From the New York Times. I'm likeable borrow. This is the today. In testimony before Congress, the chief executive of Boeing said if we knew everything back then that we now we would have made a different decision, so what did Boeing executives? No, and when do they know it's Thursday October thirty first so Natalie

The past six months. We have been talking to you about what went wrong with Boeing's seven thirty, seven max this jet that crash twice basically back to back over the past year and both times killed. Everybody on board remind us what you have uncovered about those crashes up until now. What went wrong so the Seven. Thirty, seven MAX crashes in October, it's not really clear. What's going on, it seems like it's a new automated system on the plane less than five months later, another plane crashes in Ethiopia and at that point the: U S and regulators around the world ground the plane. That's when we really started digging into what went wrong here. Natalie kitchen with is a business reporter at times, and one of the central questions we ve been trying to get at is how was this

in design and how is it certified? What we found out was that what contributed to both accidents was this m caste system that was supposed to help pilots, but what it actually did was constantly pushed the nose of the plane down, so they had to struggle with it in both accidents and the system pushed both planes into fatal, no size and so therefore design weaknesses there that were built into this system from the very beginning and on the regulator side we learn, Federal Aviation Administration, basically handed Boeing, the responsibility for determining the safety of much of this aircraft. Was regulating itself to a certain degree and Boeing Never really fully explains this system M cast to the regular.

Theirs, and this is the system the contributes to both of the crash is, but one of the central questions that remained was what did Boeing now? What did the executives at the highest levels of the company know about potential problem comes with this plain about potential flaws in the system and and they know it and that's why The CEO of Boeing Dennis Wallenberg was hauled up to the hill to testify in front of Congress this week for the first time since both crashes, because lawmakers had the same questions that we did? George? Thank you all for being here to do my inwardly so set the scene for us of what this was like inside the capital so that During start on Tuesday in the Senate and the room is palpably, tents There is Ro of family members of the victims of the crashes that are high,

building signs showing the faces of their loved ones, and then this Malmberg files in and he takes his seat and he began delivering his opening statement, german worker greatly member Cantwell Committee members. Thank you for the opportunity to join you today And there we share your commitment to aviation safety He's not someone who's known as a very comfortable public speaker. He sometimes has a wooden affect before we start today. I'd like to speak directly to the families of the victims, who are here with us, but he began his opening statement by immediately apologizing to the families? We are sorry deeply and truly sorry. As a husband and father myself, I'm I'm heart broken by your losses.

Think about you and your loved ones every day- and I know our entire Boeing team does is well, he said the company knows that it made mistakes and he vowed to make improvements. We can and must do better this is someone whose entire career basically has been devoted to the Boeing company are started. It Boeing there's a summer. In turn. In Seattle I was a junior at. I would state University studying engineering having grown up at a family farm in Iowa. I was awestruck to work at the company that brought the jet age to the world and helped land a person on the moon. He sang look. We share your commitment to safety and an that's. What is there to really persuade them of any says? You know that he is looking forward to their questions, questions that turn out to be a pummeling from

swimming with the senators from the gecko are really laying in to Mister Milburgh. I've gotta tell you another good told you guys it offers some time ago I would walk before I was to get on the three seven thirty seven max. I would walk there. No way and the one who really goes the hardest is Senator TED crews must Rollin Burghardt. I have to say that testimony here today has been quite dismay: Senator crews, starts in on a really intense line of questioning about this set of instant messages from November twenty, sixty long before the crashes that Congress just recently got its hands on this was a text exchange between Mark Foreigner, who was then Boeing Chief, technical pilot for the MAX and Mr Gustafson, Boeing's seven thirty, seven chief technical parliament is the right way. That's the case. Senator.

So this exchange is studying in the message is one of the pilots. A guy named Mark Faulkner is talking about how M cast this system. Causing him trouble in the simulator, Mr Falconer, O shocker alert M cast, is now active down to em to its running rampant. In the same on me, he says it's running rampant in the flight simulator, that's a giant machine, that's used for testing and then he says Mister fork. Nor so basically I lied to the regulators. Unknowingly so I basically lied to regulators unknowingly, and what does he mean by that with a times revealed in an investigation earlier this year that foreigner months before these messages had asked the failure to take em cast to take this system out of the pilots manual and at the time he described,

as a system that would almost never activate in a normal flight, and that was in all that significant, he played down the risk it seems like he's, realizing that this system Comcast is more problematic. Then he thought and that he had told the affair that one possibility and it certainly what many senators on Tuesday seem to think was happening. How does Malmberg spawn to this line of questioning specially from several cruisers coming so hard to him about it. What member says that he, team aware of these messages between the pilots before the second crash. But he says he did not dig into the details until very recently and that's the point on which senator crews really hammers him? He says you're

the Sea Eco, the buck stops with you. Did you read this document and how did your team not put it in front of you run in with their hair on fire say, and we got a real problem here. How did you not in February, set out a nine alarm fire to say we need to figure out exactly what happened, not after all the hearings, not after the pressure, but because three hundred forty six people have died when one another person to die he's basically saying that see yo you should have been on this. You should have wanted to know what was in those messages before the second crash and ass. You know senators were asking this question fact that it took another tragedy: the Treasury ground, the airplane, so we could actually have a fixed that worked. Why didn't you act sooner? Why? Why didn't we react? Why didn't we ground that aircraft allow sooner to another tragedy?

