Hey folks. I want to tell you about the room by seven plus robot vacuum. It features the clean base automatic dirt disposal which automatically empties its own been into an hour and lock bag that hold sixty days of debris in captures. Ninety nine percent Apollon Mould and thus mites so you can forget about vacuuming for months. The time if it's not from a robot, it's not a rumour for offers and to learn more two I robot dotcom, Slash stuff the letter I robot dotcom, slash stuff. Welcome to stop. You should now from house, for example, pay and welcomed the podcast. I'm Josh clerk Canoes, Charles W Chuck Brian, it's just us. There's no producers know guess producers know nothing

say goes in the chair. Why is it whenever we're in this room? Just the two of us? I go back the like elementary school or middle school and feel like we should just start drinking whisky or something that weird yeah. I guess Jerry kind of provides a good teacher like Presence- and I guess not who is kind of like a substitute teacher like present, so I didn't ever have urged to drink whisky in elementary school, but I can see where you're coming from it, but it was eight before I started for me at a dreadful college, but now it's just stir, and neither of those Jerry or no or even she's some weird thing about the Peter leaving the room after all, his ears and still, I can't write and need to act up right. My thing where more toward paper airplanes in bright

out the pint bottle whisky. I haven't my sock again. I didn't even drink until college. Of course, I wasn't doing manage, probably started joking around and I know what you mean, but today's Chuck would hit the bottle right. Actually, today's shook his all business because I hate to tell you this body, but you doing your job right now: we both are khazar job to podcast. It's funny during the M, the Emily and Chuck Pre Oscars many crush show it was kind of dragging on she's like the starting. If you like a job, I think this is my to have a job the job we say we talk about it like cops talk about their jobs, jobs were real real pot castors the job member that show the wire you ever heard of it now sure I'm just getting we ve talked about before I remember they. They called that one cup real police

yeah real police, I care member name yeah. They should a lot on that you yeah, but they mostly talked about one officer in particular. This release. Trying to think of you lose your part gaster right, Agar love it. So, let's start real podcasting is this? Will be a stinker, no I do not. Actually, it's actually really do you know why he it because it has the hallmarks of a good episode, Emily, I'm an appeal, the curtain back a little bit for everybody Chuck who one of the hallmarks of a good episode at least of stuff you should now is that there is, controversy associated with something even where there doesn't seem to be, and that there are people who are either getting screwed over suffering being neglected, hitting abused. There is some group

people who the rest of the world are really thinking of her who are suffering at the hands of other people and this this. Actually, this episode has all that. Surprisingly I'll. Let you guys guess where that stuff comes are so we're talking about false positives and hears what that is, if you ve ever been to the doktor, had a medical tests done generally much generally, always you will get one of four results. Yap component. True positive and remember when you're getting a medical tests back positive is negative. Usually means bad new positive is no good, they don't say I have news. I have good news for you. Your results are positive.

It's a little bit of a mind trick that you need to perform. But positive, is you have this condition right? It means that the the test that that search, more condition found a result. Yes, it is a very firm is yes right! that's it should say, that's a true positive right yeah. Then you got a true negative, which means you dont have this, however feel like me, or probably you and most people. You say it's good news, but I sure like to get it confirmation on yeah. How do you know? How do you know the guy been? You can get a false positive, which is what we're talking here reaches the, say you have this condition like. Let's say you have cancer, I'm sorry to tell you, but you don't. It turns out later on, which has great false positives or come over there? called the newly lease life result right. The Daphne Comin out of time result

and then the worst of all, probably is a green. I gave a great man, I'm glad you said that, because this this article is walked right past. That fact yeah that means result say your fine, but it turns out that you're not yeah you're sure toast. So whatever the late and not even get avocado test, your bad breakfast for Haiti vaguely terrible stuff what they really cheap slice cheese No, nobody would want to eat. What's what's the opposite of a lease on life, tat result early death, sudden early death. Out of the blue, although there is something to be said about that about you, not knowin right is, or by a mere just fall over dead. That's not necessarily the worst weighty go yeah. I guess I was thinking more in the play on words of instead of a new lease on life, something to do with renting in your landlord, so an old in

