In machines. We trust it's a new park ass from I t technology review about the impact of artifice. So intelligence on our daily lives hosted by Lord winning, audio reporter Jennifer, strong, From how we motion they, I is used in schools to facial recognition in policing in machines. We trust, introduces you to the people, building these applications fighting against them at trying to regulate how it all gets used. This is super super important stuff. That's already a part of everyone's lives, listen and subscribe. Wherever you get, your podcast theme is picking up pants that still fit how about awkward silences during dinner date about first kisses

Well, did you know that users on a certain dating site who said they would get a covert? Nineteen vaccine received twenty percent more likes and twelve per cent more matches than those who said they wouldn't talk about boosting your chances of finding a mat. Vaccination is the most effective way to help prevent covert nineteen and get back in game find a covert nineteen vaccine location near you at vaccines, DOT Gov. Welcome to start off your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide startup begin right now. This is start talk, cosmic queries. Addition special live at the Brower County Youth Climate Summit, the third anvil sobered delighted to be able

that go with me. My co, those jackknife jerk a Neil. So obviously, while I know a little bit about climate, I don't know anything near who we ve got here as gas yeah, a very important addition to this, because for cosmic, whereas we want to make sure we have the right expertise at the right time at the right place, which is now I've got Gavin Schmidt Gavin. What back to start talk, honey, I'll check nice to be back, gave an excellent, and you recently became seed. in addition to being director of the Goddard Institute for a space studies which has a NASA satellite Office in Manhattan. Many people don't know about that They know about Kennedy Space Center in Houston, but we ve got a little pocket of Mass in New York City and you're there as our neighbours so good to know that, but you so elevated or were it is it's a promotion? I guess

senior adviser on climate to NASA. So it's nice to know that such a position exists, but when it does now yes, but does it does now you and it's it's it's it's not good enough just to research on climate. This stuff has to get communicated yes and if you're, an adviser to Nasa- and this is a hugely public entity in our lives- not only domestically but worried you ve got a really key place there and let me just led off before we get to the questions that have no check has collected because, as the lead, the dna of this format is questions from you from from the public coming back to get answered in our start talking way. But let me just ask you given: should we not be surprised that this youth climate summit is being Organised in Florida had not Colorado over one of the mountains states. If you could tell us what repression relationship.

Florida has with climate change, why Florida is ground. Zero fora, the impacts of things like sea level rise, coastal flooding greater intensity of hurricanes and so You know we're seeing wisting changes in India in the temperature of the sea. Around Florida, changes in the storm climate, am I missing. Sea level rise and, and that puts very much should the grand zero for the really acute impacts of climate. Change is happening now. not least the things that may be happening in the future. I remember seeing was last year, but perhaps the year before there is what a satellite photo. Hurricanes lined up ready to slam forget. Her uterus was like the reminding us that Delhi Right- and I just have no memory of seeing such such persistence

salt yeah, I'm going twenty twenty was a very bad idea: hurricanes very, very active Atlantic season. Two dozen fibres was: was a really here too, and that's not what you expect every year, thankfully, but we are seeing, we are seeing trends in in the caribbean hurricanes were seeing more though those are being more frequent, they're they're, more intense when they arise with the increases in you know, TAT three four five hurricanes and we think that that's being fuelled by the war the temperatures in the tropical wood lanceor and places. So he s so it's that was very that that was very sobering were constructed here, he's on a first name basis with the current level. The attack

Ask me how one last thing before we went over to check and get some questions that have been caught. Pre collected last year that twenty twenty I heard, those by per came alpha and I thought to myself alpha. Did we run out of letters of the alphabet? Two names he's for pigs, started to use the greek alphabet. So what's up with that, I didn't know that was in the dynamic that these regulations. Yes, how that national, whether service has a list of pre approved names, they have it for backing out for another five years he's not every letter of the alphabet, but I think it's it's twenty twenty three names on time and not be quite right, but once you amount of those. Then you start doing these. These greek alphabet, Alpha beta Gamma Delta the excellent I mean so when you seeing Hurricane Alpha, you know it's been about season,

and now why only twenty three of the letters I mean, what names today omit that are just so awful Besides, there does there's never been hurricanes. Aviator no experts know there's no there's no exit look affords Hurricane Javan, We need to modernize the name that they need. They do modernize name something, so it used to be all very anglo names. You know River and Charlie, and by now there also taking names Roma from a broader cultural background. So, see what is there is that our good or a bad thing in a way it's a good thing, because it means that we are recognising that there's cultural diversity, but in a way it's a bad thing, because you're being named after hurricane. Like you know, I don't want to meddle in a way is like our chuck right around the sun:

