Capital. One has a fresh take on banking. Now you can open a new savings account at about five minutes and earn five times the national average, banking, with capital, one means five times to savings towards your dream, honeymoon or five times savings towards your family's ultimate vacation, even five times a savings toward just feeling good. Saving. It's time you make your savings goals come true. This is banking re imagined. What's in your wallet capital, one in a member, if the icy high everyone happy Saturday. This is true, also be Chuck Brian here. Ok such well up your feeling good, because you're about to listen to how the site Terrific method works this from January, two thousand, fifteen and boy. This is a good one. I really loved it because love science around here and we love the scientific method, improving stuff out so check it out. Right now welcome to stop. You should now production,

I heard radios house network looked into the barred test on Josh Clerk, those Charles to reach a prior those jerry step. We should now language its eventual, while no money, like those words, come for out of my mouth when you wake up in them lies in that and you may like slug you in the face she has done We, We need prerecorded some four December as we like to do tat. I'm off at the end of the year and not explain things a few weeks and I realize this by people.

Ask me things like what happened to those stick: butter dear. How now don't ass on even ask me, I could tell you, but I'm not gonna exact with atomic goes in. My house, find your own butter December was find your own buttermilk, the thicket. That's that's a good one and should be a t, shirt ass if he should never find your own butter December's find your, but it might write maybe a snake and butter ISM garland on it yeah. I like that so good, to see again and could be back in here yet is nice to be back in as much as the brake was great am happy, be explained: again. Well, that's good, because if we got in here and you like- I can't do this. I can't do it again. We be in trouble, yeah, yeah, I'm glad our feeling, Jerry feeling good Jerry's, get to thumbs up in a big goofy smile issue of her three times. She looks like Bob from their male enhancement pill. Ed oh, he, the guy, the old man, that's like super above all, com,

All these middle aged. He looked like a camera Bob Dobbs, Typee dude. I think that's kind of who is model that I see the girl super must lay now. I'm thinking of someone different ethnic using energy Colin none in another. Just there some add, there's some old man that looks like really creepy, because from the negative really buff looks like the twenty five year old, no room, were there was like a male enhancement pillar, making air quotes here for erect I'll dysfunction, Well, there go there quite a bit. Yes anyway, like in the early two thousands. I think maybe late nine these, but I think early, two thousand and these Edward everywhere in there is Bob and, like all these great things happen to him because he started take. This pill. I can't remember the name of the pill, but the company I got into a lot of trouble because it was basically like a subscription service. You gave me your credit card. You get this free trial, but then they started. Syn into to you anyway, like next to impossible. They cut off service interesting there,

We want your mail is to be enhanced, so you you ve done, raises doubts. Gonna start asking questions, but why why bother? I will fight with a youtube. I will find it on you to help me Oh bob yeah you well. You want to come back in and recorded wreck right, the gathered on the back of others, pill bottles in my bathroom, so check yes, I don't even remember how we got oh yeah, Jerry did their Jerry's fault, but you remember we did the Enlightenment episode yeah. Ok, we talk to about how there's this guy no firm tug of war over the human side, sure it between rationalism and mysticism. I guess you could you could put it. Why feel like we're? We're talking today about the scientific method, yet great idea by the way? Thank you very much. It's been a long time coming because I realized, like I, don't understand as fully as

where's in science? Understand scientific method be as pretty cut and dried, you're, beautiful and elegant simple, but then you just take this thing and it it came out of the birth rate. It was on their own, you place it into the world and make it function, There's a lot of implications which is being used properly, is being used responsibly like are we putting what constitutes faith into that in early It just raises all this other stuff, and it made me realize, like I, don't understand signs as much as I want so researching this. It was all yeah, and this is a cool episode. I think, because not only are we going to talk about the scientific method, but we're gonna talk about to science, like what is science in general and some of the rock stars along the way who really you know, laid out the path. Remarkably, unlike many many years ago, right like coming up with these amazing discoveries that still like hold you now, you can like hold their feet to the fire for a lot of stuff.

Because, if you come upon a universal truth in It is what it is like you got to be the person who discovered it, because you know you saw it realised that a certain way but millions there already here like Newton, and we will talk about all the stuff, but it's not like now we're like oh Newton. Most of he said was wrong, but that's understandable because it was a long time ago, like his stuff holds up. Yeah, really really. Well. I was wondering if he on his death bed was dislike. Our man. I contributed so much manatee its mind boggling, but I couldn't enhance my male hood. Bout him come on it and so chuckles, let's just quit stalling and talk about science equities sites, Well, I hate the old elementary school defined as but it's a pretty good place to start here to get a base definition of sound. It's, your William Harris did a great job with this. Yes, we hear said a great job here he did

Nancy, intellectual, impractical activity encompassing the structure and behaviour of the fiscal unnatural world through observation and experimentation boom and of podcast. So the first part of that is science is practical and it is, you know they make a good. He makes a bill. Harris makes a great point in here: it's not just stuff, you do in a lab, and it's not just for scientists. It is all about being hands on an active and it's all about discovery and asking questions about, I'm everything is ultimately solved is by someone looking at something in having a question about exactly and then the scientific method comes in when you say- and this is how you properly get to their answer exactly- and he makes another good point two that the the idea that there is a method of scientific method makes it seem like its it. Secret it away I'm right the deep

