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objective: mending the ozone layer chuck Your daddy is always a pleasure there side for this year. You know that, Oh my god, mended! That's the thing, the gas, like think we'd, like the era thought like all, I have a hole in the toll of my plan. How do I so that everybody got render the darned that are so my two guests, Susan Solomon and Stephen Anderson Chuck, have you ever heard of him? as a matter of fact, I have ochres your learned man, most people haven't and which weird is too I have not heard of someone who actually in the world This is just a weird fact that such a thing could even exist and I'm in the process of working on to marvel characters.

as pattered them Africa after these will further than Stephen, let's get with where, in the case of types of everything me on civil rights, that everything alright, let's take. That moment to introduce Susan Solid and welcome to start talks. Stephen Anderson welcome welcome edge. Gimme a moment to give some of your background here. You you ve, received the future of life. A word. That's even a thing, that's a faint for your contributions to mending the whole the ozone layer and its given this award, I'm so glad sort exists because threads its given to unsung heroes, people who work under recognised relative to what they actually accomplished. in improving the world and so

by the way they also participated in the Nobel Prize for peace when it was given to the international panel on climate change. Pc in two thousand and seven for their contributions to those report, so that you know Unlike most of us, they travel better and so let's go back in time briefly to nineteen, eighty nine something called it. The Montreal Protocol International Treaty, no before them who's the Paris. You know that the talks in the treaties that went on there we had the Montreal protein. Back in nineteen, eighty nine to end that was trying to protect, the ozone layer by phasing out the production of of of molecules, substances known to depleted and sometimes people referred to it as the most successful treaty of our day

Susan, your atmospheric chemist, I loved and yeah Your professor environmental studies at MIT in it didn't get our chair, the lean Geraldine Martin, professor. Mental studies up in Cambridge and so but most of your career with the National oceanic and atmospheric administration and shock. You know I love it because national, Sciatic Erasmus, atmospheric ministries. They asked what they know, himself with the ocean in the atmosphere right and but if you'd pronounced the acronym it no outside with we gotta, go what is nowhere himself didn't need no cause. You got I tell you, can go to re write what is actually an hour. Don't don't listen, those people market areas

even Anderson here, director of research, american director of research for these two for governance in sustainable development, but you gotta do in such good stuff. When my doing here with his podcast, I want to hire me, tooth and your co, chair of the Montreal Protocol for technology and economic assessment panel. So this is how people put they contribute via all of these You also word liaison to the Department of Defense, from the environmental protection agency. You are the right people for this after this formulation here too and Neil what now not another, we have the requisite introductions out of the way I just have to do this, for both of these,

fine, fine scientists added a blog. My browser was a great deal. Little blood arousing not because of what that it would be ass. You guys shoes and let me begin with you: how does how does this happen? We somebody has to first discover that there's an ozone aware that it has value to us that is getting depleted, that we are response. Before it, and then we have to do something about it, then create a committee. and then international gathering and then it would have. to agree to it and then actually implemented what this is, who whoever thought that was possible in this world

It seems kind of like a miracle. Doesn't it mainly eyes? It is just amazing that had happened, and now I want to tell you you are so perfect. I mean your great, but actually the Montreal Protocol was signed in nineteen. Eighty seven, not ninety Navy. Now, ok, that's that's! Why for months long story short, I guess in Eighteen, seventy four to science, to later won the Nobel Prize for chemistry. ah Molina enroll when they wanted, together with poor crude sin, but Molly and ruins big contribution was to alert the for all to the idea that the chlorofluorocarbons might someday deplete the ozone layer. Now we thought this was going to be a small effect couple of percents a hundred years in the future,

sound color like another problem. The way some people don't get started on their law martyr about used to talk about, but the interesting Bang- is that, although they had certain things will correct, they did not anticipate that Things could be even worse than they thought, so it turned out just quickly, Susan. You said chlorofluorocarbons this sounds like a word with one or two to many syllables. So tell me: what's it tell us what the coral flora Carbon is well, you can picture a methane molecule all I guess most people have heard of methane swap gas or what you put nearer pretty near. You know natural gas system, maybe explain to chart chuck it's what you tried to big night camp

