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Equal housing, Lindore licensed in all fifty states in M O S, consumer access, dot, org, number, three, zero, three zero, everybody's me Josh and for this week's Ass white ass case elects a chosen human Microbiology project works, which we release back in May of two thousand and fourteen, and even after all these years. Six years on this info, action is still just totally mine blowing to me, and I love it to one of my favorite episodes of all time, a kind of forgotten about and discovered it again. So I hope you enjoy as much as I did

welcome to step you should now the production of high radios, hasnt, outward hay and welcome in Pakistan, Josh Clerk, I almost forgot what I was going to say your name there there's Charles the veto, bright, fighting it and others the trio trifecta and is thereby clearly do you think you're gettin will heed the right now. It's did you ever see that I keep Marshall about the lamp was thrown out on the street. No was really good. What will happen to it? Was it like the monkey at the IKEA? Now it was like a lamp gets thrown out with like someone just redoing parts. Their apartment in the lamp is

to the curve as a future animated. So it's it's human formed, ok, human form, tormenting anthropogenic anthropomorphized, unlike looks up at the apartment that he has just are now of and stuff like that Rosy go back to Sweden I remember outlines some of us remember the way up like it turns out human sad. His was like said: don't like a tiered up. Did you go by one of those lamps? Now, of course it didn't work now, so I guess you're feeling pretty good since you time that lamps and everything you know me and lamps, I do. That means it's a good day that clears think Jackson and give mood everybody. You know one of the reasons why we are in a good mood because your guts are functioning properly. Is the enemy its day to day with my stomach? Well, that's exactly right! Things change very quickly because of your stomach, and your summit can affect your mood

matter of fact, the vast majority, the serotonin mood stabilizing neurotransmitter, is produced in your gut yeah in the way that EC serotonin and other stuff is produced. Is thanks to our micro, Biome dude yeah are micro by This is the most fascinating thing going on a medicine science right now, yeah, I get you impression. Reading various articles, when scientists talk about it, they all seem really pumped up. It's like the breakthrough of the twenty first century. In this thing, like two started, its teeth, fourteen year? End like this could remain the breakthrough of the century yet, and I mean if you think, at the time line up until the twentieth century? Like a plant or an animal, and then it was literally like the nineteen fifties and sixtys it they started saying. Maybe we should

things down a little further. I came up with the five kingdoms and right. I think there are now, even as a six kingdom weathers three domains now: eight kingdoms, others eight, there's eight and three, two of the domains our account for two, the kingdoms as well bacteria and our key and are key used to be thought that they were the same as bacteria then they started looking into a little more like. Oh, these guys are made up of different amino acids and they have different characteristics and are key. For example, Are the kind of microbial lie you'll only find around undersea hot water. Sulphur vents- yeah like volcano crazy places, not not in your vagina or in your mouth while now, because their extreme effect I was in a vagina mouth. Isn't that extreme its costs are key lives there. That's right, so that the fact that we ve

out that our key are different and bacteria, and not only that they don't just live in extreme environments, but also on the human body. That was something we can thank the human microbes on project for, and that was I think they didn't even discover Archy until the nineteen seventy, so this August of his brand new right and exciting and by the way the three domains are. Bacteria are clear and you, carrots, yet us, yes, where you carry out because we have nucleus, is nuclei, most subtle this man we have before I'm sure you remember in the ethical transplant episode. Yes, because it definitely factors into it. You can prove shakes yeah. You can cure cluster idiom difficile, which is something where that it's a gut microbe, it's very harmful to humans, that

can colonise your guts after you take antibiotics year which, basically just like a slash and burn approach, which again thanks to the human microbes on project, were sorry now understand. And there we might want to use Anna by out Ex, because while we used to just think of is almost entirely bad are actually mostly beneficial sure, and even some of the bad bacteria, a germs are present in our microbiology in normally live in harmony, adjusted here's that when the Micro Biome gets out of whack, that's when disease happens like you may have

a lie in your body right now, be I probably do, but it's not a big deal if you're anywhere, we still got stasis homeostasis near keeping things balanced in life, is the key yes and stifling the key with your own. Personal microbiology, which we have learned, is very individualised, which will get too with the project right. So if you take a human body and you scanned the all the genes in it will you would find is there are about a hundred times more MIKE Bilbil genes than human genes in genetic scan of human body. Yet are human cells only make up about ten percent of the cells in the body and here's another great stat? We actually, the healthiest person on the planet has between two and five pounds of bacteria