Turkey of scientists and, like you said, any anybody can use it. It's kind of part of being curious humanist, is not I in any one can use that everyone does use it nice, you just might. And even know that you're using it like? If you I mean one of the examples, these leaders, if, like your car overheat, when you figure out why and fix it, that's the scientific method playing exactly based on reasoning, yeah, ok and deduction, and induction right, there's so much to talk about. Ok, so a slim talk about that definition that you had so the first part is that sciences, it's a practical activity, societies, practical right, yeah, it's it's this on the basis of the whole thing is discovery right. See something you see, birds and fight, and you say where those birds going and if you just wherein, lay down on the ground and went to sleep after that, then but you're not carrying out science. But if you want

find out where those birds are going. You follow them and you start taking notes that that is the basis of Sciences discovery and that's the observational part as well sometimes using a microscope or telescope, sometimes you're using your eyeballs, but no matter Your tool is you're gonna, be watching something and recording, what's called data or data depending on what can a person you're yeah, what he said, I think I say both the data data. I don't think so. I don't think I say data afraid I say data data will go there. You say both I feel like it just comes out of my mouth, one where the other- and I don't really think about it- feels like being amber. Dexterous yeah yeah, I'm a data data yeah, so

What's you are observing the stadium wall there, a couple of kinds does quantitative data with your numbers like your own, if your body temperature is ninety eight point. Six, although I think that's change, we now have yeah yeah. They use lady, like their fewer human being your body temperature. Ninety eight point, six and right, I recognise that are more very soon and area, but any kind of just numerical representation is quantitative. I, whereas qualitative is behavioral. Like I'm gonna watch that bird eat input for the night. Week. Prior of what happens, if I was a slug, do if I put a bunch assault on Diana, don't do that now

really should not do that now. That's awful, but the reaction of the sluggish gathering, qualitative data and, depending on how you talk to their isn't qualitative data and signs that it should always be quantitative because it yeah, because quantitative data is reproducible. Qualitative data is It's not necessarily reproducible. You can observe the same phenomenon but you're, not necessarily controlling it. Ok, I guess I get there but I agree with bill here and that they are both the go hand in hand and neither one is more important than the other we need. Above all, a lot of will do and we'll talk more about it later, because without the idea that qualitative data is acceptable and scientific, you don't have the sauce Social Sciences like they don't exist, yes, good point, but yes, we have quantitative data and qualitative data.

You they're both useful. Ok, it is an intellectual pursued, so you can make object. Actions on data all day long but into You bring reason in this case inductive reasoning, which is driving realisation. Based on your observations, then it's just data sitting there on a piece of paper like it's supposed to lead you somewhere right exactly and so he's Tugela inductive in deducted. In it. Depending again is really weird were things I came across is that there is not a universal agreement on how science is carried out later, not I've sauce. Places where those like there's no place for inductive reasoning in science than other places are saying. Well, you have two sides using inductive reasoning. Everybody seems to agree that deductive reasoning is the basis of

that's right, but that you also have to have inductive. So deductive is basically taking a big, broad, generalization, yeah and saying that it applies to something specific, more specific. Yes, yes, Inductive is the opposite. Were you say I've noticed these different data points, and that means that this broad generalization is true right. You go from specific ceo obsolete it's too generalization and the reason that allow people say well, inductive reasoning, have any place in science is because you're saying those birds over there are all brown. Therefore, Albert

that type or brown, even though I haven't seen every single bird of that type in the world right, I'm saying that all those birds are brown and a lot of people say some place for that and science. Well, if you want to go out and prove that, then that's your business, you know you can't just say that be like, and I'm done right exactly. I guess you could buy now much. That's right, but the way you can use it to formulate have hypotheses sure right see. You can say I've generated all these data points. Put together and see if this broad generalizations right. Ok. So there is a place for inductive reasoning sites, but everybody says deductive reasoning is the basis of science Well Bill Harris. Does he offers a great example for inductive reasoning

with Edwin Hubble of the Hubble telescope. He was looking through the hooker telescope which, at the time at a California Mount Wilson. Is it the one from rebel without a cause? Now that some Griffith Park Observatory, which has been redesigned in what is really cool now yeah meals conical before, but it was definitely like sorted the base museum. The time forgot, oh really, so they ve updated. Those call, though, in its own way, elles need. I used to live near there, so notes car, but that's like the famous one, at least in the movies, yet where they have the big knife fight yeah, there's a James dean statue. There too, I dunno a bust sir. Yes Edwin Hobo he's at Mount Wilson and he's looking through the hooker telescope, which was the this one and at the time everyone. Said the milky way galaxy. Is it that's what we ve got going Did you know this?