I saw the pay gap and gesture off all the hydrogens and putting florin and chlorine instead and you got a chlorofluorocarbons oh, the most important ones, are chlorofluorocarbons eleven and twelve, which I am not going to give you a chemical formulas for, but most of the chlorine that's causing the problem is in that form and then there is a whole zoo of other compounds when thirteen one forty one fifth and they wanted to carry out a yacht. We discover so we were using these molecules in ever increasing amounts and ironically, the main source was actually in your medicine cabinets in things like hairspray,

deodorants, but it was also you know, of a cleaner and paint and anything else that you spread out of a can had chlorofluorocarbons in them to make the stuff come out the nozzle it was the propellant. Oh, it's it's used for other things, too, is used as the cooling agents in refrigerators it saw it was used, I should say, and it was used in phones. So you know foam insulation in the walls of homes that work, built in you know like the Sixtys and Seventys, but we don't use any chlorofluorocarbons in those applications anymore, and yet we still have spray chance. We still have.

refrigerators. What are you I mean? Every society did didn't collapse hack now, and he is now you can actually do things. Lots of different ways, which is, which is what Steve's group help helped us too, to shout so you know we were gaily. Spraying are here. You remember those horrible hair, styles of the seventies, so rigour beneath the eyes be hives, remembering the bee hives. There were great Then these guy said hey. If we keep doing this, we might deplete the ozone layer and the amount using thing is that people actually said: oh well, what we do about it and the answer was well, you know. One thing you could do is throw away you're spray deodorant get the role on instead, lotta people said

that's not really very hard. Is it so a lot of people did it in this country, not in a lot of other countries? Actually it wasn't so in Europe, which the other major producer wait a minute wait a minute. Yet a whose deodorant I don't know you might you might want to check your sources as a swede son, I'm gonna go near the right. I just remind you he's a comedian, Stephen Stephen. Let me ask you: how do you? How do you tell people get rid of what they have? If that moment, you will have something to replace it with, or did you exactly the question? I would just add to what Susan said before we move on one and two stimulants for action.

Where's these scientists Sherwin Roland, admire him Lena after six months, a relative silence after the publication of their work. I went to the american Chemical Society and called for a boycott by citizens of Hairspray and he ordered so these resigned as active scientists. They were right out there and then the industry, fortunately in a strange way, reacted so strongly. against them, but it sensation lies the news and it spread across the world and Susan mention some Nordic countries, United States and Canada ban these products and then to get your question even ass, the boycott began. There were companies, the brow, from industry and introduce the alternatives, and so there were Thompson sprays in raw lands in lots of them.

turn and then very quickly. They found a new aerosol propellant was now I wasn't a plaything and energies that so you have is creative tension within the industry. within the earth. All industry, where some of the companies Sd Johnson in Man and others were in favour of protecting the ozone layer and they won against competition. Penetrated the market products were abandoned. His as sensitive mention your heart be noticed that this product changes were occurring and then later, but the Montreal Protocol there was a much more organised process. The part that I worked on with the Montreal Protocol was to evaluate technology, promote the best of the technology and then, very importantly, today currently alternatives? There were inferior in one way or the other, so they were very successful at night trading, one problem for another and actually making overhauling

very quickly so that this is a lesson here that if you want to make systemic change domestic, clear internationally, you got it it's free to work as swiftly and effectively it's gotta You got a sort of energize all parts of that beast, but that machine that is ultimately, is the force of change in this world yeah yeah Large. That word, aren't you less did you know. I understand I've resigns is in front of me. You know that I can say money, that's what happened we had to free market Yassum pressure by science or in other portion of the marketplace say: hey, I'm gonna respond that creates competition there. Before, You know it it's like hey. I don't want to lose any of this money. Forget

of spray and money away where we, so this you're right you're right shut, but you left out something really important, and that is people the fact that people, really cared about this issue. They actually understood and could perceive that. the idea of having more or more ultra violet, light falling on them. If there was less ozone, everybody the ozone layer protects us from ultra violet light from the sun, and we don't want to get we get Sun burned. It hurts it's bad for us. We get skin cancer, we get counteracts the plants get sick. You know lots of bad things, people care about it because they could see what was going on. So don't forget that thought. The importance of public in tourists its huge in any environmental problem, the otherwise you're arguing and avoid, and even if you're right, they wondered they would it be difficult, if not impossible, to gain traction