pounds, the of your body weight about power, is it can irregular yes with crazy is. Is that that's even considering that microbial cells are anywhere from a tenth two hundredth the size of an average human self. Guess you do know how many, how much five lb would have to get a tattoo quite a few yeah as a matter of fact, there's an estimated one hundred trillion microbes on an average human person. Just in on and a part of such and such a part of us in our normal functioning. There were finding very quickly that their there. Pretty much interchangeable there. They are one with us in as their host. We are kind of one with them yet, like you have fungus on your skin, no big deal right. Well, that's another thing too: we should talk about when people say microbe, it's kind of a

catch all word for tiny yeah, any tiny. Typically you. The cellular life and that's the case here too, but it doesn't just mean bacteria they Human Micro Biome is made up of lots of bacteria lots and lots of different types of bacteria. For example, the mouth may have up to five thousand different species of bacteria, yeah and they're. Not just lays an around in your body like they are responsible for keeping your body in Czech, or you know, sometimes responsible for it being out of whack right, but there are they're all doing something or laying their waiting to do something. You also have a it's called a viral viruses in your micro biome, and they appear to be present to keep the bacteria populations from getting out of control like either there to infect bacteria to kill them. Often they it's kind of like,

there. The lions to the gazelles of the Micro Biome he take away the lines you get too many gazelles. They asked her to star they function correctly. They may even eat each you want to see a gazelle leader, another gazelle, so have lions there in the lions. These apex predators keep the Gazelle population in check and ultimately healthy, paradoxically, same thing with the virus in your Micro Biome, Yemen. We know they ate, like gut bacteria, AIDS, digestion and we'll get to get back to removing their discovering all kinds of things at effects synthesize vitamins when you put in the toilet- and you look at your Boop, which you should do by the way like on a regular basis. How much is it is it half has worsened with a nerd half, so a third to half of that is microbial biomass, not food, no it

deaden living bacteria that your pumping out that have half. I sought then that was kind of mine blowing too it's? It's really need an accurate, especially on a microbial level, To imagine your alimentary system, your digestive system here, as the inside of that is technically outside of your body. You have a whole a trail running through the middle. Your body, that is, that, has to be inside world that technically the outside ear. I guess you to mean the ages to on a firm and yeah, like the of the inside of your digestive system, is technically the outside of your body. I gave her a thousand idea body yeah. It's confusing it is, but once once you head Rapture,

it's like one hand, clapping kind of thing right, just like war. That is neat I so that's. I guess the briefest of overviews of microbes and bacteria, which we talked about ad nauseam on the show ya and our great digestion, podcast. That was one of my favorite ones, and then we already talked about the poop shakes, so the National Institutes of Health. Come up with a plan got some money together and said: let's try and do what the human genome project endless tryin map out the micro, the Human Micro Biome, which is a very tough task, because everyone is different the oil, yet everyone's micro bomb is different, and I do so today it was released Remuneration Michigan, they kind of our He determined there is no such thing as a baseline, healthy micro biome.

A year- and I was one of the goals of this project that was started in two thousand seven- was that to fight to establish a baseline microbe. By nay I pay late. They didn't know what one looked like. They knew that people had tons of bacteria protests alone viruses all over us and in us. But what is that supposed to look like and when you figure out what is supposed to look like, then you can figure out what what healthy one looks like yeah impossibly how to correct that by adjusting this, this microbial ecosystem back to a baseline, but I am not surprised that they there isn't a baseline that it yeah two different, and that does not mean that they can't like learning. And help us out. A lot of other basically saying is you take a dozen completely healthy people and their microbes you're gonna be completely different and there were some there's one huge revolution. N n N

The study of bacteria Crowborough life, yes, that that made this project possible seem at the the human genome, but much more for this is called manage economics. Prior to the advent of dynamics, if you and to study bacteria, you had to find a bacteria that could be replicated cloned cultured in the laboratory setting- and this accounted for just a very varies small fraction of the number of microbes out there once more, So not only did you not have a representative sample yeah, but you all didn't have any kind of anything less than an artificial setting. So, even if you do get these my grubs. If you could replicate him in the lab they weren't can behave. They would in their natural setting, lay on your body. So what