yeah. I knew that cause we're talking nineteen nineteen year, not that long, I did not realise this and he started looking through this telescope and said you know what these nebula that everyone says are part of a gap, he looked to me like their beyond our galaxy. Not only tat, they look like they're moving away from us, so he made this withdrew. Inductive reasoning. May this observation but you know what I think there are many many galaxies out there, and not only that, I think they are expanding yeah through technological advancement with telescopes over the years scientists. You know it proved to be true. Yeah pretty cool. So this is a really good example of him. Saying, like I've made some observations and now I'm going to say this broad generalization, yeah right, so these these guys

excess appear to be moving away from me, not another. So the whole universe is expanding. I that's inductive reasoning. He had a pretty brave thing, especially back then cause you're really put your reputation at stake, really a sinner. So what Hubble was what hobbled did was what we ve come to see as science. He made some observations. He came up with a hypothesis and then it was tested later on. It's not you, don't necessarily. As a scientist, A part of a larger collective of scientists? Yes, right in every scientist needs one another. It's why there's journals and in conferences and things like that, the share information and a party in the party in an Hubble came up with his own observations and rather than just experimenting experimenting experimenting himself, which I'm sure he continued to deal. He created this basis of work that probably realise, is going to survive him yeah right,

and then later on. Scientists came down the road and they tested his eye policies and they found it was correct, and so his hypothesis became a theory. It eventually became part of the basis of the Big Bang theory that the universe started as a huge explosion and with its expanding still because worse because it exploded at one point right and they they did that by carrying out tests or experiments exactly so. This is how science works, like some guy backing in ninety. Ninety make some observations in California, we nineteen twenty five. He proposes this brig broad generally generalization in over the next liken suing half a century more scientists all around the world start testing is hypothesis and find it to be true. So becomes a theory well! Well, let's finish up. Your science occur at the last part of the definition is that its systematic and its methodical

and it requires testing and experimental men that requires those experiments in tests to be repeated and verified and is is it's a system it's a way of working things out its way. Working here that as the scientific method, basically yeah- you have your idea, you pose a question, you theorize hackberry, put a hype, This is out there and then you go about trying to either perimeter disprove it yeah exactly and then the way that you go about proving disproving it. That's the scientific method. Everything else is just scientific inquiry. The way you go about the standardized way of going about scientific inquiry is the scientific method and we friend all talk about the scientific method

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judge and a digital scale, and there are no long term commitments or contracts just go to stamp that come click on the microphone off the top of the home page and type in s. Why, as K that stance, I come promo code s why, as K, Stanza COM we'll go to the post office again. Are you brought up a point? I think we should go ahead and just get right to my friend. Let's do hypotheses and theories, one of other thing, to say together. Let me help you do one thing that really change My hide is when you hear Poohpooh errors, of whatever scientific theory say, whilst just a theory and you'd that where was this thing, that you found that Poohpooh that do remember but website that was,

no. No I'll. Do I do I give a shit, don't know imaginative explorer, bulls, yeah, it's like an online university. Basically a free courses, and there is one on scientific reasoning that is just amazing. It's like a huge rabbit hole. You go down and start clicking on the embedded Links in year end up like understanding all sorts of stuff, so go check that one out, if you like understanding stuff right So that's one of the things above me. If someone says it's just a theory, and this does a great job of kind of throwing out the window, because it's basically mixing up the two definitions of theory. Yeah, there's like a cup we'll definition that began his every day that it doesn't really have much to do with this. I advocate, like I got a theory that Jerry our bathroom breaks every day is really playing words with friends.

In the lobby. I think your theories correct, so that's a theory in the colloquial meaning right as far science goes. The theory is not just some thing you postulate say, may or may not be true theories beyond the hypothesis. And something that is strongly supported in many different ways and all there's all kinds of evidence to support something that eventually becomes a theory right. So what you will Your theory about Jerry's bathroom breaks in the scientific world would be a hypothesis fact. Scientific law by ultimately would begin as a hypothesis, a hunch based on intuition, based on the data you ve collected observations that kind of stuff. Yes, where, like you know, you seen, jerry goes to the bathroom fur like an hour to stretch stretcher, frequently she comes back, she's finishing

the game of words with friends sure you ve heard that he's been spiral in the lobby during these times. So you're hypothesis is that while she is gone for these. Our long bathroom breaks, she's actually done lobby plain words with friends right yet basin, knowledge, observation and logical So let's say that you decided to set up an experiment and you experiment it and you went- and you found Jerry playing words with friends five different times, and you told me about it, and I was like I'm going to run at two pyramid exactly the way you did you write. I would test that same hypothesis. If I found the same results to be true, then what you would have come up with your hypothesis would move to basically theory yeah there is is widely accepted thing. This explanation that Jerry is not actually in the bathroom she's downstairs playing with friends. It be the Jerry Bathroom break theory, that's right, and then, if it turns out there-

you find that Jerry spending an hour a day, pretending to be in the bathroom, but actually downstairs playing words with friends. Yet if the universe couldn't exist without her doing that, every day you would have a scientific law. The train- I think that is a good example came up, for example, is it turns out? I guess the point years when you hear someone say in an argument: will that's just theory, just countrymen head and then tell him where we do said the bathroom breaks and they'll say who's Jerry or just just queue up the whole bit and stand outside of their no wearing a trench, coat holding a boom box over your head. With this smug. Look on your face. Are essential we go back and in legal way, back machine a little bit and just talk a little bit about how the scientific method came to be. Yes,

