« The Happiness Lab with Dr. Laurie Santos

Boldly Go Like Yuri Gagarin

2021-08-30

Space crews, athletes and pop stars all indulge in strange rituals before moments of high stress. It's easy to mock these behaviours - indeed even the people who practise them often admit they're a bit weird - but they can act like performance enhancing drugs.

Dr Laurie Santos looks at the research to show why creating a good luck ritual can make us perform better and feel calmer, happier and more confident when faced with life's big moments.

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Journalists, Richard Dimple B, is asking soviet cosmonaut Eureka Garden, the first man ever to travel to space if he was nervous in the moments before last on. Yes, I can assure you there were no butterflies. Serenity of Yuri was strapped into a tiny capsule on top of Iraq. It filled with an explosive mix of kerosene in liquid oxygen. He was sitting there all alone. Waiting to venture were no other human had ever ventured before the storm issued. You remember when you give them to you the brief period of time I did spend in the spaceship before the actual take off. I think I spent quite normal condition, and I think these scientists will confirm this by pretty the records of my house countenance on, did you do to me?
and I dont think there were any grounds for major, be seriously anxious either at that period or at any time throughout the fight. So full disclosure The reasons I love listening to this interview is because I have always found theory to be well kind of soon worthy? He hasn't absolutely amazing. Smile in this sort of young Luke, Skywalker jet eyes or to chill. But the thing I find most attractive about Yuri is the fact that he was pretty the previous dude ever he's sitting there waiting to blast off into space, and he says he sitting in scared, which is pretty incredible because- I can nineteen sixty one hopping onto a spaceship was basically like playing russian roulette. We succeeded in getting the first satellite into orbit only a few years before the votes on one March, before Yuri only a few other living things had been sent outside of the earth's atmosphere and the results were shaky
lake are the first dog in space. to send her up their knowing she wouldn't return alive and a faulty here, old, finished her off after her came space. Pups such got and bars. They were both killed. I explosions soon after blaster, then it shoulda Moscow. They were headed home. safely when it looked like they might land outside of Russia by mistake. So much control blew him up Smaller and militia did a sub orbital mission in nearly made a back safely except their parents, didn't deploy. You must have known that, statistically speaking, he had a decent chance of not making it back to earth, but despite these odds, he was totally do when he waited for blasphemy, which is pretty bad ass these days. The space program is much safer than it was back in nineteen sixty one, but travelling
of the only planet you ve ever known must still be terrifying. How astronauts able to control their anxiety enough to do something so incredibly scary and brave, most this might be shooting into deep space anytime soon, The challenge of regulating our anxiety during tough moments isn't just apply one for astronauts We blast into uncharted territories every time we begin a new job or big project when we decide to start a family or have our first child or even when we sign on for something that's fulfilling, but a little out of our comfort zone these changes require taking one scary step. In order to me, that giant leap into something better, but We going where we ve never gone before requires controlling all our anxieties and doubts, and brave like that, can be hard. The good news,
is the behavioral science has figured out an unexpected trick. We can use to overcome the fear and uncertainty that come with big changes in life. Events is a practice so powerful, but NASA and other space programmes around the world have employed it. decades it's also strategy. The earthbound folks like us, can use to feel a little bit more in control when the going gets tough, but before want The strategy or about share, might look a little bit more like hokey superstitions than rocket science Our minds are constantly telling us what to do to behind me. But what? If our minds, are wrong? What if our minds are lying to us, leading us away from what will really make us happy? The good news is the understanding the science of the mind join us all back in the right direction, fearless to happiness lab with doktor lorry centres.