Genomics did was you can now take like a representative sample say, like a clump of soil, or a swarm of somebody's your full and get all of the microbe microbes in there and then basically just do rough skin of em separate EL, the DNA out these enzymes they're going clip coherent frame. Of this dna and then you take it and you put it into words, called a model organism. And a model organism starts to replicate as cells and then each cell displays a certain characteristic associated with a different microbe. So all of a sudden you can start studying the different cells and say oh well. This has to do with this microbe, and this means that this protocol is present and so on and so forth. And now you can get a truly

representative sample of what's in a micro biome, ended without mega genomics like this. None of this would be possible, but now we're sorry to find all sorts of new Neches information, but even new species of bacteria protests, Owen, fungi from the study of this stuff, which is a great thing. It is great thing and will explain. Why is a great thing right? This hey friends as we slowly just to a new normal. We still need to be smart about how we do business and luckily there is stamps dot com to make things a whole lot easier. Yep thousands of small business owners have discovered the benefits of stamps that come in recent months. We have been able to keep their business running and avoid the crowds

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It seems that you should be easy, but it's not just getting out of bed and getting your day started, trying to accomplish everything you need to do in your day that to do list as a lot easier when you're getting news stories and music to lift your mood and preparing for the day ahead connected to the things that make you laugh and make you think or make you want to reach out and share with a friend every morning with us, it's Elvis Doran in the morning show listen to us on cue, one or two or anywhere in the world. On the I hurt radio app. Ok, so back we're back and we were talking about them Micro, Biome project which is being rolled out in phases, the first of which obviously is to get as many though samples vehicle. New technology and basically just get a big reference set by

from now on the table, I go like crawfish boil too, in the hopes of establishing that baseline. Well, not just a baseline, just pay. The cat. It cataloguing everything right with the ultimate goal of seeing This means to our body and how these different things interact so that they put the word out on the street and, I said: hey, we need some volunteers. Do you think you're a very healthy person if so come volunteer and six hundred people who consider themselves very healthy, showed up and said? I am a healthy person here. And they were dismayed to learn that half of them, weren't health media, apparently like over half, were rejected outright and it doesn't mean they're like super unhealthy, just means for the purposes of this they needed the healthiest. Yet

The people in I read that even even still of the ones that were accepted, the two hundred and forty two that made the kite eighty five percent of those people still had to have period, Donald Disease and cavities treated first book and then, but basically they had to be treated for that stuff and then they were deemed fully healthy. But like that, that's how the level of health they needed for this study or that they wanted for yet it surprised me the only got subjects from two cities. I thought it would have been like spread out, but I'm used in Texas in Saint Louis Missouri or where the final subjects came from and they haven't been and they were all white to really there white men, women aged eighteen to forty, I believe, and they were in that they were the picture of perfect health after the Dennis Scat finished with them, while white people

I don't know, but it's not that this has been that the human microbes on projects has been criticized for more just been like you, so you guys got a swab of just these It's a small fragment of humanity? Yet maybe there's so much starting point right. It well yeah because they can't include like every ethnic group and race. Yet when you're just starting out right, ok, but I mean it is surprising that always went with caucasian only so they finally get these healthy people couple hundred scientists. Eighty different institutions, it's a big group, thing: it's not dislike. One university is running the show, but of about a hundred and seventy million bucks to start out with an a bunch of cotton, swabs. Yeah one of em over eleven thousand cottons, while generic cotton swabs, he heard her hype

They they they swathed, each man in fifteen locations, young women and eighty locations, three the locations or in the vagina Mendel have vaginas. They don't, but men have ears and armpits and noble folds yeah mouths yet said that there's a your nose, stool still samples. Yet there there gettin is another swappin. All the moist places right there in the air. They that's exactly right. And not just moist places, but I think that's where you gonna find the gold sure yeah well know it's true, like your forearm, actually is typically pretty dry, but it has one of the most diverse array of bacterial species in your whole. Microbial you have an average of forty three yet people when you hear the signal

they didn't get. The reaction knows well. That's him loaded me because I'm used to hearing, like thousands, thousands of bacteria, not necessarily species the industry, although I think the mouth is gonna top that from what I read member isolate the attic up to five thousand. This is, I believe it, but I think one of our goals here in the goal of scientists is to stop people from by changing the tide of how you even think about the stuff. So anyhow, that I'll be back here in your mouth and on your armpit, dont, think gross. Think awesome well, yeah for the most part, so that the project, I guess, is still very much in its nascent stages