per capita rested equal leg. You know what it's like the worst hurricane ever and is like a black me. You know what I'm AIDS is like, of course, hurricane. Look pay me, I'm gonna be the worst hurricane ever laying a wretched shortly with Ruth. Do this right, let's just jump into it, you have worse are. Of course, all these questions come from these students of Brower counting, and I I think, let's start with aid in em, and let me see Aden. Oh, my goodness treat women who have Amesbury grade and what he is in great five at our eight wins elementary so, and he says this scrape question who first noticed global warming, which is a great question, because people

I think it's a relatively new phenomena so lies are the answer to that is actually, as she goes back a long time. There was a guy called calendar, interesting Often the nineteen thirties, who was the first person to put to you, there are times series of temperatures and with is knowledge of what what happens in the atmosphere and the and the important role of of of carbon dioxide. He had father size that he should be able to see a trend and he was working in the in the kind of myths thirty's. So how thirty eight, I think and he put together this, this data set, which was was pretty spot. Us, but it was enough to see that that indeed, the temperatures had changed from the beginning of the of the twentieth century so by nineteen hundred through nineteen, thirty and he's

yes, oh look, it seems to be getting warmer, and this is something that we expect to happen because the physics of this had been worked out. In the victorian era in the in the nineteenth century, so and people knew that we were burning a lot of coal, we're burning a lot of oil and we are expecting things to happen and happen. They did, but you know it was in that it was in the nineteen. Nineteen. Thirty is that people started to notice. What was going on and then we ignored it for another study is what but yet Yes, working out great bright, look enough! Well, yeah! It's like lightning thirties. We find out that we are indeed warming the planet and we go we'll get to it at some point. Dr, my car wow

but the earth our drive, my car. But, of course, if there is no earth you can drive your car, so people gotta work out the causes and effects of your desires there. I check: why don't you go for a ride Let's keep moving and let's gotta come here Let's be who is at six grade in Indian Ridge, middle school, Hollow Camilla Camillo asked this. How fast our glaciers and is birds. Melting out. Camilla has a sense of urgency, she's lying learn. How do you know what is going down because I'm in florida- and I need to know if I should move Well, why didn't you mean you ve, heard the phrase right glacial, slow right to me: something really moving so slowly that you can't even see what's guy on while duration, so does not mean what it used to me right. So

glaciers are given I haven't heard. I haven't heard that term used in that way, it at least ten years we shall pass. No one says that anymore some major, because we know deep down We are moving those puppies and mounted him down. Go I'm tired erupted, none! I that that's fine. I mean you're right, nobody says racially slow anymore. The glaciers are really moving quite faster. What what we do not share is that we can keep track of how much water An ice there is on on Green Andorra in Antarctica. we have. We have these recalls that the measuring the gravity of the planet and when the ice melts, then gravity goes down a little bit of meeting. We can track that from space, which is put him impressive. Quite frankly, we just to be clear, governed debit. We'd know the gravity of earth as as a collective body, would you say, NASA's measuring gravity, you mean for measuring the difference in gravity from one part of the earth's surface to the other.

it isn't that? What are you talking about? I know tidings were more mass is what in one place than another. It's gonna have slightly extra gravity there rather than here, That's right! So there's more gravity above a mountain than there is over the ocean there's more gravity above a big ice sheet than over a little ice sheet, and so- as the ice sheets shrink, then the gravity goes down, obey and calculate how much mass has done. Viewed from the ice and has gone into the ocean. and so we we keep track of that, and we can measure offers the loss of mass from from Greenland? It's about two hundred and five He got tons of water every year. Is is leaving Greenland and It's about a hundred and fifty zero tonnes of water every year that's leaving that Antarctica, mostly from the Antarctic, peninsular and West Antarctica, which is the debates which is, if you go, All the way down through south

America to the debate that sticks out was the peninsula and then the big just inside of that is our western Attica, some most of them ass, usual gig, git, guns, hi is tend to the nine while billion per year, who so to maturity, billion turn that's right. Every every year, every every year wow. That's a lot of water M M M that water is so that's freshwater, going into salt water. Yeah, that's freshwater from the land is going into the ocean. We raises sea level gets it does get spread out mostly evenly around the ocean citing about a millimeter per year in the sea level and the the total amount of sea level which is made up of that plus.