You know my philosophy has always been when doing things that are challenging in difficult, spicy, technically difficult. You just need to be the expert and understand as much as you can. this is retired astronaut. Scott Kelly and then everything you don't understand. You need to know where those rocket scientist are located, so you can find The right answers from the right people, is a veteran of poor spaceflight he's lifted. for nearly a year and a half, and maybe It's just a consequence of having done way more terrifying things than the rest of us He's got a no nonsense, totally matter of fact attitude. He does might the kind of guy who's gonna succumb to any pre flight jitters. My thing is always has been trying to just be prepared as possible. Let's like many astronauts is used. psychological strategy to prepare himself before heading off his missions what
this time worn space programme tested strategy, it's the active using simple ritual now My regular listeners may remember, though we ve talked about rituals before the happiness lab in an episode com. The power of or made a ritual wheeler You can use rituals to feel better after a terrible event like a break up or a bereavement. The power of rituals goes way beyond reducing grief, astronauts in the space programme user ritual that allows them to follow in the footsteps of giants. The very people who ve done. The scary thing that thereabout to do and have lived. the tail and first and other modern day astronauts. That means going the days of my russian cosmonaut crush it mean literally asking what would you regarding do or perhaps accurately. What that that you're, a garden did on the morning his pipe in your
and that means that Scott and his crew mates engage in what might seem like a strange and power Have we not so sanitary pre flight practice? We get out of a bus taking us to launch bad unzip, her spacesuit, that has just been pressure, checked then urinate on the tyre and the same, that you're a guaranteed, because I guess it helps yeah. So fun fact. I forgot to mention earlier about Europe's famous vast off one trip. As your was on his long bus ride out the launch pad. He really had to pee legend. that he asked the bus driver to stop hopped up the bus, to space suit and relieved himself on the buses back right. Tire When you gotta go, you gotta go, but now decades later, every buster, that russian Bacon or Launchpad includes the very same bathroom break kissing them Barney Stone against guess I don't it
Yes, it's not as easy to take the same bathroom bake that Europe did it's much more. Production, You can't just sons up a modern spacesuit, like you do with a pair of Levi's several suit tax on board. The bus are needed to help astronauts unlock all the cumbersome pastors, and I am in the whole process must be kind of annoying. Bunch of scientists would have just finished, conducting a series of elaborate suit safety checks before the spaceman hopped on board, and then there are also women cosmonauts. Now they can't whip it out and pee in the same way, Yuri did so they ve had and creative ways to join in the tradition, sometimes use a bottle of water alright, I have even heard a bottle of urine. Dumping on the tire tire. Peeing. Stop isn't the only way that russian cosmonauts ritualistically follow in the footsteps of the first man in space to before their launch. They visit your is old office. Sign a guess book even plant a tree in the same spot that the first space man did before his flight. Forty, where's before launch Cosmo
Let's get a haircut because that's what you re dead and the more of their trip. The crew signs are hotel room door because you guessed it space. Dream boy did the same thing, but the range, cosmonaut customs don't and yuri there Sean's also have other we're traditions that copy the behaviour of former spaceman back in the nineties, so he s mission, Commander, Alexander Victor Anko, asked: have a russian orthodox priests bless him and his ship with holy water. Before the launch make later this blessing has also become required. Part of the Balkans, Cosmic Jerome, pre flight traditions. Even for Eric and astronauts like Scott who aren't member, about religion. Especially in the case of the right of veto on to anybody's culture. But rituals are just a russian thing on the morning for a big launched at the Kennedy Space Center I can astronauts often copy the colonists choice of one of their heroes, Alan Shepard, who
Thirdly, enjoyed a breakfast of staking eggs before his mission and this traditional those slightly heavier than necessary breakfast is followed by yet another time consuming NASA custom cap. space enter the crew the play a. few hands of low ball poker. Before you can walk out of a suit up room. Be commander of the mission has to lose a hand. The idea being then he's got of all of his bad luck and we'll have a seat. As for lunch now, I dont know how much these rituals actually help but they're more, I would say superstitious one one of the most scientifically literate organizations in human history. One filled with literal rocket scientists, author, I as was seen Lang dumb and possibly dangerous superstitions that involve opening your intricate spacesuit to pee on a bus, tire or eating super heavy meal before subjecting your bodies to the powerful g forces of blast off. They do it because,
Science shows that rituals like these actually work, but not in the way. You might think there is absolutely no evidence, for example, that these rituals work in a physical way I mean No one announcer really thinks that playing poker, we'll have a tangible causal effect on the physics of launch that also, if you know I was the commander of the space shuttle. Had I not was at hand the rocky would have blown up. The Scots is he still feel better after participating in a strange practices. I was given the choice of having the blessing from the russian orthodox priest before getting on the russian so use- I was like Why would you not do that before you're, getting on a rocket, I mean I'm gonna take every advantage. I could possibly get regardless of that of whether I believe it my workers. If it does work, why would you not want to do it
and therein lies the power of these strange rituals they take their effect, not through physical causes, but psychological ones. One of the benefits that rituals have is that they give us a census of control. This is done the Senate professor, psychology in northeastern university, and that's right, important when you're facing something uncertain like coming illness, loss of loved one word: potential of shooting your into deep space, Dave's the author how God works the science behind religions benefits his new book explore. Rituals like peeing on a bus tyre can affect our minds and our bodies, he's found many religions use rituals during situations that activate our anxieties and extension, worries those big life moment. so that feel scary and out of control like becoming an adult. Isn't it, he's coming of age rituals, like wholly confirmation or by MRS or another big, I transition. One that day focuses on a lot in his book.