Basically, they they project itself. Yet they are the initial legwork and then they did the second phase, which is sequencing. These things, which again like I just painted the broadest picture of metal generic sequencing. Yet it is one of the most involved insane complex processes. I've ever like tried to understand. It's me complex than the breath. Eliza. Remember that these, like Kryptonite, somehow that was very surprising, gave you know we're Toma goes into a breath. Lasers episode is really deserve complicated, monsieur. I thought there were fairies inside the little box that just pretty much smells like beer, yet most men do not mix is. Is it's better to this kind of under and it like little fairies warming magic than they really dive into it. But the point is this project they have all this data now now they have to sort through it. They have with the problem of big data,

it's just an overwhelming amount of data like trillions of bites of data, three point five trillion basis it is about a thousand times more than the human genome project and at first she like oil- that doesn't make sense for time here. You go. Oh yeah, that's right! We have about a hundred to two hundred times the gene. In our microbiology than we doing just the human genome. So yeah that's a lot of data and now they're, so to figure out how to how to sort through it all right. So I guess after this break, we can talk about some of the things we have learned thus far Sir I'm John Horn hosted Podcast Ali when the sequel on every episode? we're challenging producers, actors and directors to tell us what broken in Hollywood, and how they fix it, here's producer EVA Gouvernail on ending systemic racism, you're, not enough when at bottom one black

that is not allowed to live in Europe. I believe my love like the real world and what haggling. Other problems like keeping Everybody save onset and fixing Hollywood's broken gig economy years, move on producer, Jason re financial pressure too? do less with more in terms of Danes running twelve fourteen hours, six days a week. It wasn't a sustainable model before and is definitely not a sustainable model. Now listen to only with the sequel on the eye, hard, radio ab apple podcast or wherever you get your punkahs over the years has

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or wherever you get. Your broadcasts, ok, we're back to now. I guess we can talk about some of these great findings, some of the newest findings, unless What is clear is it? Well, they certain citizens say seven years old and it seems like the first crop of like amazing stuff started in about two dozen twelve. Yes, after they had categorize things and got like thrown all the crawfish out on the table right, they corn little Corner have you ever done that I have for you, it's good stuff. That's one grew big party there's a place in I'm Buford Highway called the Crawfish Shack. I've heard of that. But

I've been did they do it like that? Do they just dump it on the table when it's all the picnic tables? No, it's in my balls and stuff that, by by its all picnic tables inside and tissues roles, paper, towels and its do that places so good yeah I get you can't do. That is a restaurant. But if you go to a true crawfish boil someone's how home you have the picnic table covered with the plastic thing and you just dump it on the table, and everyone stands around. Like a bunch of animals, pray getting trunk, he became like sucking the heads of crawfish. Might my family you to do something similar to that? When I was little in Toledo, we would eat it. My dear colleague garbage pale stew are you from as it is like all the leftovers? No, it's not like you using trash can to make oh no, I never heard of it over like a flame, ok and obviously use a new trash cans during a brand new one. So I guess when they got a neutral came, we would have garbage.

Fails to anyway a metal trashcan. It was bs. Ok, it was more like a now the plastic. I did not understand it like I, like the large ones right where the old time you once looking to flame you your house. It's I don't, remember wedding cooked it on interest. I don't like it. I and my mind's eye, I can't look down. I can t see to see the kind of the top of it, but play. It was like a Yankee Northern midwestern version of its there's, like like a cabbage in it, and no shirts in like kielbasa and stuff like that, but it was essentially the same thing and you would eat it on like like newspaper, I can't wait to get email through people We did that same thing. I've looked around. I've never seen it since I am sure that the idea that sounds like a thing Your dad is very unique purse in saying that I go back to the project and the findings. One of the things they learned is that period donatists. This is gum, disease,