The changes in mounting braces there. There melting quite quickly and then the warming of the ocean itself. Also causing the oder the celebratory Sarah sea level rise right now is about just over three millimetres a year which doesn't sound like a lot, but it is in Lisbon, about a foot around around for larger and the last in the last sixty two a hundred years sensing, and what it what I tried to tell people. If you fill a glass completely with water and then add three Four metres one hundred percent of what you added spills, yeah just a little others understand that and also there's another issue here: right where, if you're, adding freshwater at large rates to salt water, that change is this. The circulation patterns and the sea level mix vat.

obviously relied and evolve was what was a stable sought mixtures act. Is that correct, otherwise the changes in fresh water, so so freshwater is, I said, then, salt water so tends to sit on the top for these to start way. Before it gets mix them are that changes? How easy? It is for the heat to get into the ocean for carbon to get into the ocean, and so one of the things we ve seen in the oceans, as things are warmed up and we ve got this extra freshwater is. That is becoming harder to get things done into the ocean and that's heat and carbon, and so that's actually adding to the temperatures in the atmosphere is adding to the carbon in the atmosphere. So it's actually that that's not good news does not produce either rare. Ok, while Turkey for Cuban coming, yes, just gonna get more more depressing. I'm sorry, you're, not you ve been out possible positive and save the evidence

Only when the last time we invited you want suddenly felt. Let's go. Let's go to my IE and Maya is in great fibre trade. When time maya- and she says what can we do as kids to slow down the global warming process, so here something that's a little more encouraging and hope you gotta remember: do you not just a kid right, who are at at at at Sun nor a daughter, you are a classmates, you are and advocates. You are a consumer, but your all of these things and one of the most impressive things, as over the last couple of years, related to climate is, is the out pouring of activity and concern from from use climate needed like greater some Bergen and Alex

that's in yard, in the: U S who have taken this and really pushed it, they pushed it too. You know that the top table to the? U N two two government's decision makers and unmade it very, very clear, it's not ok, just sit around not do anything. It's it's not ok to know that this is a crisis and not act in a commensurate way. There has been an enormous amount of truly authentic you know concerns about about your future dumbing speaking speaking to the? U something not so much my future, but your future. This is gonna, be the issue. your entire lives. It's it's not gonna, go away next year is not gonna go away in ten years time it's gonna, be. Very, very real issue for war that time and a new role, as as somebody as people who can even get the grown ups in the disease, makers to act in you, or interests

is really very important, so so yes, I mean you can encourage local recycling. You can encourage renewable energy. You can encourage or school to have a you know, a zero ways. Cafeteria. All of these things are good and positive step. What you're saying given is that, even if someone in middle school does not have power of title, or power of of of any other sort, high ranking official, you have the power that you have social and cultural power, because if you, if you're, twelve years old, and you write a letter to the editor of the local paper that your concern, I bet they're gonna publishing, and so you can have influence beyond title because because when, if, if the ten year old start worrying about how the adults or messing up the environment, that's somethin to take notice? yeah, and so earlier than that makes up. The adults feel bad,

You know what kids should make us feel bad because they are starting to feel about a storm your parents, kids, are guilty your mom and dad love me you're, not going to the privacy tab love me, you guys sarka up, that that we'd, less productive shock has three kids. What are the ages of your kids? I have a twenty year old and then I have a fourteen year old, and then I have a seven year old, because I'm an idiot now I have to I do have three children and I try my cheek at all three different perspectives there, those different it it's great to see because believe it or not. The twenty year old is concerned about climate, but not as much as the fourteen year old and this

you're all is a full blown activists. So now you know when I see these questions from middle school, as I think it spent asked it that day. There are already he then on this as a true issue of concern, so it's fantastic. Then go better when they go your way and with windows pc powered by Intel, you can make share and do what inspires you and impacts others. What do you want to laptop tablet, a pen to take notes on screen something that can handle all your apps and games or the graphics and speeds for gaming with windows pc powered by Intel? You have a device that was made for you.