This thing where do you run in this on these days, when he made straight kerosene, perfumes in here. Kill him sorry about that. Trying to go green kerosene is not green. These will maybe I'm choking bio diesel about that. Ok, the Wayback machine Oran French Roguery spell will be fine, How can I get to work on that? I could handle this view, so you visas with the renaissance and the reason the renaissance was so awesome. Sorry, it was because of something else we talked about, which was the dark ages when we remember It's a rationalists disparaging term for this error. That's right, but I think sort of rightfully so because

right before the dark ages. Until about a century after there was not much advancement at all in the realm of scientific advancement, no it's It's true. The tide argue with that. In the reason, why is again, signs wasn't really born yet, and there is a huge struggle between rationalism and Missis the main ultimately we're living in the age of rationalism. Now yet- and we should point out too that this is mainly in Europe or any of the islamic world, as I think we had a listener male point out, there were a lot of advanced ones being made just sort of flying under the European right the time, because some say the catholic Church and it kept science under its thumb for a while, and it said pretty big threat said you know, you can't do this stuff. You can't experiment like this and don't ask these questions

because here are your answers yet, but eventually the renaissance came about, and twelfth century and people woke up and saw some of the work in the EU. World and said you know what may be, let's start setting up on Aristotle and Ptolemy an Euclid at once again there there, like we forgot about these guys, I mean a little. We can have vanished for a while, but did from the West yes fortune we're was still around you know and in its home places. But yes in the west were lost, the roman stuff was almost entirely lost because it was being suppressed by the locals, and I think the greek knowledge was complete. Vanished. Yes, some how's, I'm somehow they got. There is some. We get another listener. Male after the enlightenment one. They said that it was an islamic scholar who was the one who translated Aristotle, rain to latin or something like that, and that without this I like the westward and have had much to start with, because that's where that Bertha,

Nationalism came from us as rediscovery of egg. He can roman classical thought, and this is the basis of scientific inquiry of rationalism, of saying, like ok, there's their set rules, two things and we need to discover these rules How that the principles of how the universe works like there has to be principles, and we need to find this rational, methodical way, am right out of the gate. Europe said ok, well, whatever you say is right, then Aristotle racket were usages. Believing everything without question unlikely Albert Magnus, I think, is who it was our earnest. Who was the eldest Magnus year, Roger Bacon, who said knows Bacon Roger Bacon. Nude two says this great name: Raj Bacon, the Bacon brothers. Here he friends and Roger right. They were brothers, but they were they related at all. You know look that up and I don't think people know either way. I don't think, there's any proof by a lot of people think because of their

aims in the way things went back then that they may very well have been created, and I mean there are separated by three hundred or so years, other Roger was a was a monk, so he would not have had children So if they were out- and it is an excellent point- it was it necessarily through his line. Gotcha could have been nephews something here or his brother Kevin might have the the matched so Roger was the one who said everybody stop. Just because Aristotle wrote something doesn't mean, as fact especially when we find contradictions to it. Yeah, Our cells are automatically right. This is a huge advancement, yet and Albertus Magnus was the one I believe who said you know this thing called revealed truth, which is basically God says this, said of a truth. Found by experimenting right is maybe we should experiment instead and not take this revealed true

as the truth, write em. We mention in that light map zone as well about scholastic autism, about using scientific inquiry to explain theology right which, as you know, is still working from a theological standpoint, bright yours, Sir new scientific inquiry, and they, the idea that you shouldn't six set, things is truth. There was again a huge huge breakthrough, Francis Bacon, the other bacon brother he's one of these. Is this story. Yeah he's an attorney and philosopher and and possibly Shakespeare. Really. I never heard that area the interesting. So what you mean like wrote, those under that a pseudonym yeah and then the chicks. Your sister was the other theory to write a woman. I further and she couldn't like. You know women couldn't be

The playwright, sir, has her dumb brother, William, there's a good right. It was it a brother. I think that was one of the theories. Her there's a good Smith's Anti Shakespeare systems. In the name of it, you wouldn't it a band, you get. What was it? Maybe So anyway, she was a philosopher and a lawyer and he said You know what the baconian method basically became the scientific method yeah. He was the first dude who really said this is how the steps that you should take to investigate science right there has to be framework in the whole point of this that we take this. So

her granted now, because it is so intuitively in on its face right. Yet as far as scientific inquiry goes, but this is an enormous break through to say you follow this step. These steps, this framework and if everybody who carries out science follows the same framework, then science will be universal and interchangeable in any one in the world and not just now, but any time you will be able to carry out the same experiment. And will be able to verify disprove it, and that is amazing that that happen. That's why Francis Bacon, the heroes of the story, and he didn't come up with this entirely on his own, but no was the one who said that this war, gonna do give it a name and going to spell it out, and from now on, you can call me the dad of the site

civic method, yeah and that's why Newton was such a rock star, because he so rigorously stuck to the scientific method and that all these centuries later his you know his systems of laws or they have, the test of time- and I think it's a good point to bring up to that- the collaboration of scientists is really the hallmark of advancement in moving forward it's our working in a vacuum. It sharing your ideas and working with one another and the whole little sidebar here on self area. Thought was pretty cool, which was when science quit or not quit, but started looking at small things, instead of looking at the universe around them in and at the stars and said basically, you now through the advancement of Lindgren, being Antonio Van Levin hook. Specifically that's tradesmen was pretty good at making simple microscopes and Oliver