Why didn't we ground the plant earlier before the second crash? Exactly we could have avoided a second tragedy and is senator. We have asked that question over and over and he said if we could go back and do it over. If we could go back, we would have made a different decision. We would ground the plane after the first crash. If we had the information, then that we have now. We would have acted differently, but the law makers have a different view, and many of them are saying you did have some of this information and the question they're asking is: why didn't you act sooner? then what was already on your desk waits for the central question about what Boeing knew when it knew it. At least part of the answer is starting to become all that clearer, according to these senators, which is that this,

Yo New Someth before the second. Ash and they're saying that something Should have been the basis for action that could have prevented the second crash. That's right order. It back thinks we're going to work and thanks for staying home for treating patients and having patience for being on the front lines while having our backs thanks for working together and playing the music. You love you S, bank, can't thank you enough, but we can do our part.

That's why we ve donated millions to help our customers, employees and communities in need equal housing lender member after I see what happens next in these hearings, how do they keep pursuing this question of what was known inside by many on transportation? Infrastructure will come to order while they pursued by continuing to dig into documents on Wednesday. These hearings moved to the house, and the chairman of the Transportation Committee Peter defies Yo. Brings new document. Would mothered arguments right in front of you there twelve, seventeen thousand fifteen. I don't know if you are aware of this, but this was raised by one of your engineers. He brings one document that shows that, in twenty fifteen, with two years before the mass was clear to fly, a Boeing employee raised concerns about the fact that the system could trigger based

just one sensor are vulnerable to a single away sensor: failure with the M cast implementation, or is there some checking that occurs and the We basically said: wait a minute. Doesn't that make this system vulnerable to a single point of failure. Concern is if one sensor is responsible for all this, then if that sense or fails, the whole system is in jeopardy, and that is precisely what happened in both of the crashes. So that's it. Very specific warning and a warning that came according to devalue years before the plane was even on the market, which fuels like a very significant We damning revelation right,

then we have information provided to the committee might Boeing, which will now be the second line. We also saw a document that showed that Boeing employees determined in June of twenty eighteen. This is, after the plainest flying but months before the first crap that if pilots took more than ten seconds to intervene after an m cas malfunction, the result could be catastrophic. It's slow reaction times scenario, ten seconds. Found the failure to be catastrophic, meaning the plane would go down. The ten second delay, which doesn't seem like a lot of time to me, readjustment ten seconds. There is basically no margin for error and the plane crash right now, keep in mind ten seconds for a pilot is longer than it seems, but We saw in these accidents is that pilots weren't a media,

responding to this system. There were so many warnings in the cockpit as this system was going off, as it was malfunctioning that they became overwhelmed. It seemed and that's part of why what you saw was their fighting against this nose down movement until the planes both when to fade on those dives alike, to read from an email that was sent to the general manager of the seven thirty seven programme in June, two thousand and eighteen

and we also heard about an exchange between Boeing, employee and the general manager of the seven thirty seven programme from June twenty. Eighteen again, this is months before the first crash, in which this employees says that I have some safety concerns that I need to share with you as the leader of the seven thirty seven programme. My first concern, who states is that our workforce is exhausted. The workforce is exhausted on the seven thirty seven line, employees are fatigued employees of fatigue from having to work at a very high price for an extended period of time to reach employees, make mistakes, make mistakes and that schedule pressure combined with fifty is creating a culture where employees are either delay.

Brightly were unconsciously circumventing established processes. This employed points to process breakdowns and says, look for us all. My internal warning bells are going off and for the first time in my life, I am sorry to say that I am hesitant about putting my family on a boy named point, so in this second Dave, hearings, as these documents are being presented or described, does it become clear whether Malmberg or of the senior executives at Boeing, saw them when they were being generated and, of course, before the planes crashed. Well, we don't know in every case, but we know for sure that he receives

the warning about how the seven thirty seven line workers were fatigued and potentially cutting corners, because that email went directly to him congressmen, no familiar with that last communication that you reference, we did have several followup sessions with his eye. I told him. I appreciate the fact that he brought up those issues and concerns, and just one could. Follow a representative. Defies you asked Mister Wallenberg? Did you slow down production after you received this message? Did you reduce the raven production that point in time given whose concerns and Mamma said no, sir, we did not change the production. I think is very important that when you change production, written