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make it easy to change councillors if needed for free, tell a dark therapy is available through most insurance or employers, and individual plans are also available. Download the app or visit teller, doc dot com slashed star talk today to get started, T L, a d, o c dot com slashed, start talk, I'm Joe Jericho and I make pottery. You can see my pottery on my website: cosmic mugs, dot, com, cosmic mugs, art that lets you taste the universe every day and I said or it star talk on patriotic. This is star talk with Neil the Grass Thyssen. Welcome back to start talk. This episode, these from it,

virtual, live stream, cosmic queries with Brower County Youth, climate summit in Florida, and we ve been talking about the science of climate change, with my co host Chuck nice and our special guest, climatologist, Gavin Schmid, and we ve been answering questions from students themselves about the future of this climate. Crisis, in which we find ourselves. So let's get right back to it all right, Jackie Bio. Let's keep going now, just if you'd just joined us. Probably you should have been there for the beginning, but if you just joined us reared Browed, county youth, climate summit, third, annual we're talking to Floridians about climate- and we ve got with me- Gavin Schmidt senior adviser to NASA on climate and Director the Goddard Institute for space studies. I didn't say at the beginning

but Goddard Rickets abbreviated gifts and gifts specializes in many things, but especially climate on planets. What is with the atmosphere is doing what the environment around with such solar heating cooling within they atmospheres turbulence. All of this so earth as just another planet. can give you a cosmic perspective on the things that can go wrong on up in a planetary atmosphere, right right and is also given to me too, planets were stuff really went wrong in the past. So now is now is not an easy one say you got Venus and you ve got laws. So Venus. These were left, the others to our right. There rather adjacent to us, ok, yeah and so Venus may well have been the first habitable planet in the solar system for a long time for about a billion years,

may have been able to maintain water at the surface, but the sun golf brighter overtime, if you know it and it's still getting a little bit brighter the oceans evaporated, the hydrogen was lost and and is turned into Hell hole where Lead will melt on. This have exerted debit card. Yes, it can melt lab fine, but you could cookers sixteen inch, pepperoni pizza on your window, sill in three seconds. So that's that's! That's an advantage is seen as it the silver lining their high temperature. Exactly that you eat your tribe, remains: we'll have a delicious meal or you'll be brave and rise to, but ignoring the complication. It would be an awesome pizza. That's all right. I guess I did it. It might have been the first habitable places in the year in the solar system for about sir, for about a billion. So such some, but some bad happened Venus Something bad happened only this habit,

now laws. Now we know we see evidence for water on Mars, and so we think that at some point Mars, no, but more recently them that than Venus was was habitable. There was there was sufficient water on the surface to I, too have running water, and so we're trying to work out a walk. the nation of of atmospheric, composition could have could have led to that That is long in the past. You know now, obviously, Mars is extremely dry. Its loss. Whatever I mean, it still has some atmosphere, but it's the lost. A lot of its atmosphere lost a lot of its work. and now it is, is, does not have very much of the greenhouse effect and is very cold and has pretty sunsets it would be hard pressed to coca pepperoni peoples are at any time right now,.

Ok, so Mars does have any running water anymore, but it once did, but it has pretty sunsets so chuck theirs it. So those are the two. This is one go to Venus and want to go to Asia at a pretty sons. He s address so no air, but God the views, in view of years of goods is a brave but those views. I reckon Ok here we go. Let's comment, I love this question from Sierra II, as you, Ie is in the ninth grade, Carl Springs High school and see Era is not playing around. She wants to know this. What kind of jobs are there for people interested in climate and climate studies, Sierra Arab limit?

say Sierra, I'm already proudly, you ok you're, not only looking to solve the existential crisis, their faces all of mankind, but your life. How do I make some money off? It is eleven, Sierra, that's where the thing so that this, unless some great sir, this in great opportunities, so that the kinds of tech, jobs that are gonna be important. Things like smart grid technology, storage technology renewables, all of those things that are gonna, be growing enormously in energy storage. Energy story starts energy source. And then you ve got. You know the adaptation part of it. You know, how do you help city he's and agriculture a plan for the changes to come. You know that there's a lot of our social science issue?