Contemporaries like Robert Hooks, it you know it. Let's start looking at tiny things right is therein might lie the answer Many many things, yeah right rubber hook, found cork, sir, if he discovered cells by looking at cork through an early microscopes. So in this story, sciences hastened by technological advancement, lens grinding it to make microscopes in this new technologies used to further site. Try yet like mutual inspiration between leaving hook and hook, Leeuwenhoek Hook yet wisely, because hook heard about leaving hooks microscopes yeah got his hands on one or a microscope. Looked at them the cork, instead of their such things, cells right, leaving hooks had of that's pretty neat. Let me try. These and other such a thing is quote little animals which would call protodyne bacteria,

and one of the royal societies after leaving hope presented. His findings turned back to hook and said: hey Hook, we know you're pretty handy with a microscope here. He confirmed Lee hooks. Findings are their little animals said there are. Indeed I can see them with my. I grew scope, that's right and that inspired a german botanist name, mightiest schleiden, to look at a lot of plants, and he was the first guy to say you know what plants composed of cells and he's having dinner one night with his zoologist buddy. Yet this is about hundred years later, yeah Theodor Schwann and said you know it you'd order the wine in order the stake, trust me cause this place fantastic and also plants are made of cells. Don't tell anyone and you you know, I do. I have been investigating animals with microscopes and their made of cells to, and so they figured out at this dinner now that everything is

made of cells. All living things are made of cells boom. Okay, so this is huge. This is a big advancement yet were hitting upon right now, if you buy it laid further foundation, right, YO initial scientific inquiry led to further scientific inquiry and further scientific conclusions. And generalizations all living things- are made of cells and then was extrapolated elsewhere. Right, elect years later, rude off virtual said: you know what not only is everything made of living cells, but they all come from pre existing cells, which was a huge deal the time because people believed in spontaneous generation at the time like a few left. Some way seed in a sweaty shirt with strong mice, I think, was one of them there's a lot of weird ones: press basal between some bricks and you'll, get a scorpion

was one like they were really out there yet well, the one that is well not true, but the one that you can actually see was rotten meat would eventually spawn maggots right how they possibly get their air spontaneous generation. But it's the obvious explanation in if you think about it there working from outcomes, razor and Outcomes razor says the simplest explanation is usually the the right one year. All all of the things given well, the thing is: is spontaneous generation has never been shown to be possible rife if we get the cell thing over here. Let's investigate that. So This was the guy's name virtual. Yes, he's saying: ok, we'll I get this, El theory I'm working on its been around for a couple of decades, all hypothesis problems. So I part this is at the nice catch. Don't feel bad, though, because this article that you sent said that scientists today, like still like confused those terms, yeah just

equally and the other house efforts. Article makes a good point in saying that science and everything that has to do with it is in the scientific method, is very fluid. Yea and open new interpretation here and experimentation. Obviously, but so he says: ok, this cell hypothesis, this a pretty good its explanation for what we now call spending yes generation, he didn't do anything about it. He just put it out there and then along comes Louis Past year, who does do something about he figures out a great experiment to try to disprove spontaneous generation yeah, it's pretty simple to. He basically took a broth but equal amounts into different beakers one had a straight neck and one had an s shape necked. He boiled it just to make sure everything and it was killed and then just let it sit there and the same conditions open

to the to the world and are open to the room like it was a court, in other words, no court. They think they notice that, and with the straight nag eventually became cloudy and discoloured meaning those some junk grown in their near and the one in the S shape neck did not do anything. It remained the same right. So let him to think what, while he thought that in germs that there are such things germs, which leave and hope and hook it already shown here, and that is that in the end shaped flask, they got and trapped in the neck. In this the open neck they had been,

but this inner unobstructed, bright and head generated there. The reason that the S shaped flask was still sterile was because there is no such thing as spontaneous generation. If there were then no as shaped neck would impede anything like that and boom there, you have it, so he disproved that spontaneous generation is a thing right. That's right through cite the scientific month, exactly here's the leap that alot of people make scientists included. That really is a great disservice to size. He didn't prove cell theory right. What he did was take that sell hypothesis and present some really persuasive evidence that it's probably right, yeah, but, like this article you sent points out disproving something is just as important is proving something. So here's the thing: that's the most. You can hope for a site.

Disproving church with science unless you're talking about math with signs there's no such thing as proof, a theory even a A universal law still has the potential for being undermined by one single experiment, one single observation grey and therefore there is no real ultimate proof in science. There's just theories and support for theories right and then ultimately laws a further and further support for laws right right, but they're not proven what science does ultimately is disprove things or lend support for existing ferries are existing interpretations of why things happen, the re do that's what pastured it. So if you look at the experiment, he disproved spontaneous generation, but he lent support to the cell theory, improbable

with his experiment, it went from the cell hypothesis to the self theory right because it was just so persuasive and that's what a theory is a means that a lot of people out there who are reasonable, say this explanation is probably the right one: yeah, it's predictive if you do it over and over you're, probably gonna get the same result right, but that's not to say that. Pasture showed that, if you do, a million and one time right, that they as shape flask, won't turn cloudy here. He didn't prove that you are. You can't prove that which is again. Science can disprove islands can't prove very good point. So right after this message break we're gonna get into the actual steps of the scientific method who here's the thing saving money with Geico was almost better than playing pick up basketball because there's always, that guy who joins your game,