I will figure this one later and dump it in way. What's a colony, get kicked out of your report out an old eviction yet death, if you did it Chuck man, so those of, if you take a test at the doktor, there's a for possible, resulting DR what's really interesting here, and this is something that you are going to want to remember and after you hear the rest of what we have to say. You really gonna wanna, remember this, but when you hear something like this test that I'm about to give you is ninety nine percent accurate. It doesn't mean that if it comes back with a positive result, this as you have this thing, It doesn't mean there's a ninety nine percent chance that you have that it just means that when they say a test, is ninety nine percent accurate that, if, if you do have

disease, there's a ninety nine percent chance that this test will catch. It. Ok, yeah huge difference between those two things here: ok, that's step one! So really what this is saying is that this test doesn't let very many false negatives get through and if you look at the numbers, this is how that works out. If you have ten thousand people chuck and they they take a test- is ninety nine said, accurate and in this is so ten thousand people and they ninety nine percent of don't have this in its a dining I percent accurate test. There's going to be one hundred that come back positive out of ten thousand ok. Ninety nine of those positive results are going to be true. One is going to be a false negative kay ok. Ninety nine hundred are gonna, be negative. They're gonna come back negative.

The eight hundred and one are going to be true negatives, but ninety nine are going to actually be false. Positives right, the guy- I know this is really mind. Anybody, if you, if you take the numbers like this, that means that only wine out of nine thousand eight hundred and two people had a false negative. So that's a big deal, as you said, The big daddy, that's the one you gotta really watch out for yet ninety nine out of a hundred and ninety eight are false positives, which means that Ninety nine percent, accurate test, has a fifty percent chance of giving you a false positive. If you come back positive, could I just not even if at any time now, I think it's funny that after ten years Don't tell me that you have to true talents. One is explaining extremely complex things in a very easily digestible way ahead, for the other is completely confusing me

combating well, this is very confusing stuff I mean is that to me this is Beijing statistics, basically that, while the point of all of this is that, first of all, if you'd ninety nine percent acreage test comes back, the says you have something the media over ninety nine percent. Chance of that you have it get very important number one number two. If it does say you have it, there's a fifty percent chance that that tested wrong. Even if it's a ninety nine percent accurate test, ok, that's it big finger. Remember that if your doktor doesn't explain that to you, you punch Imre him or her in the arm. You say: you're not doing your job fully, because I'm scared buddy you. I just got a positive result, and I'm scared out of my mind. So if your doctors, I can come for you, hopefully Beijing statistics will endorse enemy, go look! It up your ass

because I'm sure some one else on the internet can explain it better than I can. Perhaps Mr Billy Bays and his hosts statistical model was he character, Mailros Place, and so you simple clear our aid. So with medical testing period like he said, if your doctors not tall needed whittwood. Any test that you take. Not all medical tests are created equally summer, really accurate, some aren't as accurate as they want us to say, so they could be there as accurate as they can be, which is say, maybe not as accurate as you would like. It to be sure, but you really need to talk to your door you're it, hopefully their offering this up anyway, like hey, what's the deal with this test? How reliable exist? Do I need to get a second test because the whole thing with false positives and false negatives, and even true posit The negatives is: there's a bunch of debt,

reasons why follow up testing is both good and bad like sometimes these procedures, like the follow up, isn't like a pinprick. Some This is an actual surgical procedure that you may not need the times, and we get into these more specifically, but there's expense involves a lot of times. You dont, you didn't need to spend that money, but you know it's hard to say because you, be your own medical advocate in and spend whatever money you can to ensure that the testing is is reliable, and then there is things like the time that it takes between these things. Like alright, we'll see you we need to follow this up with a another test but it's gonna, take three months to get you in the meantime. In those three months, your stress an hour you're up all night. You can't sleep, your sex

I was out the window that somebody silly thing to talk about, but it's a real thing, especially when you're grownups, like us, yeah it's important, but it's it's yours study from two thousand nine has granted this little old, but it's from as a family medicine and when it came to test for prostate long, colorectal and ovarian cancers. They found that positive, false positives after four tests they did test, I think, either for test or fourteen test after four test, yet about a thirty seven percent chance for men.