There's a lot of religion. Politics involved there, but without those people lay all the technology in the world doesn't help us right, things need to be deployed things need to be used in a what what is it and how it is that change going to happen and the people that make king, that change or helping enable that change, they're gonna, be the most important people around and those are necessarily stem jobs that you know they could be public service, they could be urban planning they could be people who are interested in ensue: region, septic tanks and like dealing with the leg. See all of what we ve built now, when the infrastructure that Sinn now that's

that's in peril right now, and how to make it resilience and and how to deal with the problems are gonna. Come your gavel. That's a brilliant, brilliant answer there and I have not fully grasped how interdisciplinary climate science in our society would be because, right, you said you got any the science as you are among them, neither policy people your among them, but but cool invention that pauses offer fossil fuels into other forms of energy. That would be industry, but then you still have to deploy it. So you get that I love it. I everybody can get a piece of that policy is a problem that affects, every single area of our lives, which means there, if you think of it in terms of systems, change them whatever you do in life, if you related to climate, there is an application. So and by the way I have not fully grasped the word craft,

What was that gets a geek word and I forgot what origin is probably right up Robin highlight a guy comes from science fiction and spell Jus are ok are okay and it has to do with wrapping your head, around an issue or a problem and coming to terms with it within yourself aid, possibly then being able to do something about it. They deduct my good there. that right Devon. I think so I don't remember the book in which it first appeared might have been. The moon is a hoss, mistress splits, but I I forget all else, but it was it was very big in the nineteen Sixtys and Seventys. So what did you go? it is for these reasons among us, that's that's where it comes from. This is when you know that you're in these secret astrophysics club, where you can

Please use the word grasp and then no, it's reckon origins, you're, saying that secret gigs big, that these scientists have, with one another, someone someone that I went with, which we didn't come liver, erotic, their bright begging for bringing about Ghana. My level thank you, ve lived, but let's move on to Sean DE who has a very sobering question he's at grade six at Margate, middle School and Sandy wants to know this. What do you fear will happen in the future? If we take no action all right, there goes gave him the apocalyptic scenarios, but when there is a start,

a sort of stood off in a hand off to the brow of county youth. Climate summit in twenty years will be held under water. Yes, not us honey. I'm sorry, what was body was you say: hey, that's not funny! ah Gore, Someone like you ve! If, if we, if we don't rise to this moment, then the sea will rise to this moment. Oh well, you know if, if, if we down as a buffer zone was right now, that's a t shirt, that's a t shirt, but as a team, a bumper sticker Amelia. Ok, all right, but we see that again. So we can We get a meeting between Charlotte GO say it again we don't rise to this moment. The seas will rise to this. Now, that's beautiful my dream

we're done here with now aim, but in others this is. This is a serious question I mean by that date, The worst case scenarios the we pointed out. You know if we go. If we don't do anything, we dislike with wristwatches burn over other fossil fuels that we can. We burn over the call of the oil, the methane hydrates that the tar sands, the oil shales, all the rest of it, are we We could have an impact on this planet there has not been seen in in tens of millions of years, maybe maybe even maybe even longer. the unforeseen that the period that we are now creating would be so far out? of like the normal bounds of of climate variability that quite frankly, we don't even know what kind of a planet that would be right. We talk about you know if you something more recent idea- the odds last ice age right, which resigned

twenty thousand years ago, and that was caused by you know, bubbles in the earth orbit. that was about- eight to nine degrees, Fahrenheit cooler than today right, the worst case scenarios. If we just don't do anything in and burn everything that we can find. I that's about eight tonight and degrees Fahrenheit warmer than where we are right and the last I saved think. Rather, you know massive ice sheets across the whole of North America Mammas and a very, very different planets. and then I kind of like Flickr and say well, we'll walk patent. Would it be if it was not much warmer and we don't know, we don't know what happened that would be. It will be one that says that we and our current society would be within. we have so much stuff next to the coast. We have so many expectations in our agriculture

You know where we grow things. How we grow things depends on the climate where we are things shift such a degree than all of them whose anticipations all of those expectations are worthless. When you said we have so much stuff near the coast, yeah you got your money orders yeah can harbours, and you know how you now worlds are connected world As you know, we move the Miami in Miami light the Shanghai and Calcutta in Bombay Mumbai. I know a change in London, Paris, all of you, faces are actually very close to the coasts. You know, and if you think that sir, you know our heritage such as it is

should be worth preserving then you know not doing anything about climate change is not the way to maintain that sort. Now, as we talk about the loss of these coastal cities, is, is there a way to target climate change so that we can just take out a few places there? Perhaps that we don't want around anymore I'm joking Gavin. That's it just doesn't fully open a sign that our now Hey we haven't talked about where space in a little while so I'm so happy the dual, because you know the square space is one of our favorite supporters of start talk. Radio is the perfect time to turn your cool idea to a new website. How do you do it