Having a new baby. you come home from the hospital in your carrying this thing that you in charge, but that depends entirely on you for its needs and On that account really tell you. It's needs are you're dealing with uncertainty, no matter what David Bruce feeling this uncertainty first hand when he became a father, Western society is like you, leave the hospital your home. Many of us are far from family and friends, and we ve got this new little one and it's like oh my gosh. What do I do has found that many religions seem to deal with this uncertainty through the use of a ritual in Islam. Bothers recite the odd Han or Muslim Paul to prayer into a baby's ear just after its born families no place a small piece of soften date into their infants, mouth symbolizing. The fact that the child's life will be filled with sweetness from that moment on in tell the national religion of Japan, the family of unexpected mother ties sash around her belly to symbol
all the support and protection that will be available for her new baby. Catholicism, the religion I was born into These received their first sacrament of baptism soon after birth. Which symbolizes a sort of vaccination against sin. Each of these Just practices comes with an accompanying set of beliefs about why such rituals are supposed to work in a spiritual sense. But what's perhaps Most surprising is that we engage in very similar practices outside of religious context, think pudding you're, lucky shirt or crossing your. Cars or telling you everybody body to break alike on opening night, we call them superstition, call them good luck, charms, but they're all accomplishing the same purpose. is there giving us a sense of control when we get back from the break We ll learn about the mine glitch that makes rituals like these so powerful.
that these seemingly weird superstitions can ever surprising confidence boosting benefit just when you need it most. The happiness lab we'll be right. Back symptoms of overactive bladder away, be maybe bothersome as many as forty six million Americans. Forty years of age or older, have reported symptoms of away B. I got to the point where I was constantly having to plan my outings around being able to go to the bathroom fell like my bladder was calling the shots. Many people like her decided enough was enough. It was time to talk to a doctor. We spoke to a few of them to hear their stories in their own words. Listen in it
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so one of the biggest points in life when all humans across cultures perform rituals is when they are called on to perform sufferings. Simple tenure, STAR Serena Williams, balances the ball exactly five times before, first to serve and chew times before our second serve. This MIKE, nor in Infringe Esker GINO, a pair of Harvard business. Psychologists. You may member from the past episode of the happiness lab that make inference ask a study, the psychology of rituals, including all superstitious behaviors that people engage in head of a stressful about think interviewing for a job going on a first date were stepping out at Fenway part Former third basement for the Boston Red Sox is name, is weighed. Bogs used to eat, She can before each game, and he also used to write the Ebro word, the child, which means life in the dirt. Every I'm you went to bat their attack. of sporting examples. Just like this. My favorite
and is used by british cyclist, Laura Kenny Legend that. She was trailing at a big me when she accidently stepped on a damp towel between races. Even though her soft got all wet she went on to win the championship. Now, ritualistically? What's her sock before every competition and this is not just about sport, so you can find this type of rituals across other type of performances of sample before every show by the Venus is on the Pharaoh pins. A small toy mouse inside their leotard. crosses yourself exactly twice and pinch herself exactly twice before going on stage singer be unsafe. listen to the same play list of song says a pray we'd, every member of her band completes a specific set of stretches and spend exactly. one hour. Meditating
Do so many successful people create these odd rituals before high stress performances MIKE and Francesca Hypothesized, that practices like these may help performers com there prevent jitters the war. Thing you can do- is tell yourself to calm down, because when tell yourself to calm down you can't because that's not how humans work and then not only your anxious about the performance, but now your anxious that you can't come down and then it's even worse. It's one thing to, Papa says that we'd bogs eats a chicken before again, because it comes his nerves and makes him play better. But it's also pretty hard to test that empirically, MIKE, Infringe Huska decided to use an experiment with ordinary folks. They figured out way to dissimulate high stress performance situation, underlined retorted conditions they require. Some tests subjects in had them? don't stop believing by journey, which is not only a terrible song, but it