The twenty six percent chance for women for a false positive and then the more test you got, the more that went up which is distressing. It is something like a few had fourteen tests, all fourteen of the tests that they studied. You had a sixty point, four percent chance for men in forty eight point, eight percent share for women of coming back with a false pause. It is again this isn't just like its yes, you have a new lease of life on the other side, but studies have shown like these getting a false positive result from attested it can be emotionally devastating and can have an impact on your finances if you're screws Mc Doctype, whose only moved by the idea of money. Why injure physical health because of stress yeah, because it I do not addicted demand which, in the time, just because your stress eating the whole time, so that's not good for you. What was manage Mammy too, as I can sloppy Joe

starter. Ok, I know it's a meal and brought while it's more than me say, which is a sandwich but a matter which is a meal. Oh that's right! I got it and he felt no it's more than a meal, even conceive. A grey than the ads prove prophecy, set up the financial cost like your time. Scrooge MC duck forty they did another study of about a thousand people, and this was in December, two thousand for the issue of cancer epidemiology biomarkers in prevention, that is, ITALY, G8 Journal justify the title overture away and then it says an and wake boarding more than forty percent of participants had at least one false positive. Eighty three percent of these people went on. At additional care at a cost dollars a thousand dollars

for women and about eleven hundred four men. So that's not chump change. Now it's not end How do people say? Whoa cares. I got insurance well, healthcare spending is kind of a problem in this country, there's apparently in two thousand and five, the National Academy of Sciences Big shout out to them. They found that there was thirty percent of healthcare spending was wasteful in the United States, thirty percent in two thousand and five, and the idea of that gave rise to something there's a campaign called choosing wisely have you heard of that now? So it's a campaign called choosing wisely? They have a site called choosing wisely dot. Org is a joint effort between the American Board of Internal medicine, so it's physician based and consumer reports and their base saying like there are a lot of unnecessary tests being performed.

There that are leading to these unnecessary surgeries, unnecessary expenses, unnecessary anxiety, and we want to figure out what they are and we want to start advising people against a moderately. Advising doctors to advise their patients against some because they be unnecessary, and so this campaign has really kind of had a big impact is old. We'll talk about it, albeit in the idea of breast cancer screening, has changed the recommendations of change from what I understand from this choosing wisely campaign as a really kind of two shifted things from well. This over abundance of caution be harmful to. Actually, there are some harms involved in it over abundance of caution. Let's kind of streamline our caution in

make it a little more laser focused treating a break. I will take a break in o o hit with a staff right out of the gate. When we come back to, hey everybody, its Josh and shock your pals and get this for the new episodes of stuff. You should know we're going to have a little help from Alexa hello. It's me election

I know a lot about what you're looking for no, not yet Alexa, not yet now for new episodes, she'll be charming in with stuff. You should know like this. The pitch of some crickets is so closely related to the temperature that you can use them as a thermometer, or this more than twenty universities, including Oxford in Cambridge, were founded before the Astor Empire and are still in operation today so tune into the latest episodes of stuff. You should know for stuff Alexa thinks you should know, hey you, wanna do or more sure Alexa the king COBRA is not strictly speaking a cobra. It also makes a noise like a growl or a bark instead of hissing barking cobras, who knew Josh the king COBRA is not, strictly speaking, a cobra

an elixir thanks for telling us some stuff. We should know any time I love to talk about stuff, or so before, break your talking about breast cancer and mammograms in particular, and the study of you hours ago in twenty fifteen. Two dozen fifteen two zero one five year about false positive mammograms and breast cancer over guy over diagnoses alone, at four billion dollars a year billion. So it's is just such a fine line of striking the right note, with preventive care,

then over diagnoses Yang, whose here's the problem like the tests, it's not like they are not out there. Saving people's lives yeah They think that people like a doctor, Papa Nicolaus, who came up with the pact's Mere said our men it can be like a cash register for western medicine right. That's not with these tests were designed, for fortunately, they are used in some circumstances like that improbably more circumstances than that their used again. Out of an over abundance of caution, because no doctor was to be responsible for missing something in their patient the end in the leading to their patient dying, so they're using is over abundance of caution. The problem is that the tests are aren't a hundred percent infallible. They do have they. They do have accurate

problems and some tests are better than others or another way. To put it, some tests are worse than others as far as false positives go and it take. The pap smear, in particular, with the pap smear, looks for Pre k Through cervical cells right three vote. Three million women in the United States give a positive, perhaps mere result for mothers in every year, only three most of them, have a deadly cervical cancer and that forty percent of women will get a false, perhaps mere in their lifetime. Here's the thing four thousand women die in the? U S every year from cervical cancer, most of them did not have a perhaps mere or hadn't gonna paths we're in the last five years. Is a really does it there's a tough relationship between using the tests and in an over using the tests and forever