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Welcome back to start on. This episode is from a virtual, live stream cosmic queries with Brower County Youth, climate summit, its Brower County Florida. We ve been talking about the science of climate change, are gonna, CO host chart nice and our special climatologist, Gavin Schmidt and we ve been answering questions from the students themselves about the future of the climate crisis. So

let's get back to our it! So let some let's go to an italian species in the eleventh grade over out West Brower, high school and she's. Looking at this from a policy standpoint, what are some laws that could be enacted in order to slow down climate change? So is there anything that we can do that? We should ask our governments to do drivers hours, someone, I'm part of the governments- will have to be a little bit careful here. Oh uniting you, my my personal view, nervously. You know NASA doesn't really have much of an impact on on on law policy directly, but in all, but my personal view is that you know with their animals that that existed, that are pushing us in the right direction. I things like renewable standards fora for electricity. Things like

you know, encouraging electric vehicles over internal combustion vehicles a price. on carbon is, something that's nudges. Everything in the right direction so that you The EU actually pay for the pollution that you pay into the atmosphere These things are difficult to enact and you know there's a lot of politics behind what actually does get united but even length, even though was that you think might be trivial. Like building codes. You know you you can do a lot with employee, in building code so that they take account of not just the climate change, you ve had, but the climate changes they were going to have weakened we can make a rules that make buildings useless energy and made with more resilience structured, something so so we can both a slight to improve resilience and

to reduce energy wasted, Oh you know laws on the standards with refrigerators. You know what I mean the fact that we ve had. more efficient refrigerators for the last fifty years has saying an enormous number of passengers some ever being built right. So so efficiency gains can be helped like the cafe standards where there looking at the at the mouth. a gallon of the of the vehicle fleet, all of those things up Shame on us in the right direction, a right that hopefully is hopeful off like then I'd, let some hours Sondra above all, sorts of West Browed. I spoke to go back. That's all right!

ok, ok Y know that I don't know but go bucket. Alright go Alessandra M is a fifth greater at treat winds elementary school and she's got a good question about what what does global warming have to do with severe weather events like storms and heat waves, droughts and hurricanes? So The I'd love that because, because given me think about it, if you just if you just thinking all right, it's one degree warmer in the world, the foot to temperature fluctuate so much more than that's a between day and night, why? How can one degree matter to anything else? That's going on on this planet what's up

with that. So solely that's it that's a question of what of how things change on average and how that gets translated into things that we think of moors with, and that's it that's a great question which restores the difference between whether in climate just wait a minute this ourselves to guess. Also whether I mean you know it's it's what's happening today. It's my what's happening, Next week, its changeable, it's gonna, chaotic, and climate, is really the average of of all of that Oh, you know average over many years and looking at the cities, it's over many years There isn't it's! It's not it's not totally obvious how these things connect, but we How large enough time it changed signal. Don't waste dancing to see how those things can it so itself. To give you some some of the pathways by which their these connections happened right. So, as the panic guess,

Roma rights, warmed more than two degrees celsius, ass almost to Greece Fahrenheit at this point in the last hundred years, or so, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases right. So so it turns out that sir, Are you increase the water vapor by about ten percent with the amount of temperature shrine? So so it is now ten percent more water in the air, than they used to be, and if you think about storms- and if you think about In systems are what you're doing there's your gathering up a lot of quaint moist you're, pushing it off and then all reigns there's more water in the air water. her in the air when you squeeze it altogether and push it up, it comes out and it comes out more and stronger so what we ve seen over over the lover S, just what Floridians want they want more humid air as well,

solidarity is getting more humane and Emily. Even you can track that in the end, the weather statistics in Miami as well, but do I sold so you have more humane f, you have more intense rainfall and you can see that happening not just associated with big storm events like like hurricanes We even see it more generally, when you have a front coming through in kind from the pacific side too, The atlantic side are. You can see that the that the statistics of rain to move towards more intense rainfall. and we discussed earlier, you know the temperatures themselves. the ocean a leading to more intense. Storms in the in the Atlantic, because the heat the water is is really that the fuel that drives the hurricanes. Always seeing more intense hurricanes. happening because of those temperatures as well. We gave it if its work,

one degree. On average. That means in some places, it'll be much more than right so words over the places that are warming, the most actually rate during the highlighted, In the end, the Arctic, its warmed, Dino three forth in some places, five degrees cells it's just just where we need it I know, but we see, but we seem quite clear. Warming in the in the tropical forests go Atlantic. That's why is where most of the hurricane start off, and so so that's kind of using them up a little bit Obviously in off the temperatures of warming- and you know whether is the common noise on top of that you're gonna see more heat waves, you no more days over ninety degrees more days over a hundred degrees and you can see that happening. You know all around all around the world. You know from Australia through to the EU to Europe's Japan's Asia? I know we had them matter.