credibly, definite old song to sing, and they had to sing in front of other people. Here is how to study worked Welcome to the study on so in this experiment. You are going to sing, don't stop believing and we're gonna track. How well you do All the subjects had to sink into a computer which marked exactly how good they were hitting the different notes and to make situation even more nerve. Racking subjects were faced with unforgiving, audience, a stir. Looking scientist watch them throughout the entire performance, but before the scary, karaoke experience, half the subjects took part in it. sure? Ok, I want you to do the following: draw a picture of how you're feeling right now. Now sprinkle saw on your drawing count up Five out loud one, two, three, four five crinkle up,
Your paper, ok, throw the paper into the trash. So what happened? The midnight of the who participate in a ritual scored around sixty six out of a hundred for accuracy. They soft votes born and raised in south, but participants who drawn a picture puts on it can two five and boarded up sport higher average. Seventy eight percent accuracy- that's like jumping from due to a surplus now our rituals, magic and you're an amazing singer not at all but they do seem to help people a little bit, they're kind of one tool that we have to help in these situations. But what really explains the performance between the ritual and the no ritual subjects to figure out, Michael, Jessica, monitored the singers heart rates and asked them
describe their emotions and anxiety levels. And what we also found is that their level of anxiety was lower when they engage in the ritual and that's why they ended up performing better on a seven scale. The ritual participants raided their anxiety around four out of seven but who had to sing without a fake ceremony to calm their nerves were significantly more scared. They ported anxiety levels of six out of seven Pretty major shift MIKE Info ask had discovered that rituals allow us to feel better and do better. It's almost like it performance enhancing drugs, but the effective. Jewels isn't limited to quelling stage fright or pre game herds. Ritual can also help us when tackling challenges that take place away from the public eye. one interesting aspect of rituals that that we discovered in our research is that reaches, can also be quite helpful. As we are trying to have a self control there
The things we want to do that? Take commitment and effort. Think habits Later to our health and fitness orders to learn a new skill to succeed. We need to show discipline and persistence, and that's not always easy. So could a rich will help us with these tough private, have to form one. Our studies we liquidity people were interested in losing some weight also so ass to cut their calories by ten percent. But half were also ass. You do a ritual for every meal they had to cut their food and tiny pieces, arranged pieces so that they were perfectly symmetrical and press there pencils. On top of the food pieces three times what happened on average, participants in the ritual condition a around two hundred calories less than the people in the no ritual condition they worrying. To better able to keep their I'm the control simply be cause. They add this routine of engaging in a ritual on a day to day basis.
so once again, ritual is shown to have a powerful effect, but making Francesca quick to point out that better in worse ways to pick a ritual, it seems like He thing that makes rituals work is that you have imbued it with some sense of symbolic value or meaning. This One of the reasons that religious rituals are so common lots of people have faith grounds they give meaning to ritualistic acts like saying a prayer before a challenging or scary event, but science like David Descent, oh, have found that our personal rituals also work better when we're really convinced they're going to work better. really matters, especially when we're talking about situations where there is uncertain. Jim and uncertainty in life is one of the major causes of stress that we have Davis There are a few ways the people come to really believe in the weird rituals they use. One comes where rituals rich history like cosmonauts, following in what steps of Eureka Garden, we tend to believe jewels more when they worked in the past, is
sleep when they worked for us personally in the past take cyclist, Laura Kenny's, wet sock ritual her own experience of west, ex before a major victory, convinced her that wedding. Her socks was the way to go for every subsequent race. Those accidental connections can have a big effect on our beliefs. You know it worked, let's keep doing it but Dave has also found that an authority figure telling you what to do can boost to rituals, believe ability MIKE Info ask as weight. Loss subjects probably bought the food chopping practice in part because they had an official looking scientist, implying that this pre eating ritual might help. You have to believe that works in person is giving it to you, and it worked, better? If you feel comfortable in connected to the person is giving it to you and once a bull about a ritual in its effectiveness is in place. Our bodies have a clear mechanism, to start behaving differently, One of the ways by which rituals can work is the possible effect. Dave argues that rituals thickly peeing on a bus, tire or wearing a wet sock works.