bacteria or elevated, if you have period on this, so that's gonna. Give you a little insight to. Maybe you can better take care of you. Of what can a backdoor you need in there. What can you don't? I exactly like, for example, a strip the carcass Matanzas responsible for cavities So you wanna take carrier. Streptococcus me can't maintains. The thing is check that, Reading this made me wonder like are we gonna go the other direction now words like we understand that you came Susanna by artists to get rid of everything, but if we identify bacteria, that's like oval that, when giving cavities. Let's get rid of all that in fire, I'm sort of medicine it just gets rid of that right it. It could make things even worse in a whole other direction, like one thing that I say I figured out from this- is that the the Micro Biome appears to exist. Imbalance yeah, like stuff that should make us

Cole. I write Kansas, stripped staff. That kind of thing like it exists, unhealthy persons, Micro Biome in it hang out there, so it doesn't mean that their inherently disease causing for so that they are at their inevitably disease, causing, apparently if they exist in harmony with their neighbours. That's the way it supposed to be, and we can't just root out just ones that make a sick and get rid of those, because I think that I have repercussions but they make it we might have a future where, instead of an antibiotic you take it, you actually take a bacteria that will attack the other bacteria, the bad stuff right or you can write exactly, like that. That is long as we're not intervening in going after a special bacteria, yet we can aid? The bacteria, like you say here that will fight it naturally like by eating some sort of sugary paste,

Tina or probiotics. I mean that's what that is right. Yeah there I'll arrange that I mean that's, that's an issue being examined in more detail thanks to the microbiology, do probiotics work. Yes, apparently the jury, is still out yet again in theory, they should work here, but it depends on. You know whether these things are actually colonizing, your guts and also it. I have the impression that it's like you, don't really know what you're doing when you'd, adding like all these new people, the neighbourhood yeah and because every micro, biomass, so different. Some one probiotics for one person might be great another person. Why not do anything or may make things? I'm gonna get which is another goal. Is the Human Micro Biome project that if we start to understand You know what a colony, maybe there's not enough normal colony for everybody, but what an individual? I'm a colony looks like right. Then you can take blood samples and make adjustments based

typically I'm what you need right there, there d be the end of alarm a suitable drugs. Conceivably another doing a lot of research into how your gut bacteria effects of obesity in your weight. They have found obese mice and transferred micro microbes from their got into skinny mice and the skinny mice gain weight in there's. Type in get back to area and ability, and there are a lot of studies gone on now. Thinking that may be correcting your gut. Bacteria can actually help you help your metabolism. You know straight now, right like they think that the bacteria itself directly informs how the body uses or stores energy is the one that blew me away was there is a type of bacteria that helps that helps breakdown. Milk in humans, oh yeah, and typically

to my God, but as a woman advances in pregnancy, some of it moves down to the vagina yeah and they at first the researchers who founded Why what's the deal with that? And then they figured it out? They think when a baby is born and it passes through the vagina it basically is becomes covered in this bacteria in some of it, and that bacteria goes down and colonizes the baby's guts and prepares it almost immediately to start breaking down. Breast milk yeah, evidently brand new babies are just sponges and, like they're experimenting with cesarean sections to just swab, like after you have the cesarean section to bring the baby out, swap it with with virginal mucus, urine, basically to soaks right into the scan and maybe have the same result, drier swathed their mouth or something like that area.

Another way- and I guess it's kind of related to is with the immune system, parent Lee the Micro Biome acts is kind of like a teacher to the early immune system gear and says like hey: these are the good ones these are the bad ones. Why don't you go home produced some tea killer cells or killer t selves yeah, but not too many And we'll just go ahead and keep the homeostasis going, they basically teach a young immune system how to operate an optimal level, and they found there I engineering mice that are like totally germ free yeah there immune systems have a tendency to go crazy, like will become inflamed in the presence of what our say non harmful. Fungi Yeah Ville, though, become so inflamed that they'll damage the surrounding tissue or they'll have like

irritable, bowel syndrome near or Crohn's disease? They think also is a a flux state of the Micro Biome in the gut so apparently directly impacts the the immune system as well which my friend lends a lot of weight to the hygiene hypothesis yeah. That's that Basically, the notion that here in the West, and even in developing countries, now children We are seeing such a decrease in infection when their when their kids that when they grow up, they have an increased number of allergies. Maybe auto immune issues deaf and dumb Kennedy it play out. You know like it, it's a real thing: like if your slithering, your child, with Piero, you're, not doing them any favours right so they may have asthma later on? Because of that exactly in it? They are big, me they're, coming to think that it's because of the the justice stunted growth of the Micro biome.