the other, mutually worry about future problems that don't have ways to get traction yet they still need to be implemented, for the survival of the species. Now give me your word: Don't worry you seem gratitude, burn go. A lot is happening, it is definitely happening. The young people today are incredibly environmentally That's true: I can't we too late take overcome the world. We must have a what time in the history of the universe has the adult popular patient ever said can't wait till the union's take over the fixed, never happened ever we might be living in that for the very first time we have to take a break for when we come back, will take questions from our fan base from our patron fan base because they all know we ever scientifically literate audience, and so I think they'll be delighted to know they have access to the two of you and check you ve collected the questions so when we

we come back cosmic queries, bending leaders. Do you struggle with anxiety, stress or feeling overwhelmed if you're ready for therapy tell a dog is here, for you tell a dark, gives you access to license therapists to help you get back to feeling your best to feeling like yourself again with tell adopt. You can speak What licence therapists by phone or video no need to wait months for an appointment therapy appointments are bail, Seven days a week from seven a m to nine p M local time, look, maybe you're feeling stressed or anxious.

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and my favorite personal astrophysicist. Neil de Grass Thyssen cosmic. Where is lending the ozone layer? somebody had to do it We had two people in the house in the virtual zoo mouse who were under celebrated for what it is. They achieve and it's time more people knew their names. I got Susan Solomon and atmospheric chemist. Stephen Anderson who, as we spent a career, worrying and thinking about sort of how

to create sustainable civilization and what you need to do about that and making it something real, rather than just something we ve. all imagined, and so we are where we we socially questions from our fan base. Yes, but many elderly Turk what he heard out before we go. Can I just ask just so that people can know, because we do you Susan said it everybody knows about ultraviolet. Lighten the ozone protects us from that. So can you guys just a means of three of you or any of you give us? How does that happen? Why does that have this might be? The only thing I can contribute to this party has done for something else procedure can I can I take my stab at this? Ok, ok, so the twenty. One percent of the air we breathe is oxygen and most of it is not actually oxygen. Nitrogen,

and so that oxygen itself is in a form of two oxygen Adams combined and we call it or to owe to that's what we breathe. which sustains the nitrogen is, is just filler basic. Wrote them our right and our crab cake survival is similar that's around exactly at the authority to much bread for micro? Actually, but ok, so there's a form of oxygen that it has three oxygen: atoms and goods Three much closer and ozone has the property which is, if it if you have ultra violet light that strikes that molecule, that's sufficient energy to break the molecule apart back into oxygen no two, and so so Obviously what happened to that of uv? It's got. It goes in the kinetic energy of those to the of the two resulting particles, and so it's gone

so the ultra violet from the sun. It was eight. I get the right number from our to guess: nine. seven, ninety nine percent, uv from the sun does not reach earth's surface because of the Gaza, so people, You do get sunburn. Now, that's a little bit that gives through the ozone is trying to do its best answer you take out the ozone layer, that's the end of life on earth. As we know it, life on earth surface because, ultimately, and biology r, r in commencing, angel via has enough energy to break apart biological boy. How did I do Stephen answers? You didn't great. You did great, I mean at the very end. You said the key thing, which is that the union like hitting your skin or him in your eyes. enough to actually damage your dna and that's what causes cancer so so

the only other thing that I would add is that every one percent, change in the ozone layer is estimated to cause a to the three percent increase in skin cancer in white skinned people mom. So it's not as much of a problem in dark people, but it's, not zero problem either in everybody's got the same problem with their eyes. It doesn't whether their blue or or brown or black, your eyes will will still be subject to cataracts, because the white gets through and damages the retina. So snack, good news, and it's it's indiscriminate too, you know whether you put the stop about or not so it's happening all around the world we ve gotta. Finally, whispers up into truck chop wicked witch, so it can quickly be kind. I was going to say why people

so fine violate on any one good thing about being. Let me finally swift signal our debates I don't want, you can have generously. Can you sell em, where some block every day is not because I'm worried about you raise is because I want to look good You are the awning Adriana there from it is from this done so, and I will listen to TAT was amazing. That was great. There was ok, I'm sure, as Hell a big brains and chuck I'll. Wait. whether you re a because I love you and thank you for your gift of knowledge. I run a small AC company in Phoenix Arizona and I have been directly affected by legislation regarding climate change. In particular, the twenty fourteen phasing out of eight see FC are twenty two I was wondering if you can,