say. I think two thousand women who undergo a mammogram. One woman's life is saved while those, two thousand women, they did know whether it was gonna beat whether they were going to be the one whose life was saved or not so that to them or to their doktor. It was worth it. Unfortunately, too. Hundred of them will give false positives: None of them will undergo unnecessary surgeries, painful unnecessary surgeries to remove non cancerous suspicious cells in their breasts so there's this idea where, yes, we need to use these tests and then there's all This idea where we need to use these tests better or come up with more accurate tests yeah. I mean in particular mammograms and screening for colorectal cancer or to the big ones. They can show a lotta false positives in their sort of under the microscope as to how we can correct this

moving forward. For instance, mammograms correctly identifies breast cancer. Eighty four percent of the time. However, if your younger of your younger women or, if you have very dense breasts, more likely to have a false positive, and so because of this over the past, like even ten to fifteen years, they ve changed the their recommend recommended age, a few times for who win win! You should start getting these mammograms. It's gone from. I think thousand nine they recommended between fifty and seventy four, then I think it went down between I think you and all the way down to forty at one point: forty was where it started. I think started than up to fifty right and now. I think this is the latest. As of a few years ago, the icy american cancer society said

if you are an average risk in this, probably how they should do it and not just a sweeping age. But if your average risk you should see at forty five annually, but you could begin his earliest forty, and I would guess that means if it, if it runs in your family, right and then after fifty five every other year, like em, is mine and my mom. Both I went through breast cancer visa Emily. Started getting mammograms. I think it's that maybe even at forty, because she was in the higher risk group right, smart, yet, and there no fun to go through, but ie is having Emily as a good head on his shoulders, as far as sir advocating for herself, but also not going off the deepened yeah? That's Emily, like through and through

like she's, like he's going to sit there be like I would ever you say doctor if she's like that, actually doesn't sound. Quite right should stand up for yourself, he ever sure advocating for self it's important. That is. With mammograms chuck from what I've seen nobody saying well, this is a kind of x ray, so you don't want to build up in the radiation that doesn't seem to be the problem with over use of mammograms. What seems to be the problem is that they That well, a mammogram is an x ray and the X rays handed off to a radiologist and they apparently herb like eighty per eighty four, some high eighty percent effective at finding cancers tumors in press looking at an image of abreast him, this trained human being can say yet there you go right there circular initial it go follow this up. The follow up is it.

Results in a biopsy, usually a needle prick biopsy to remove some of the cells those are examined, and if those come back as suspicious, I doktor my say: we need to get those cells out most of the time, those art, actually cancer cells rights still being removed surgically, which is painful, costly and can be a problem. Emotion. We too have to go through that surgical procedure to have cells removed that you didn't need to have removed. That's the that's the problem with with mammograms as far as getting them, frequently and supposedly between ages. Forty and fifty a woman has a fifty to sixty percent chance of getting a false positive result from a mammogram man, I mean a sixty percent chance. Yeah and again, no one saying oh dont get me

My grandmother was, it is totally screw you up it's more like medical community. We leave a better way you to find to keep an eye on breast cancer. I mean they're trying a sure they are. Of course they are in colorectal. Cancer is a perfect example. Is he second leading cancer related deaths in the EU That's right now was you say, you're, a hundred thirty, two thousand seven hundred new diagnoses and two thousand fifteen, and one of the big problems with colorectal cancer is, did not a lot of war crimes in a lot of people, but I think about fifty percent of people doubt follow on a recommendation to get a colonoscopy because they don't want to get a colonoscopy yeah. So I assume a problem. Have you got one of US

not yet now have neither I'm really really now looking forward to it, and I was researching it today and is almost fainted like three or four times while I was reading the procedure about the procedure near its hard core man, there's like a finger with tube that they stick in your anus pasture rectum. Up to your call in the sea, see some, I think it is which is the top of your Cohen, which is basically where your ribcage ends on your left side that you see some. They all the way up there and it has like a camera and a light on the end and basically what their due is visually inspecting the inside of your colon. If they see something that they find suspicious, they can put Forceps through the tube in taking a sample of it, and they just you know, come on back. Normally they, though, give you a sedative for this. They also give