Yeah, and I think they found now even they think they have a direct link between your gut bacteria and allergies. So, if you're, if you get hay fever, it may be because of your gut bacteria, and it makes a just uttering complete sense to you, like your body, has exposed to these things early on, learn that there are not harmful and no longer produces anti bodies. As a result of their presence cause, that's all analogy: Isn T a it's a case of mistaken identity. Immune system thinks that Poland, or something is harmful for an invader and in launches you're, you're immune response, critical, some of the other interesting things they found so far. Is that are there, in a single microbe that everyone had in the study, which is pretty interesting in that microbes. Our are most similar on the same site of different people. So, like you- and I have more similar microbes and our armpit, they even there were different.

All right, then you you're microbes in Europe. It has to do with your belly button. You are are more similar than the ones and indifferent places on your body. Yeah, that's pretty new and different microbes can do completely different things like the way you digest food might views, one microbe and I might use another or that same MIKE might have a completely different function in you than doesn't me right too so personalized, it's like it feels like the beginning of like hyper personalized medicine. I think it is in the future. I definitely think is. I think it's also the beginning of a kindly kinder gentler approach to treating disease. All disease like it's entirely possible, especially if you take a brain based view of mental illness,

it's possible that every bit of disease can be cured by by understanding the microbes, even cancer. Apparently they found from this that some types of cancer managed to cloak themselves by king like come? Resin residue from certain types of bacteria and basically sneaking past you're? Your immune system and going in and lodging itself in the cells in high. Economic, creating tumors, but their cloaks itself by getting buddy buddy with certain kinds of bacteria cancer, is a jerk desk. Cancer is a big time to Vienna. We gonna covered it here and there, but I could see more specific answer. My question: are you sure you know what solely

so far we ve done to that specifically got into the micro by and by we never done like a micro by on one thing should come back like a year from now and even more stuff is out and do like the Micro Biome yet seems like they're they're, making breakthroughs at a pretty rapid pace. Yes, so in a year they might every one might be skinny yeah because of the micro, by until they have you seen a picture of liquor, an obese mouse next to like a skinny enormous as mouser. It's pretty depressing has said mouse. Okay, so I will see you here, at the end of next April, God willing for the Micro bio my deal. If you want to learn more about the Human Micro Biome, you can type there, while those words into the search bar has to forsake come in. I said ass. The foresight come so it's time for the listener. Joshua call this response from recreation. It's ok! We got a few

Hey guys, listened to your part castle natural selection and really enjoyed it. I'm a biologist who, as a christian and creation, is natural selection is not, but we disagree on and when I say we I mean most creationism but of course, with every group. There outliers, we agree with micro. Evolution changes occur within the species, not macro evolution. Species developed into a completely different species, which is what most people tend to associate with evolution, the only major differences between creation and ever is that we believe the earth is between six and thousand years old and again excluding outline. And that all organisms were created in their basic form by our God, for example. We believe that everyone came from Adam and Eve who, through methods of natural selection, evolved to the many nationalities we have today same thing with animals. We, leave that a small number of species were created by our God and all

forms we have the day of all through natural selection, so the only main difference that we have with evolutionists is the ultimate origin of species, the areas of evolution that we can see clearly occurring in front of our eyes. We agree with its the areas the evolution is theorize about that we don't agree with. So while there are differences between creationism evolution, there actually more similarities, and that is Eric from South been Indiana thanks a lot Eric very salient point to biologist yeah. I love it when, like experts come out of the out of the woodwork, especially when they're experts with a twist yes and we love refuted and refuting in reading reputations, and will always read these things. Refutation life, that's right! You to refute something we ve said or agree with us or whatever. If he is one again touch about anything, you can talk to us. It s waistcoat, pocket ass. He can to some facebook that conflict that we should know where I'm pinterest

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