much like getting an inert dummy pill and thinking it's a real medicine. If we believe paying A bus will make a launch go smoothly, our bodies autumn. likely react differently. They show less of a stress response which can help us perform better and much like so called open label placebos in which a fake drug, still reduce our symptoms. Even when we know it's fake are by still reactor, weird rituals, it works, the same even though you know it's a placebo which, to me is just amazing, but Dave also finds that you can't screw on performing the ritual itself, the Can't you see to you your healed. There has to be some action without that. There's nothing to the brain, to latch on to you Psoric has shown that even you sceptics out there can benefit from rituals as long as your brains have something to latch onto which the question which rituals are you going to dream up in Twins are most likely to work best after the break.
We'll meet someone who creates effective rituals for living and whose Personal ritual for reducing anxiety is a bit strange. In fact, it involves Tom Hanks there was this one scene when MEG Brien's character is like writing after this can have heartbreak moment and it fell. Like she was speaking to my soul. Happiness will be right.
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the ninety ninety eight MEG Ryan and Tom Hanks Film, you ve got mail I was, I think, thirteen may be fourteen. I grew up in England and I was a little gay boy in a boy's boarding house with fifty testosterone, fuel, teenagers and feeling very much outside of my comfort zone, and I remember this movie coming on. Maybe on Saturday evening or something- and there was this one scene where MEG Ryan's character is like writing after this kind of heartbreak moment an email out to this man who stood her up, who she thought she was in love with, and she says like very earnestly, like good night dear void, even if these letters don't reach anyone, I still want to see them and it felt like she was speaking to my soul as an adult. Casper returns to you, ve got male whenever he's in about emotional place, but Casper doesn't treat the like other movies, he loves for him. You ve got he'll especial watching. It includes all the hallmarks of a sacred ritual this- is a movie that I always watching my own one,
the things I really like to do is to watch it on DVD, like the physical item of it is still kind of important to me, just the physicality like putting in that dvd into the dvd player, the music of the menu and the options like this so much that just takes me right back to that feeling of being a young teenage and his kind of lost in the world, and then you know I will say the lines with the movie as it runs you now, I'm going to the not shop where it's fun consists of fixed little. These little quotes that I will literally say out loud as the movie plays, and so it's kind of like a conversation that I feel like I'm in with the movie caspars you ve got me I'll practice also includes another important element in so many rituals food, in his case, a full plaintive hug and ass with us, tubs of ice cream. I promised myself that I won't eat the whole thing and even though I ventured do with this one, I just fully that going all the way in which the whole top- unlike don't pretend otherwise. So it's just a spoon in the tub of preludes and cream,
now to many of us down in a tub of ice cream over a chick flick might seem like a relatively mundane event. The kind of thing people do when there feeling blue, but as Casper spoke more you, ve got mail, it was clear that his expire, and of watching the movie and the benefits he received from the practice or something much more profound. It's just one movies that item two to kind of speak to their the feeling of empty. send any, and it takes me into a place of joy, and I I feel like that's one of the beautiful things about rituals is that they can help us change the state of being that we're in write from one state into another, and so I'm very fierce about like not letting anyone watch it with me because, like this is a sacred space the just me, and this movie when people think of a ritual, that's particularly sacred, they don't necessarily think of like a cheesy nineties movie, but you ve argued that This is exactly the kind of thing we can turn into a ritual yeah, that's right leg. So if the Mummy think
out a ritual we think of something that's really complicated, or maybe even kind of exotic sized right, monks on some distant mountain or a very complex religious ritual and really passionate about finding ritual on the day to day habits and routines that we have the place that we already have a glint of meaning can become the kind of fountain from which ritual develops, and so this movie had such particular meaningful me and- and I started to realize, like hot, if I think about the way in which we add a layer of meaning Anja habitual practice, does an opportunity for me to really think about this in a ritual way and to take more seriously the role that it plays. In my life, casket, thinks that you should develop a similarly sacred ritual but not going to insist that involve Tom Hanks or MEG Ryan at the sacred design lab, the startup Casper, cofounded Casper and his colleagues have researched centuries of human culture. To figure out decree a meaningful ritual for today. So the way I think about how to do that is really this triptych of having an