he never passes the rock. He can. Currently bricks theories and who completely You and then put his hands up and say no foul, no foul with Geico. It's easy. Switch and save on car insurance, known, the vacant ankle sprain, because you're absolutely exhausted. So we can save with Geiger it's almost better than speed I did, I guess at long last. We're there, like you mentioned before the scientific method, is fluid and it's not like when you get your science degree Andrew Hand. You a little laminated cars here, like the Miranda writes that cop scary, that you know list. All the different steps you have to take, but generally, Maybe here I would I

should carry those around to make little wallet. Cars of the scientific methods is to carry out a vision. Look on it and make a million bucks a random and sell. And generally speaking now it follows these The first thing you do like we mentioned earlier. Is you observe something you ask a question next, like Darwin was known and when we did our podcast on him to you, it's been like a week on three square feet, of ground. Always property was I even longer than their male member was what he said that he didn't. He was in a most long for, like three years clear line to see who will happen. Yes, here is the ultimate in qualitative data of just observing. Writing things down

and asking questions and the reason you ask your question is so you can narrowed something down like that. I think the example they use in here is on Galapagos, like the beaks of ah, what bird was finches yet Finch birdie notice a bunch of different beaks, so he finally pose a question like me, and I think these beaks are different for very specific reason, and I am to find out why. Yes, he said what caused the diversification of is on Galapagos. You should have done that with an exit here. He would add a british exit. How was he was pretending to be someone else? I think of him, as I gum sounding like Hemingway or something oh yeah, Julia drunken violent kind, but he wasn't it

the opposite of that yeah I saw that the movie ass a picture. His voice says the dude that played him, who I came right now add northern. Now. Finally, sobered man, did you see that great movie? I disagree. I didn't like it in word. While surprises me, we'll get into that off. So sorry, you just through me with that make an observation, yes, he's angle Galapagos ago, like what the heck so that these different think right, one small island: why would there be different species of fish? So, and why are they? seeming to survive and co exist. So well. What would make you that yet then he leads to the question: what making all of these species of finches so diverse, right or bill heresies is

a pretty good example. That's somethin! Everyone can understand like what car body shape is the best for air resistance, like one the shaped like a box or when the shaped like aerodynamic like a bird right and he carries out in the next step, you formulate your hypothesis based on you're. You know for knowledge, and maybe observations like so you know what I think that a car shaped like a bird probably more aerodynamic than one shaped like a box. Yes, you're thinking, if you're the type of person sitting around us, questions about aerodynamics. You probably already have some sort of sense that a boxes Sarah dynamic than a bird. That's right boxes rarely fly. Unless there harry by one of those delightful Amazon delivery. Drowns, they dont have those. Yet right. Don't do that early! There's, like a pizza delivery, drone service, man. I think we're you know. Is it I d etre grilled cheese in New Delhi

go stand on an ax a few ordering like comes and drops it. That is the dumbest thing here and I can't wait to do it over there making a lot of money. That's pretty funny, yet we can't get through to the homeless. Somehow exactly we can drop a girl cheese on someone said they, like you, homes get get off that access ethics Actually I so you're hypothesis of the Grey ever mention is, is typically represented as an if then statement yeah. If you doing good science like the cars profile while the example he says, if a bodies profile related to the amount of air it produces, which is the more general statement. Yeah, that's like basin theory here and it's gonna, get more specific than the car design like the body of a bird would be more aerodynamic than one like a box. So that's inductive reasoning, starting with the broad state and you're going to something narrow and its. If then, at the same time,

and now you have a test, you have a question that can be answer. You can figure out a way to answer yes, and he points out to this is pretty important. Your hypothesis. If its formulated correctly means of this testable and its falsifying, which are often one and the same true, you know, and that's again we go to the people who say that their their soft sciences are real science. There pseudoscience, because a lot of the data that they come up with a lot of hypotheses they come up with, aren't false, viable they're, not testable right, it's a thing: it's an issue is a thing mixed up in the steps, you're, gonna experiment, and when you experiment, you can't just go in there, Willy nilly and do whatever you want. You have to set up specific conditions and they must be controlled. Jackie and you on everything. That's supposed to be identical, needs to be identical

so. Basically, you have two variables at least you have an independent variable, yes, and you have independent variable and if you're talking about car shape that- is the independent variable in this study. Yet I saw on its manipulated exactly yet one year controlling the independent variable is the one you the researcher is controlling. So in this case your controlling the shape. The car right- you have yourself a bird shape car and you have yourself a box shape car, so the shape of the car changed because you made it change now You blast a bunch of air over it during your experiment. Will you measuring- is the dependent variable so you're during what happens. Based the change that you made that right and you weren't you study one single variable at a time. Basically, you dont give fancy distant is do good science step by step. Methodical Jaso

your control group in any experiment in an experimental group, controlled group is It's gonna allow you to compare the test results too, that baseline measurement yeah, and you need that baseline measurement till a pan out. You're not dislike chance. Basically exact like if pastor pasture just done the S shaped neck and nothing happened right. He wouldn't have SARA, been able to say that he was right, even though he was right. He needed that control, which was the open, flask right or with the cars you need. Two cars, like you said: one birds ape than one box shaped writer. Maybe in this case, since the the bird Japan, the Box, she both Chopin Ipods, as you did a third like egg shaped one or something like that, but that would be pretty streamline, yeah, but the key, though, is all those variables had to be on the other variables had to be the same. Like you have to have them, they have to be the same weight. They have to be painted the same.