You, I can't remember the name of the drugs by a basically makes you forget. That has ever happened like you could prevent you from forming memories during the procedure. But most people don't want to go through this, even though its extremely effective it finds like ninety two percent of colorectal cancer. From what I understand gets amazing, with like all the advances of medical science there there literally saying The best way is to really just get up in there and take a look this German up there, you know get up there, however, they do have some because, like we said about, fifty percent of people won't even get a call. Ask me when recommended They have other test now they is accurate, but at least there

least they're trying to get it another test on the table for people that are reticent to have the to duck up there, but right and some of them work. There is this one called COLA Guard from Germany yeah they they have of accuracy rate of Ninety two percent- none of this one is oh wow. I Coca COLA Guard was ninety two percent. If that's how because I'm sorry, I'm a spoke earlier, the the colon ass could be catches. Ninety four percent, so this stuff that you just, open new, a cop, a mail it in some poor schmo tests right. That's ninety two percent, that's really great! Well, it's not not quite is showed ninety two percent of the cancers at a coal and ask if he would uncover okay. So that's not ninety two percent overall o o,

I got to write it still pretty good right, but it has a high false positive rate of thirteen percent, which I mean, if you think, a tube up your but will make you a rectum pucker, so will a false positive of coal. Rectal cancer, yet the german one other that might be german Jupiter and other German. Ah I see this as a german study about stool tests and that's when you literally just looking it at trace amounts of blood in the stool while some do that had accuracy all over the place. That was from twenty five to seventy two percent, which mean that such a wild swing gripe that I don't know if I would offer one of them, so one of em, of some of my sister Polly most look for blood in the stool, some eggs, some look for dna or genetic material of cancer. In your speech, another one looks for chemical changes of a certain Jean that's that could be present in your stool and by still, of course, him improved by the way

anybody and they analyze and for this and again they're pretty good at catching the stuff, but there also pretty good at giving false positives so that there is a great the idea that we can catch like ninety four percent of colorectal cancer to call an ass could be, but fifty percent of people who need what don't go get it could hear such an awful procedure. They, like you, were saying at the outset like that begs for it something new you I take another break yeah, let's go prepare the finger with tubes, We'll talk about drug testing rancher. This look get a everybody. We want to talk about

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thirty day, audible trial today in your first audio book, is on us to get started. Just visit, audible, dot, com, Slash S, why s k or text S why S k too far? hundred five hundred right, We ve found it on mostly medical testing up into this point by if anyone's ever taken a drug test, there is always the risk of a weird false positive. You can be a clean, liver and still get a test. That said hey. It says here that you smoke marijuana Neil. I did, I had doubt and have never smoked marijuana and then you have to plead like basically every athlete ever this test deposit for anything says

I didn't do a man's false positive, like whatever stoner, but it does that's like the same thing with my twitter. Account was hacked like real every time something awful came out on your twitter feed, someone hacked it yeah, but twitter in does happen and true. False positives and drugs has definitely happen. Yeah depends and what you ve been doing like if you are using it as a prescription, medicine or even some over the counter medicines. You can come up with a false positive on a drug test says between seven and fifteen million people a year in the United States, get a false positive dragged us. That's a lot can think about it. When you know if you are applying for a job and you go, do the drug tests and you go home and you hear that you got passed over for the job I dont know if they tell you that it was because you failed you jog tests, and even if they do they're not gonna, be like well

We want to hear your side of the story. Mr candidate numbered nine hundred and twenty seven year. You know they they, like you, just use, is also. The job of a false positives. You lost out on a sport scholarship. You lie stout on, I don't know getting too deliver meals on wheels who knows but you're going to miss out on something because of a failed, test. When you didn't do anything. You ve been a straight error. Your whole life, but again you didn't you. You made the mistake of not keeping up with what prescription medicines can give you false positives, yeah and here's the thing parents, if you drug test, your kids.

I'm not waiting on that one way or the other, but if you drug test your kids and they returned a positive test for marijuana and they say mom, that's because I was in the car with some people who are getting stoned. That's how it showed up. It's not true. I hate to break it to you, but that is not you will not. I don't think you can ever get a false positive for wanna from secondhand smoke, bears this out your cue to burst into tears and grab tied and go tat. I knew you and Mr Lehne and tides winking at that it breaks and worthwhile and winked at the camera, Ferris Bueller style, yet Todd stoked they did can remind me look as is said here that cocaine is one of the drugs it routinely do not come back with a false, positive or a false, negative yeah, it's kind of on the money. That means they have again.