Intention before you start paying attention, while your practicing and then repeating over time, so intention attention repetition, let's break that down. First intention intention means that you have to mark out the practice you're about to embark on this? special or holding a particular meaning thinks, Was Lord Kenny preparing her socks? Would you sit down that dampen towel. She intentionally recalls her victory at the junior championship years before the next part of the practice is attention attention means focusing your mind on the ritual and being pressed. And mindful during it Laura Kenny that must mean noticing and attending to the water soaking through her socks. I mean it's hard to think about anything. When you have wet socks right, the final the ritual triptych is repetition. Casper says you gotta perform the practice over and over and over again, so that your brain
recognizes that something significant has taken place. Every one of the beautiful things ritual is that it really is like time travel, because when you practice something really intentionally, as it has been done before it feels like your falling through time into each of those previous experiences. So what ritual. Should you pick when you're feeling the need to reduce your anxiety and perform better? Do you just pluck something out of thin AIR Casper things most powerful rituals had meaning, often because their deeply in our personal or family history. So many ritual become meaningful because then not created out of nothing, but they come out of something that we recognise. Maybe it's a story that we were told us a kid in a maybe something that we saw happened to a and so we know that it's a tradition and a family, that's with so much of the meaning comes from. Sometimes people who want to create cool ritual will start from in a blank canvas and oil. feels a little empty honestly like the little thin, because then not engaging with tradition in some way for Casper, there's a true
the ritual element to these mundane or even odd rituals. He argued, we shouldn't, be ashamed of our personal customs. Just me as they are endorsed by a particular church or face when we can? see the sacred in our everyday, that's really What meaning making is all about it shouldn't be reserved just for professionals that return centres- or you know two or three days a year when we feel like when making a real effort like that, the same it is within and between us all the time and, of course, in the face of it. rituals look a little silly, but when we really engage with them with a sense of reference it it's amazing how powerful they can be, whether that placebos, I'm not these at tools for a psychology that can be incredibly powerful and helping us get to a kind of mental state that we want to be in This is usually the point in the show where I give you some specific ideas about how to adopt a happiness dip into your daily life, but picking tool to reduce your anxiety and perform better, whether that school in the office on the sports field or the karaoke stage that something have to do for yourself.
The science shows that a ritual can help a lot, but the petition, A ritual new pick for you requires personal combination of meaning history insignificance. The good news is that dont need to get to hung upon the specifics. A wet sought especial bread best a favorite movie any act. This meeting all to you: can turn into ritual that makes you feel an perform better. I beg. this episode talking about how modern, cosmonauts, ritualistically copy Eureka Gardens urination practice, but when I Working on this episode, I learned that the Russian Space Programme recently announced did soon be unveiling anew, lighter spacesuit one with it. one of new scientific bells and whistles, which It sounds like a good idea exists No one thought to tell the designers about this. All important pre flight leak practice tragically the new and improved fresh in space suit. It has no zipper which,
since the days of Eureka, Gardens Bus, stop ritual might be number, which is a real shame Losing out on this time, honoured ritual won't just a road and important present day, linked to the pioneering bravery of yuri and other early spaceman I also worry it could compromise future cosmonauts performance. Because no matter how dumb and slightly yucky this and other rituals may sound the science shows that they may be contributing when we think too. Of our missions, successes.
the happiness lab is co written in produced by Ryan Daily original music was composed by Sacrae sober with additional scoring mixing in mastering by Embryo Joseph Friedman checked our facts. Sophie crane, Mckibben edited our scripts Maryland rest operate additional production of special thanks to kneel about Carling, legally or other Fain Maggie Taylor, Daniela Car Maya, caning, Nicole moronto Eric Sandler placed in Reserve Jacob Iceberg, and my agent bended Daffing Islam has brought to you by Pushkin industries any doktor lorries.
Transcript generated on 2021-09-01.