The tires everything the windows I one can't have aunt and on the other not evolve, they gotta be identical other than the one variable the independent variable that you're, that's the one. You want different everything else. You want the same or elsewhere simple there. Oh well, this one had but bigger tyres that actually made it more aerodynamic yeah, and you just do yourself a favor by all that stuff. Now you know you want to rule out everything else, but that one variable after that you want to analyze your data. So you can draw your conclusion, and sometimes it's can a straightforward and easy, sometimes it takes a lot of work and a lot of various tools. Yes, throw out, let's a year, just blasting Carnea car in a wind tunnel, your measures the wind resistance, using certain awesome instrument in that kind of stuff. In your taking that data and then F,

where you going to analyze you're, going to compare the data that you gathered from the bird shape car the box shape car and then they control the egg shape car. Right, you gonna, compare me you're, gonna, say well. The wind resistance was less for the bird shape car. Then the box shaped car, which means that my hypothesis was correct. Right and here are the data points, whereas Louie Past, or could just say, look at the beakers, exactly don't be an idiot. I'm a scientist that gonna got grow stuff. You can see it, but the other thing about science to doc. Ideally is let's say that egg shaped one turned out the control group. To know to have better when resistance than anything. Well, just by virtue of carrying out this experiment correctly, you would have stumbled upon, and even better aerodynamic design, the Tri annual to come up with that little egg shape, Mercedes Suv,

did. I was so here just like ten years ago, the Mercedes egg coming to a store near you. So that's a big big part of the scientific method is carrying out in a a an experiment controlling the variables analyzing the data and there's a step that he missed. That is very rarely part of a scientific method list that is too share your data, osha- and this is a huge problem with science right now, yet article ISA was really. I opening scientific research has changed. The world now needs to change itself. It's an economist article. It up on the internet. Yells come a scary that it's a mean here, some of the data he points out, One rule of thumb among biotech. Venture capitalists is about half. Fifty percent of public research can even be replicated

and and biotech firm Amgen found that they could reproduce only six of their fifty three landmark studies in cancer research right. So you can't repeat these things. It's like everyone's fighting for dollars in fame and maybe not but to some career advancement sure such that there are kind of not doing that final step any longer, no in its, not necessarily just them. It's the other scientists are going back and saying. Well, let me see If your results are reproducible, people are just taking it on faith right. We need another Roger Bacon to come along and be like dude. We cages blindly accept that one person carried out this one yet study and then just go, do clinical trials on it without anybody reproducing it to see if the results can be verified independently. Yet because in this

time dimension bias. There is such a thing as bias, and it still happens. A scientist is usually out to prove something or disprove something right that they want a specific. Result like, even if your super open minded, you're, probably hoping to disprove, approves thing, one way or the other and you confirmation by Us- might you know, even if you dont Think you're doing it, you might not out some results that don't support your hypothesis rent and so you make it into that awesome journal, which this author points out. That journals need to start putting in what he calls uninteresting results in experiments, or like the stuff? It's not sexy right or studies that failed to show that their hypothesis was correct. Yes, that is disproved

things still need to or not even disproved yeah. I guess it is disproved by yes, like the guy set out to say, like the a red balloon use. Less helium than a silver balloon bright, and it turns out that now there. The same amount of helium well, if their study gets published in put out there into this? scientific literature and helium balloons, then it's gonna prevent some others it is down the road from wasting time money and helium with you remember is increasingly need. Commodity or by carrying out the same experiment. Whether whether the results are positive or negative or what they, the studies meant to be shared and that's the point in scientific method is too to reduce by if you follow it all the way through ideally, and do all the steps, including share your research, whether its happier said then science benefits the word. Benefits and by not doing that the world does not benefit yeah. He points out that

these days. Only fourteen percent of publish papers are cotton, coat, negative results and it used to be like a thirty percent or more and he says cause it's a lot of it. The deal with this sort of you now in these journals and you're. The rockstar scientists in this study is super sexy right like if they can't quit going that route and made it. What it should be, then research dollars would be better spent and people could you know he said the peer reviewed thing, isn't even all its cracked up tat. I know he mentioned the study from a medical journal that gave a bunch of pure viewers some stuff with deliberate where's inserted into the research and studies. Even when they were told that there are being tested defined this. They still missed a lot of it. So yet sciences and a re, evaluate though its carrying out science is not science. The problem isn't science itself. The problem is,

Scientific method is the way that is being used or not followed through and a lot of The deal do with academia and the people funding science again. He said you know these days, her seven million researchers and can the day, even unlike the nineteen, fifty their words like a few thousand, maybe right so there's just a lot of career competition because a career ism, and so you the result or too are you just nudge out some results that don't support your hypothesis. Guess you won the bigger paycheck, the famous notoriety in all the sudden sciences, not science and it's pseudoscience. Exactly and speakers Science, I think we reach the point where we talk about the limitations of the scientific method, because it does have its limits right. Like the way the scientific method is set up, especially if you go through. If you include falsification, which most scientists now say is a thing like revolt.