Spain, the actual of of chlorine or refrigerants- only atmosphere itself. Thank you and of forgiven me these small opportunity to play a part in the exploration of our planet, but this is Samuel case miracle sought. So I guess the question is what is actually going on up there there's? ozone mining, its own business, the o three molecule and now jumbo quarrels, zero carbon molecule meets it so now take us through that Germany Maneater through that, because his airconditioning case is very interesting- is absolutely right, We have twenty two to place the oath. It's also a greenhouse gas, powerful greenhouse gas, so here we have a refrigerator was once used in every air, conditioner

a small size everywhere in the world and then under the Montreal protocol. They factor phasing out that chemicals last uses are occurring in developing countries and for servicing of older condition that hasn't been replaced, so they chlorine and this chemical as says Susan Mention migrate to the stratosphere, destroys the user and harms you. People through these biological and other effects in farming

So arms is, you know, materials on the surface of belt environment and also suppressing the human immune system. So this is an extraordinary environmental effects that in itself a justified the Montreal Protocol, but the greenhouse effect from the refrigerant itself, which is the directive back two of that, Sir gas entering the high atmosphere in and the like was also serious and then the third lack of that is. The energy is used for the air conditioner itself, because until recently that came from

coal and oil and other polluting sources, and so this changes occurring in Arizona at this hour. Conditioning company has a broader vantage to society, because the new refrigerants safer, the ozone layer, their lower in their direct effect on the climate and the equipment itself, is more efficient than the equipment was sold historically. So it's a change for the company and its Rourke efforts for an individual company to change the tools in the tanks and retrain the workers, but it

for the good of society and we just getting through that change have from the Montreal Protocol, and now we are entering a new stage where they refrigerant he's. Using now, which is called HF, see a poor one. Zero pay, which is a blend of two of these chemicals that are also saying, is still a greenhouse gas somewhere, making a change to a lower energy, a lower J, W p I less damaging refrigerant and were increasing energy efficiency again. So this is a case of continuous improvement and innovation and the strength of the Montreal Protocol that it just keeps getting the signal that you talked about kneel and you talked about check that there is the profit motive and then there is also a tremendous them, a matter

a lot of of the ultra listing of companies that want to better fur and employees and customers and right stockier plus they do. You think it to advertise that that their that they're all dead, environmentally preferred com. observing Ghana. I've got a thriving, and I love that and you guys in Arizona which last we check. Yes, sits a quarter miles out of service in the summer, its roots, orbits ways, just as several of you too, can be a hero. Man make the transition there you have it awesome. I was great Dr Johnson was no. This? Are we at the point of no return

run away climate change. Are there any potential technologies that can reverse the effects? Susan, let me get you to respond to that because you, if you're an atmosphere, chemist, viewed beard view would be plugged into knowing the causes and effects of our atmosphere, questions, but also what could possibly be remedies to it beyond. Just ok, stop what you're doing right. Is there some other sort of chemicals GEO Engineering solution to what's going on here. Well, p, we have talked about GEO Engineering, the planet. I personally I'm just not a fan of experimenting with fathoms, its excellent. You know it!

you're, a real. You know I I dont volunteer for medical trials. I mean just depends on how you feel about risk, but you know the problem is that we can do now you cannot make a decision for the whole world just because some people were I go out there and go Skydiving Ryan. Some people really don't don't, have this I am values about risk that I do so. Your feelings about changing hearing. I think you have a lot to do with how you, how you are as far as risk, averse or not, and I am actually honestly pretty risk, but I can pay them on Mars where there is no ozone layer. These, as far as we ve been able to measure the sir percent Mars is sterile because the uv like comes trade on down and if we ever gonna terror for Mars Wigand need. Some uv Fielding and are we

I was out of course, but so whenever it is, the risk you want or don't wanna take things, somebody's got to think about it? We're gonna be to plant species, that's true, but at the moment we don't really have a liar species on Mars. As far as we are expressing our not not quite the same level of risk to life up there is there Life forms on Mars, radio orbital body is the robotic. Planet gets off the ground, which I guess, I'm people still looking for. little tiny has. I am no back carrier or something I mean. You know way, Michael's not on the surface, but there might be under ground aquifers. There would be shielded from the EU. And so there is some attempt to think about it but when you know when you, when you absolutely, but when you come, to the earth, and you talk about GEO Engineering, you gotta say ok, Well, maybe it's gonna change rainfall cheat. You know

the people who are already suffering from drought in Say, Australia. You know what they might not like that too much from all in charge and urge you got a little bit for, I agree with the collar that were at the point of no return and it's pretty desperate. If you look at the IPCC, ordered you look at wildfire fires in California, I were close to the end of the time where we could make easy choices: So right now is a tremendous opportunity to face down these HIV says they mention better control. Now, under the Montreal Protocol, a big part of the of the new opportunities to face down methods career render the lakes of methane and cut back on the exploitation, and these gases have a short term powerful effect on climate. So you can take out those chemicals swiftly.

