet it was like most of these things and put together, which must scientist well dude. I was thinking about this and, unlike yes, chaos. Theory like we have two propensities humans to be like. There's one true explanation: there's one factor: they write lanes everything, and that is just not the case now. This is a perfect example of that. I wonder if that's a tendency for humans to want to be right, like the people actually doing the research, say like notices, my right and right now. I think that part of it, but I think it's more dislike. Our brains are wired to fine like the least common denominator here to find the easiest rout yeah, maybe in a just for efficiency sake that makes it I can I get you like I'm hands across Amerika. I did you pay

paint hands across Amerika, now hated it back then, but me and I'll get it now miss getting. I think I did. Actually there is light years, huge gaps, but is still pretty great. We should do a show and at another gaps of course, there were our yeah, pretty pretty big words. There was no point complete. I think our school did it when that the deal like sure of it, it is our job to church hippy church. My my church might be like no in our own hands, you could be holding hands with an atheist, probably wouldn't even know. It probably would have been the case Another theory is, we talked a lot about plate tectonics in our she's in the volcano. Episodes in what the plate, tectonics beside me. They want on that. Specifically, I think so among them close to nine hundred episode, and I don't remember where it first popped up. It's definitely come up club it up another one.

On public funds? Is yes, I hope I'm like you're a pretty a pretty extensive case for the fact that My ponder accident, I dont think like that exit points it get banned into ironically Turkey so plate. Tectonics is another theory. Basically you know everyone knows when you get to a higher altitude, it's gonna be colder and the conditions are more likely to four glaciers to form and so on these these plates on the earth or smashing together everyone also knows from within your show. That's how we get these lovely mountain ranges and why there are higher attitudes Oh, that's another theory that that had a lot to do that yeah, they accept still some scientists lay the quaternary ice age. Sharing the three point: five million you're all ice age that were in instil basically at the feet of the creation of the Himalaya

where Asian India Collide, creating the Himalayas and, more most importantly, the Tibetan Plateau in this rising of land change the way the air moves across this huge portion. Land Eurasia here and that it had an impact on climate which has an impact on historical climate which can change things things cold enough, so that glaciers can form and really get a foothold right. Yet more interesting chuck is that it's the apparently that they're, like that's, probably kind of a factor but there's an even bigger factor that they think that came out of their up welling of of earth. Yeah bear with me. When Arthur meets earth, and there is an appalling in the EU for mountainous or something like that right. You know the process of weathering yet take breaking in genes or astray.

Various right you break in mountains to well that's actually chemical reaction between, like the air and the yeah and win rock is exposed. It becomes weathered because seal to react with the rock to basically form some sort of equal livery him that's been interrupted, are disrupted by the exposure of on whether draw right well to carry that I'll. See. Oh too, has to be drawn from the atmosphere, which means your basically removing seo. From the atmosphere when you create a new mountains matching and if you're talking about Jane as extensive as the Himalayas. A lot of seo. Two's gonna be removed from the atmosphere here. When you remove co2 from the atmosphere, you reduce the greenhouse effect and when you reduce the greenhouse effect, the earth becomes cooler, possibly enough for an ice age. The timings right Well, the Himalayan formed right before the quaternary ice age began.

In that amazing it is our sights. The other thing is a dust atmosphere. Changes out of destiny is gonna. Keep the sun from shining down its warmth under the earth and keep temperatures cooler and since I mentioned volcanoes, there were a lot of volcanoes, a lot of activity that preceded the glacial ages. It now launching a lot of destiny around thing. It's coincidence, Brett, probably all tied together, yeah. I would guess that they do not just walk in a gas from those disgust period, but the volcanic ash, Do you know right- and I think, even after after the volcanoes stop erupting gases that affect the atmosphere directly, They still interact with the water vapor in the atmosphere to mess with it. In a continued Wagner, Sun Spot

are also another one to right. Yeah, that's one of the main reasons for the little I say right, yeah that we talked about an Stradivarius. Yes on the little ice age. So did you? Did you see that article I sent you yeah? Epic through it is pretty, the interesting but there's a our understanding of the little ice age, which is not the best name for it, but there's appear shy. Little ice age of pornography, there's a from thirteen hundred the eighteen. Fifty Europe particular while the northern hemisphere, but Europe got pretty bad, yet it was basically what amounts to an ice age for for this area, Greenland in Iceland were cut off by ice for months. At a time to grow wine in England, now anymore, sky when the grew wine bottles we just popped up out of the ground is amazing.