he waved in Siberia. Last summer you know Siberia, not a warm place, but they had like a hunter degrees above the arctic circle. That's not usual right. In fact, It may even be unique: a new vacation, Spock New vacations by Siberia, lots and lots of Siberia and probably loud Siberia, where we only have a few minutes left. Let's see if we get a few pleased in there and Gavin. This can be a lightning round real, quick, Gimme, sound your best, sound bite answer. Go check, This is what we're going switch gears here too. This is from Carlos, be an Tyler B. I don't know Let it pines middle school and pioneer middle school respectively, grade seven inside look at you interested in being an astrophysicist planetary, scientists, author and science. Communicator. That's were both of you thanks for

asking about being a comedian, their Tyler recently that Carlos added that higher be says. What inspired you to do, what you do. So what got interested in the specific work that you do and what made you go the science in the first place. I don't know how sound bite of all this is, so you have the end on these questions, so Gavin. Why don't you go for me I'd? I started with mathematics and. and it was the joy of just like kind of solving things and solving puzzles and then and then I got into things that actually meant things to people, and I realise that you can solve problems that people would appreciate and they would care about and the more that I've done and a more that people can more. I'm able to talk to people about these things.

The more excited in the more interested I got in the signs that I was doing so you got good feedback on your ambitions. Yeah, that's very important because not everyone, if you, if you like math and then yet you have a peer group- is as you like, math view. What are you you know that? Could turn a lot of people off if these two wanna, so to hang out with the cool, came by the way. If that happens to you, anyone listening there just jealous you're good at mad dog, don't fall for it. That truck is a true that when, when you were a kid of your, if you're cracking up in class, the teacher said If you keep this up, you'll only amount to be being a comedian, absolutely yeah. I've had that says the melee. What do you think you are the media and on life

So for me, I beg my. My profiles is well known. I think it's written I've written about it. Spoken about it. I was nine years old and a first trip to my local planetarium, the Hayden Planetarium, and in fact, when I sign off this show, my tagline is keep looking up. That was a famous tagline what was called the star hustler from the Miami Planetarium, for many many years- and he was the head of the planetarium and he had a show on yoga short- did on PBS giving sort of that weeks, night sky, wasn't it jack. I remembered in a minute, and so the sign of a dime several years back. Mrs somebody's got to carry that forward. So I I carry

his legacy. Whenever I sign off, I say: keep looking up so planetarium, where I can be a tremendous force of influence on people's ability, interest and looking up, but also astrophysics. Just the universe in general is a gateway. Science is gateway science, because if you're interested in that, then you find out all my got anything this biology there, there's engineering that make the satellites there's there's these physics there's chemistry, and so you come for the universe in you. Stay for the whole rest of their smorgasbord of science, and I looked up at the night sky and the planetary him, and I said, oh, my gosh. The the limit lists. Discovery that awaits us is what attracted me

and to communicate science. I agree with Gavin here. If you tell somebody something and they like it, and they want more, that's kind of stats reinforcing, and then you find something off to tell them. That's really cool and interesting about your field and as Carl Sagan one said when you're in love, you want to tell the world, so I think we got a call it quits there. Oh, my gosh, this was fun and this is this is our cosmic queries format, and I am delighted that we got asked by the Broad county school system to bring our cosmic queries format into your universe at because that's what we do and what we love to do. An engagement, always great to have you on start had always a pleasure. Thank you very much, ok, and we can make sure that that the present the United States will have your ear blocked with ahead of NASA and so, if stock doesn't. right will blame you spare

Tony Blair and Chuck. It's always good to have you thanks for the bring us a force of levity into this world, because sometimes we needed otherwise we'll just cry it is always apply. I'll just say: I'm let me end by by declaring that I dont know in the history of the world. It has ever been a community of adults who, upon looking at the next generation, said, I can't wait to you'll take over to fix this stuff. Take a look at what adults have said about the next generation for the past four thousand years, and we have always worried about what the next generation would be an do, but maybe for the first time the opposite is the case. So

Your hurry up, get older and gain the power we need to fix this world. Save US children, I'm Neil Redress, Thyssen, your personal astrophysicist, as always bidding you to keep looking up.