Test for it well yeah, but I color at that made me remember that old thing I used to hear that, like whatever percentage of dollar bills has cocaine on it, and I thought that's totally not true and one of those things even in school, but I looked it up and apparently that is totally true doses, just a few years ago in New York City by in why you, when they found the eighty percent of dollar bills, had trace amounts of cocaine. Yes, some ridiculous amount of euros due to yet not just cocaine like those of morphine heroin and math and lower quantities, and then all manner of disgusting gross things, Johan on paper, money right, which apparent people are using to roll into tube and sticking into their nose to ingest drugs with not were but kind of always have. So, so the idea that you confine drugs on money, have you heard that they're they're, like local law,

around the country and the United States. That say that police can confiscate money as drug money if they tested in it turns out that there's drug residue on it but sensory, its eighty percent of money, yeah well, yeah, not to cool. What are some of the other things that can give you a false positive. Aside from just jamming dollar bills in your nose, so the member that sign were, I think a lane was supposed to go Peter Venture, but she got to get this invited because she turned up positive for heroin, but it turns out that she was eating by eleven poppy seed muffins every day. That, apparently, is true. Although this article or house works article gets it wrong, so the poppy seeds don't actually contain oak but when you're harvesting the seeds opium can rub off onto the seeds and governing from people. There were doing opium done enough.

So like their harvesting opium from the poppy at their harvesting seeds later got into the seeds can come in contact with opium residue from the poppy plant and then, however, well there processed or not processed by the time you eat them, then they have. They might have a substantial amount of opium on the outside of the shell, which will show up in a drug test. Crazy Seinfeld is correct. I felt was correct, apparently Ibuprofen can come back with a positive for marijuana, barbecue, its or Benes pennies, and that was Jack, Kerouac Drug of choice, one of several years. The various it, but he really I mean I remember him right about the Benes Alot there. That's how he wrote that book in, like forty eight hours Then. Here I learn like one long scrolling piece of paper: that's what I've always her bit.

Last time I heard that I was like twenty years old, so narrow looked into it, since I think it's true I'll think about it. Jack Kerouac closer some some o d c called analogy. Medications apparently can result in part a result, buzzard test for like amphetamines It's crazy yeah! Well, you know they're like like. If you're making bathtub crank, you can use Suda FED. Yes, like precursor or an ingredient in Tis Crank. That's why you're only like to buy like one box at a time with a driver's license in such a seventies. Well if you're, using over the counter, Suda FED to make sure your methods crank it's great. Tonic water. Surprisingly, apparently quinine contains a little bit of the real quinine which is the drug. So here's the thing,

I looked into this. I could not figure out why quinine would result in a positive test for heroin. She was why I took you ready for this. I'm ready, cuz, you know gin and tonics are my jam. Okay! Well just be careful because does contain, sometimes like eighty three milligrams of quinine in it. It was a malaria draw great well back in the thirties, supposedly heroin dealers started adding quinine their heroin too. About malaria, that the urban legend. It turns out this not the case at all, but quinine, Lee interacts with heroin in a way that kind of boost sit in it. Also more to the point: mimics heroines, bitter taste, so somebody would tasted the heroin and what they Casey was quit I'm, but they thought they had like some dynamite gag on their hands. So is really just kind of to take terrible junk and make

seem like it was much better by adding quinine apparently has been going on for so many years that they that drug tests test for quinine, because they Consider that an indicator of the presence of heroin thing. My big takeaway is here. Is it when I'm not goin on I've heard both? Ok, that's you take away? I was laid down go well My deal is lately. I don't have been buying. I've been buying the real deal. Tonics I favour tree. I hate to use the word. Artisan tonics I should put a pin buying the artisan tonics, because their delicious and I've really embraced bitter as as a taste that I can enjoy now near here. My late forties of never liked better at all, but I'm kind of have come around to a little bit. It is like that the definition of an inquiry.

Tastes, isn't it yeah? But now I really like it, and you know these these tonics it they make her like them. From the real, what's the route, Jed Ginger, what chinchilla titular Shin Jonah is its in China. I believe, Sir yeah and that's actually the key ingredient right. Yeah. From what I understand it is the key ingredient donaghmore, I'm not an artisan tonic Miguel Judge and Joan of ARC, so is, I I don't know That's the key ingredient. If that's one of em, there's also like in white Willow, something in that like an ingredient now for it, is also entirely water yonder. Now I enjoy it, though, in its it's, the thing is you dont use a ton of it. You just use like an ounce and then some club soda or whatever you may have our artisan soda water. I see what you say, sir: you using artisan like tonic, not with any kind of fears you're using like the tonic, tonic,

yes, so wild man, that is that's hard. Corded seals, a dark brown. I gotcha and you poor that in like a couple, ounces again an answer that and then top it off. Some soda water given against shake man. That sounds great what's really, and has an item overdid that should come on over that started. Jenin tonics ease and early this year, that's great, just not good. No, it's great as yet, and I got its great artisan tonic made from doomed goats. They have some doubt they have it us a one kind downstairs at the. Eighteen, twenty one there, the bitterest placed yeah like there's, okay, but then there's another one in every devastates it. I think I like there's a little more. So is there like a specific tonic or just like the general tonic, that they have