Islands of Scotland would be locked in the ice like twelve hundred meters in up near the Baltic Sea froze over either. Canals in the Netherlands routinely froze It was really rough time. Well, it wasn't, it wasn't is pretty interesting has historically sent. You know points out a lot of the history that you know it affected everything from shipping to crops to people turning on another. There are some areas than other areas thinks flourished right, so apparent league areas in groups that had access to extensive trade networks, especially in the south. The tropic make sense These they flourished. But if you're like a marginal area, say like the Alps, your toast, like you, suffered from famine patiently issues were advancing enough that they were just over running towns. That's nuts, and it sounds it sounds absolutely not, but actually glaciers can move. Surprisingly fast right. There was a glacier in Alaska in nineteen eighty six

with clocked advancing a hundred eighty miles an hour at ten metres a day. Yeah me, let's thirty feet a day. That's the watch that happen here. At the very least, you could set up you're, you're interval, amateur camera and watch it later sure, or if you d super patient, I bet what's his name, the dude near the Scotsman. I bet James Hutton. What a set therein until he saw yeah yeah patient man would also cover the sun spots. Now. Well, not yeah, I mean that might have been why the little ice age happen and by the way we on the Stradivarius broadcast heard from a lot of people about level blind study that were where had musicians play the strands in against modern violence, and they preferred, I think,

generally prefer the modern, violent, more rights of people like you just get in the brand name, it's kind of a reductive way to say it. And then afterwards to the violinist stay certain cough there like its full Judas, while the other thing we heard from other people. That said these violinist know what they're testing their testing. Clearly testing Stradivarius against the modern instrument later to say, like put on this blindfolded here's to violence in which one smells needed, so we probably should have included that, but I don't think that like settles it in any like scientifically yeah. I saw in our research that that was not necessarily the case yet assign a number of different sources that that they can tell a different said. It is actually The best violins water made any other people that have you no opinions. It's not like. You can't scientifically prove that yet, because every person you pick out is going to have a different

Take on the matter and we were preparing. Modern instruments could clearly there only a handful of strands out there being played, and there are six hundred many many orchestras and they're not playing like pawnshop violins pawnshop fiddles. Now, anyway, just one image, So these sun spots, where there is actually a cycle that was recognised by a British, is strong, named e, w launder, pretty british name living during the little ice age and he noticed that it was called the air he is like holy cow, it's called you can I stayed on a pond. He noticed TAT the so the little I said should actually be called the little period where was pretty cold and then really really cold in two different points here and those points where, between twelve nineteen fifteen hundred and sixteen forty four.

In seventeen fifty name was really called, like kind of I say, just conditions for real, either. We reminder notice that especially the time when he alive during this between the sixteen forty five in seventeen fifty period, seventeen fifteen pit sunspots were not nearly as active yeah and he was like. I wonder if this correlates too little ice ages, and it would mean sense, even though it makes sense in a really weird way, a roundabout way. Actually, yes and spot. I guess we should say that is its dark spot, a cooler spot on the sign, but the key there as it contains magnetic energy. So you would think that sun spots or cooler than the rest of the sun. So how would that.

Well wait. Now I've got it backwards. No, you got it yeah. So how would that keep it warmer on earth right? But it's about that magnetic field cutting through cloud cover for cutting the cloud cover right. So less cloud cover means that the heat from the sun is interacted. This escapes into space yeah counter intuitive, but it makes sense because these sun spots are big enough, that when its facing earth yeah it's putting out less heat energy here, so you would think it would. It would directly cool it indirectly calls it right. We It is weird, but amazing, earth science, so whether an hour headed for another one is what there's a lot of debate on that, because some people say will there's no strict definition. Even what an ice age is

to say other people say now. You know what humans of cause such an impact here that they're probably won't be another ice yeah, it's extremely possible that we have altered the climate enough that we're not gonna, see We may have ended on our own, the quaternary ice age here it may be over now on the way to being over, in which case we have a whole other set of problems to deal with, but not an ice age. Not glaciers There is actually a study that made the rounds. I think this year last year there really drummed up lot of media attention because these researchers said that they predicted a period of very low sun spot activity in thirty years. Because we're due for one technically right, where that ten thousand your point- yes, yes, we're due for another glaciated Leah and these people say brothers