Viability of your hypothesis means that You have a real scientific hypothesis there if it can be disproven by some starvation or some measurement or whatever thence false, viable and, if its not falsify able, then is not really science. So the thing is for something to be false, viable and it was actually a philosopher that came up with the concept of falsification gaining Karl Popper and nineteen thirties, and he was the one that said like you. You have to be able to falsify something for it to be disproven or supported right and, if not, then its pseudoscience right well. Part and parcel of that is that what you're saying

ass to be able to be detected empirically. There's some way that ass to the presence of it has to be measured, earn furred right, and so a lot of people say will then, with the scientific method. It reaches its that the limits of its current usefulness when it tries to explain the supernatural right when somebody says like ghosts, are real exactly you can't prove that. Will you also can't disprove it either right right? And so, if you are a scientist to says, because the scientific method can't prove or just prove the existence of ghost or God. Yet there is no such thing as go, Sir God you're, making it a leap of faith just as much as the same

and he says science can't prove disprove the existence of go Sir God therefore gods and go surreal right, it's their both leap of faith and that really the most scientific approach to the existence of the supernatural. Whether it is a ghost or God is that we simply don't know and that we cannot know scientifically, and but that doesn't mean that it does exist or doesn't exist right and it saying that science shows that it does it doesn't exist, is by it by definition, the opposite of what science shows. Their science shows, neither it's not capable of showing or showing that something doesn't exist. There good point the other place where science can get corrupted, is when it blurs the lines or when people blur the lines between moral judgments and science a value judgment day like you, can

study global warming. You can study, cause and effect. You can report data, but when you make that, secondly, to say- and this is a scientist- I mean someone can come on, say: global warming bed should drive you suv, that's fine, but a scientist can't do a study and say that because that's that's a valley, judgment and that's where science can get corrupted pretty much right. You can in study, global warming and results. So the cows come home, but you can't assert that if you use this light bulb your bad purse right or ocean acidification is bad. It's not good for humans, but if you're, a jellyfish is awesome right. So yes, again, you made a great point: it's not science, its people using science to make value judgments so ultimately, the scientific method, although it does have its limitation,

in that it needs empirical data yet to prove disprove something it it's not that it's not flawed. That's out a flaw, that's a limitation, yeah and AIDS. It's when its misuse, then it its results become flawed or skewed in that's the people doing it. May not science thrice, pretty interesting stuff you manage a good one. I thought so too man, but it start out with a bang boom, all downhill from here you. I know more about scientific method check out out article on the economist check out explorer bowls, of course check out the scientific method in the search bar search bar howstuffworks dot com and, since I said that, it's time for listener mail that's right, but quickly before listener male we get asked by listeners all the time. What can we do since you have a free pod gas? We can't pay for it. What can we do to help you guys

and one thing you can do- that we would appreciate, is good tents and leave a rating and review for us that it makes a big difference in keeping us up there in the rankings, which means more people find stuff. You should know after they listen to serial, though just say, wall, cheese. There's other podcast in the world What is this guy s? So ratings interviews really help us out and it doesn't cost you anything. But a few minutes, the honest, we're not saying go, leave us some great review, but only the separate review said it untold till one person about stuff you should now. We would appreciate that to turn Somalia under the show and that's it that's our version of a pledge drive they well we go at once every three years now, but not very obnoxious in it. Lest forty seconds so on the listener mail. This is from my sister in law, actually others nepotism

yeah Jenny, Jenny, Bryant. She makes a mention in the home school, absurd home, schooled, her kids for awhile and she sort of correct let the homes going up so guys. One very big trend these days in the home schooling community, is what Abbe my niece does, which is hybrid homes going so two to three day. A week. She is at school and then the rest of the time, she's a buoyant not of land. Thrust on she's a home, so she says it's a great option with curriculum provided and new topic sought at school then worked out at home. Many of these schools are accredited making getting in the college, including Ivy League schools, hassle, free and Abbe School has sports teams homecoming abbeys, actually an excellent volume, ballplayer beta Club newspaper staff, all the good stuff, the flexibility

great for families and we are huge vans and how the hybrid approach prepare students for college by allowing them time outside of class to manage their work and life schedules from Jenny. Nice is actually any be a text. The first listener mail, the attack, seventy print that up and you re type it in front of you? Are you serious? You can print from tax? You d That's copy, pasted to an area forgot about that method. How in the world did you do that with the thought I haven't Two is excellent: at volleyball too I, ah, how are we to get him together? Fewer than one weapon average stern, thirteen so there? Oh, maybe they face against Sheen Atlanta? Yes, usurping, can't you never know it, whereas every she's in.

Well, but they think with following have played all over the stay happy bizarre. If they play too will to see each other at a match on opposite sides of the court are Lydia what else I got nothin else well, like checks give us a review and If you want to get in touch with us, you can tweet to us it s. Why escape? I guess you can join us on Facebook, dot, com, slash stuff, you should know You can email us, restore the cannon we stuff podcast, has the verse icon and is join us at our home on the web stuff. You should know a cop study should know is pretty I heard radios how stuff works for more outcasts Radio I app apple podcasts or wherever you listen to your favorite shut.

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