Then you won't find yourself is desperate as to require that kind of experimental Raymond from your areas. We have talking gotta that doesn't afford you back here the rate at which things change gas pipelines. you know weak, I guess the question was about the room no way greenhouse effect idea, and I think that's conceivable, but honestly, there isn't too much evidence that were close to that point right. now and one one of us has reopened Carter That really is about Spain, as is an you know that that could happen if we kept going full bore pedal to the metal, but I just don't think that's gonna happen. Given that Cuba is fair to say that so putting the runaway affect the sigh that climate change itself is,

and of like a snowball, rolling down hill or a MAC struck on a on a gradient that a decline and that, as it picks up speed, it's much harder to slow down and then once you hit the brain It still gonna keep going forward. No matter what you know about some misconception, a lot of people have chuck yeah, let's see. Where do I start with this? I guess what I say: The thing that is rolling down here fast is actually the development of the commitments that We? Human beings have to infrastructure that uses fossil fuels, which are the source of our co2. So, though, problem an end to me, it's you know it's it's hard to talk about. It as a problem. I fervently believe that people in the developing world have every right to develop. You know it is fundamental to their health.

There are eleven minutes there there. future their education and orange. Every everything you name. It is fundamental to life, to two to go forward further developing world to continue to develop and in order to develop if they develop using fossil fuels as they get richer, as is now happening in our globalized Maybe then more and more power plants rebuilt and more and more cars will be bought, and the question is: are those going to be fossil fuel powered cars and fossil fuel powered coal powered power plants or are they going to? a clean energy systems, so you see the writing on the wall based on what the future institutional, societal commitments are gonna be in the coming decades,

and then doesn't look good in limited, Mummy and checked here that the runway runaway. Is that the momentum of technology as to be turned back very quickly, because you can't turn it over back. If you look forward to your house for appliances for cars at a vacation, you planned elder property. This estate a long time to turn the solvency you gotta get an early start and the part of the runaway I'm worried about his things like the melting Arctic and say level. Rising and liberating the methane from the tundra. So bribes and those real concern said if you go too far with that it'll be a long time coming back and servants publishes an under long life and carbon dioxide is extraordinary, difficult, changes to make the sooner you change the better, and I think we are behind schedule on these kinds of commitment.

People should be ok, so would you say we're all gonna die package which I can happily vote just laughed at. That fact that that's what we do and I feel that all time China hosting I just want to say, one thing is great: to roll back methane and hydro fluorocarbons and all the rest of it. But, let's not forget carbon dioxide is job one. It's really our fossil fuel economy that that is our problem in an old if it distracts us from working on reducing fossil fuel used to work on methane week. We should, definitely not do. That knows how to be good news attitude. Very smart, different people, resentfully, no overlap that you can do two things at once, right and left in the industries that I get moving on all this stuff at the same time, or all these jobs will end up his job.

John job last. So I would urge I would urge all the regions in the listeners at best investigate himself we'd better get going there arising out another who can take another, bring all our third and final segment chuck. I think we got here I know this is going to happen like I wouldn't go quickly. Ok, you're lying around in the third sector, where we combat cosmic wearies mending the ozone startled. Here's an interesting thought. The medium homeowner has forty times the wealth of a red that's an average six thousand dollar net worth compared to two hundred forty thousand dollar network and went on.

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and everybody else listening who would like a very unpatriotic shout out. Please go to patriotic outcomes. Last start talk, radio and support us. We're back cosmic varies aware: Jabez jet Europe's social media, Chuck nice car guess everywhere. Thank you everywhere, good good good, and we go with us our unsung heroes, guests, yes, scientists, Susan, Sound and Stephen Anderson. who are the recipients of the future of life, were worn out given to people will you otherwise didn't hear about somehow managed to save the friggin worth loud and so that the fact that this award exists is cover. Weird does a weird fast,

right, because you think is so save the world, they be on the front page of every paper rife, but when it tells you is that there are scientists working behind the scenes in laboratories, their people who were who are moving agencies institutions so that, at the end of the day an entire system has been shifted and people tend to look at the contents of the saucers they just eat the sauce examples already sorted analogies now- and you know I don't know what's in that- it makes so much sense, and this is one of the problems I have with you. Three and everyone in your industry is that you quietly go about your work Why do you quietly go about your work, so we need. Will you have a higher like pr people attached to us?