Sun spots and thirty years in the media, took it and said: there's gonna be another ice age and thirty year you and that's none is certainly the case. It's a pretty big leap from saying. Yes, there's no sun spot activities over gonna have a right, but if we hadn't burned all those fossil fuels, maybe would be the case. Maybe we would start to see glaciated often getting again in about thirty years again were probably not going to cause. We ve raised the temperature of the planet by a full degree celsius since nineteen eighty year, so it's possible. We won't ever seen ice edge again, which is sad because some people say that it was this last this ice age, not just the last place asian event with the quaternary ice age as a whole that pushed humans to evolve

the wonderful amazing specimens we are today. Yeah events happened because of a bright adaptations in animals and early humans. There there is movement, of around earth, because the sea levels were alot lower. So you could make your way around bigger parts of the earth they weren't cut off like before they like they are now. Apparently, our brains grew tremendously in, eyes during the quaternary ice age. I added in a time period that correlate with it and one I part this is- is that the cooler temperatures allowed us to dissipate he more naturally, and to save our energy or use more energy, which would allow brain to grow, interesting and then other people say what you know what the crow magnets also invented

We needed there his time because of the ice age so that they can start sewing and closes the technology that allowed us to truly spread out over the earth there does he could go live where it was called near. Does you can make a big Parker out of a mosque ox exactly? There must Scots and say thank you for using me human about that, but you anything else. No, I think the third man. This is a good one chuck. If you want to know more about, I sages you can take those words into the search bar house, the words that calm and, since I said, search bar it's time for listener mail. Remember in the animal testing episode when I wondered allowed about the names of pork and beef and swine and our young itself and glided covenants.

Personally, I am the only person on the planet who did not know that I didn't know it either, because we had a bunch of people right in and super interesting. So I picked one. That was a good explanation. A gentleman and Bristol United Kingdom. He said this before ten sixty six in England, most people spoke a form of germanic English. Any says by the wind. Glossing over for centuries of linguistic history with that, however, after the invasion by weighing the conqueror and his eventual coronation, Norman the dominant language, Norman is based on northern french dialect, so would have use words such as mutton and both for sheep and cows. These words were used by people who have been able to afford to eat such food, namely the gin however, peasants who would have raised crazy animal still use the germanic words like sheep and cow. In these words, stuck English is full of high and low words gentry or peasantry for similar meaning,

with the high words being French based. Therefore, Latin based really interesting I'm having stop myself from going on, as is the subject of always been obsessed with, and I hope that I have picture interest as well be warned. The subject is around at home. I will also add. I was guided to miss your UK tour and I hope you enjoy it enough to come back one day. Sure I also cheaply plug Bristol has an amazing place to live in. Yeah! Congratulations on your new Skype here that it's like it's like a huge observation. Ufo that goes up on their coast You can see for miles and miles interesting, much loved you both and thanks for doing what do chairs that were met. Galifron of Bristol Thanks Man will definitely be. And thanks to everyone who wrote in with that good information. I wish it could have read them all.

If you want again touch us to, let us know something: we Minister tell us a grave or doing her. Well, yes, You can t to us it s. Why escape? I guess you can also hang out with me at Josh, Underscore Underscore Clark on Twitter to can hang out with Jacket Charles Debbie, Chuck, Brian on Facebook or our stuff. You should know page at Facebook, dot com slashed of you should know hang out with the Sun Instagram you can send an email to stuff podcast, a house, the worst I come and as always Mr Holm on the web stuff. You should know that for more on this and thousands of other topics does it how stuff works out com.

Are you afraid of pop culture? Are you up on game? Do you know the facts? If not the ball in their show, Parker you keeping you in the no to the latest, your favorite celebrities, current events and providing free gains. The listeners need ok. This allows bastard repairs with your baby, the opium, since our love and care for bribery, things now makes each other on a brand new package fall short Parker. Starting a seminar on the radio had baffled aware. We do get your packets