Well, at the one in Amman, they'll states has one called dry tonic and one called robust tonic, and I think the robustness as a little more limp lime citrus, but that they're both delicious ahead at this stuff in nice, work Chuck Tryin. Yes, your clear of the drug tests, but pretty sure they're going to start in instituting omit stuff media any day. Now you have only drug Testa ever had take my entire life was when I went through it. The adoption process yeah. I remember that never had to take one firm for work or anything. Nor have I owe you made I think we're in the minority. You never had a driver, Bobcat Borg, I did, but they get a guy work, couldn't care less. Here's ensure did the tea, before we go till you got anything else, you going to be all right there before we go. I found one test that is just supposed to be, as it seems to me like it's the gold standard for testing today

these green and it's called the enzyme linked immunity, Orban, essay or LISA. I think we talked about in our age ivy to partner and that this is how this test is performed. So you get this one screen the Elisa screen. If it comes back positive, a second Elisa screen is performed if that's positive, a separate test it uses an entirely different technique is performed. All this is in the lab before you ever hear your results, and that means that one in the United States, one out of two hundred and fifty thousand tests, show a false, positive. Well, the measles Point zero: zero, zero, zero, zero, four percent chance of returning a false positive that that is a bomb task. Yeah yeah! That's all! I got a gun at them, gotta go choosing wisely dot, Org seems pretty interesting to me.

And in the meantime, about some listener meal. You're gonna call this a from my mistress weapons class This is actually from Mr Schwab in another class, but we're gonna shouted his class and hopes that he starts incorporating this into his glass guys, love the show and walruses. The german regarding reproductive isolation or reasons why different species dont mate, I've taught biology for several years. In evolutionary biology, is always my favorite unit member when we talked about reproductive isolation in the alley, what other different types of like how back how that would manifests itself? I remember so. He says there are several types of reproductive isolation and geographic isolation is one of them and here's little breakdown, geographic isolation. When species of indifferent geographical

since our regions, ecological, like isolation, that same region, different habitat, ok so This aim there in the same big city, they just dying out the same clubs, different neighborhoods, different events gotcha behavioral behavioral. I was having trouble with Edward Isolation ones He sees mating behaviour won't work on another. For instance, a peacock won't attract a chicken right gives the peacock Kate do ya know what is the peacock say, help traffic temporal isolation same area but bread at different times. And echoing everything from the season to literally the time of day. That's called two ships passing in the night, reactive isolation and that's like like morning, sex and airlines like shut up only like to have sex at night when I'm drunk

then there's domestic isolation. Mating can occur, but Sperm and Egmont mix. Now not you again, and he says in this case- is usually the egg releases attacks and the kills the sperm quit. I and finally, he said my students, favorite type of reproductive reproductive isolation, mechanical isolation, sure that's when the part stop it just wait. Homelike skimming second canoeists, nothing, he says, think Square peg round, Sure that's a really good way to put it way better than what I was saying so there have a guys all the types of reproductive isolation, now you know and knowing is half the battle gee I Joe nice job. Stop believing or whatever journey lyric guides your life that s room. Mister bared Sweetman, thank you, Mr Schwab, men of the editor C h

What is its Whiteman is just Redmond, but I acknowledge that Mr Schwab, Edmund after college shipment. You know Mister Redmain from PS one twenty, two right exactly this on doing well. Thank you very much. Mr Sweetman inside got around the first time, but Chuck said Behavioral wrong, so we I could never say that right if you want to get in touch with those, especially if you are one of the fine teachers instructing America's youth or any use of any country round the world, because we think everybody's great, you can t tell us where it s why Ass K Pod cast. I met Joshua Clark, chucks at Facebook, dot com, Slash Charles of each up bright, he's also on Twitter. At movie crush you can send a solid email to stuff podcast. A house therefore stuck up and is always and is that our home on the web stuff, you should know dot com for more or less and thousands of other topics. Housetop works, locker,

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