I like ours may change upward? I understand, there's all supply gentlemen. He said that the seven thirty seven factory kept churning out the planes at at a rate of fifty two a month. He said that it would have compromise safety to slow down production. All of a sudden, it wasn't exactly clear what he meant by that Nellie. What is it they about bowling that all these puzzle pieces all these various concerns that have been revealed over the past few days. Did they never really came together for Boeing and its top executives, at least in the telling of the ceo to the point where the company fell it needed to act. Look Think Boeing is wrestling with that question right now. On the one hand, you can see how inside the biggest air- Half maker in the world there are some time

emails that go to the ceo that might go unnoticed. There are issues that people have that might not be taken seriously at the time, because engineers always have disputes. These things are always discusses you in retrospect it can look much more significant, but at the time it's just viewed as part of the process. On the other hand, this isn't just any. Other giant corporation. This is the biggest airplane new factor in the world. The job is to produce safe airplanes, when there are two catastrophic accidents that kill three hundred and forty six people, it's obvious that lawmakers investigators, family members of the victims, are going to come through every morning. Every potential Our concern that either was elevated to the highest levels or should have been and they're gonna, ask why,

Didn't you do more so after these two days of testimony is very clear that Boeing, CEO is sorry, but it sounds like his overall messages that Boeing, knowing what it knew at the time did what it could do, but The puzzle pieces did not come together in a way that would have really allowed bowing to prevent these stupid. Ashes, and I wonder if that seems credible to these lawmakers- I have to say I think, Overall, they believed that he was genuinely sorry. They generally wanted to make improvements, but they seemed unconvinced that Boeing did all it could do and really what they were pressing on was the question of accountability. There

I want some one, maybe more than one person to be held responsible for these accidents. Let me ask you this mister Milburgh, you said your accountable at one point representative, Stephen Cohen of Tennessee was basically yelling at MILAN work. What its accountability mean? Are you taken a cotton pay or you workin for free from now on to you you're this problem, these p relatives are not coming back their born asking him. What is accountability mean your salary still on? Is anybody? Boeing taking of cod are working for free to rectify?

this problem and what is more Limburg, say congressmen not about the money. For me, that's not. Why are you giving up any money congressmen? My board will conduct a comprehensive review that say you're saying you are not giving up any compensation at all. He said. Basically, my pay is up to the board. He noted that executives at the company, weren't gonna be getting a bonus this year. Our board will make those termination are not accountable them. You're, saying the board's account congressmen, I am accountable, sir. I take responsibility for these two accidents that occurred on my watch. I feel responsible to carry that true As I mentioned earlier, I grew up in a farm, and I want my dad taught me responsibility, and he said you know I'm in Iowa Farm boy. I was taught by my dad that you work through these thing. When you told me you stood when they are faced with challenges to carry through

and- and I dont want to run away from challenges? My intent is to see this through when asked. If he was going to step down- and I want to ask you: are you goin to be stepping down a seal of one? He said directly Irishwoman? No, no, no one, but the lawmakers really didn't. Let this issue of accountability go at one point. One of the representative said: Mister Malmberg turn face the families, look them in the eye. I want you to take a look at them just for one second,. Because, obviously, you haven't spoken to them. Congresswoman I'm gonna continue. Thank you! Mister Malone, bird, so, namely, how do these two days of hearings- and I thank the journal waiting- I ask you then I must consent so at the conclusion of all of this. As the final hearing

is wrapping up, I step outside with Nadia Miller and who's the mother of Samuel Sumo, who died in the Ethiopia crash. I just want to know after two days of hearing. How do you feel now- and I asked Her- how have these hearings been for you? What do you make of this and she said she's not satisfied, in fact, horrified that she's getting fifteen million dollar Ward Saturday's she's, outraged by how much more Limburg makes, and she can't believe these new revelations. The idea that there is no evidence that Boeing and that Malmberg knew about employee concerns for the crashes. It sounds like you feel it. There have been new pieces of information, better control, definitely new information. Science shocking

people with their hands going in some things, are long and then he visited them. I mean it just has her incensed at an end. She says to me: I actually need to go because I wanna go confront him face to face when this thing and whilst we go back inside audio hits the gavel. The hearings over everybody's filing out and naughty marches overdone wallenberg and meets him face to face. You could tell his p but want to get him out of there. There's a security guard around, but he talks to her. One of the things she said to him is you know you saying that you're in Iowa Farm boy hunted, I went with me. One group said: go back, go back Why what we, the family members of the victims, want you to go back to the fire and

because we knew meek and then someone else to do work. She saying we don't think you, the guy that should be in here trying to solve this. We don't trust you that's why she sang she sing. We don't want you in there and he says I respect your hearing we're very focused on sake. You have my my personal commitment and a commitment to make the safety improvements to me, and so, at the end of this threat, this kind of impasse where she saying we want you out, and he says I hear you but I'm not going anywhere apparent. Thank you. I think that point they they turn and walk away from it

other. She walks over to the group of families and he walks out of the hearing that all sounds kind of unsatisfying everybody. Yet I don't think anybody walked out feeling particularly good about what happened in that room Nellie. Thank you thanks for having me, the Boeing, seven thirty seven MAX remains, grounded the company's board of directors. Is

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