so Stevens Susan today, this award. Is it a physical thing or is it just some distinction that that they hand you well anyhow? tremendous honour or not. I just happen to have my plaque here which, with open we're going to attack so extremely heavy story for those only listening groups. That's for those only listening, it's it's a plaque, at least sixteen by twenty. It looks like US gorgeous. It's completely gorgeous ass, an end you have to if you didn't, have a mantle to put it over. If you have to buy a house that had a mantle had to put it over, I gotta find a really strong nail, because this thing is so had the centre right In writing. I am right underneath the earth for those of you who are just listening. It says thank you. For saving the world not sure how how you're superhero characters coming.

Reality. So right now I have the real captain: planet and major ecology certainly I got the axe, then I ever those advocating that I so we wish to list the cosmic query, so we ve only got into like two or three questions, We can speed up our answers, get a little more in the segment, so go for Jack. Ok, sir, this is Nicholas Lensing, who says hey there in the book. How to avoid a climate disaster bill Gates proposes that we only reduce carbon emissions. If we cut the cost what he calls green premium whenever human activity it sounds like a good framework. Do you think reducing the cost of cleaner? alternatives would be enough to eradicate greenhouse gases and emissions released by human activity, which of course, are not in the less IPCC, said that that we are indeed the contributing factor here for. Finally, we that today,

but we knew that this is one Stephen, but with direct that he himself. If, if we go back to them, economic drivers that motivate people. We have green it's not green energy and non renewable energy, and I did pretty clear to me that of green energy ever ended up physically costing less there non renewable energy. You could he's the world overnight. So

where are we aware that had the Good NEWS is that bill Gates is right, that it's a tremendous advantage that the cost of electricity from wind and solar has come down? Many of you know that right now that even if you're on a relatively recent call fired power plant, that's less expensive to reinvest in solar wind than to buy the call for that power. That is especially true if you look at a downstream affects that you have to go for cleaning up the coal mines, cleaning up the spoils getting rid of day combustion by products, so that's happening today.

and it's really just this fighting- is of the infrastructure that certain merchants, the idea you just have to get to work and changes over and right now, you could look at somewhere tastes like a new Orleans. I dont know if you notice that their power grid fails withdrawing the floods and one of the huge advantages of this distributed power from wind and solar, and especially when its Como created in this day is you can maintain electricity for critical service like medicine and communication and so forth. Even when the power grid stem cell, there's lots of co benefits, Have you look at a big institutions like the United States, military, their shifting very quickly to solar and wind and distributed powers and their electrifying things that people couldn't imagine have been done in the past

so they were. I think that one of the brightest spots and bill gates is absolutely correct. They clean energy is a big part of the solution it get. What we need is what we need is that good country, songs, written about solar and wind? We think that turns a country's songs about coal minors, but you never heard a curfew diplomacy. My daddy was a solar array comes like you never heard, then very good point. If I just reminded myself that that sound from the sixties, big badge right members- He d worked in a coal mine. Thank you. Died in a coal mine by the end of the summer. Sorted give away the possible oil in order to ensure that german day break by age, so Europe all these countries songs of working in the cold

my daddy was coal mine is daddy, was a call back. There was a matter that is their dignity yourself, so we really funny a whole sweeter song. Mud daddy set of solar panels Fred Gibson. Once you know this, what is the most? What is the most life, changing adoptions to our lives. That will be forced to make due to do lack of resolve in dealing with climate change and Fred is coming to us. when a pad Manitoba, this assumes that not all changes it was not all changes will be smooth uneasy and maybe where we will be worse by by other factors. Susan would he have while we get to find out how tasty vegetables actually can be, if you cook

correctly. You know I mean it's not the most sheep he's that my mother used to serve us out of the can right, which we may ass. Well, ass, all hate vegetables, you know, I'm peasant personally, I'm presbyterian fish and vegetables and I've never had such delicious vessels of my life until I started really thinking about how to make him tasty and their easy to me taste and I cant figure. We should review the pop by cartoon series. Where he's looking for a spin in the protests and checking I am a boil strategy, tourism. Outlook man now I know we all right, I mean

right here, Bhutto, I've gotta, run the whole foods Pablo Obituary right. Ok, this ass, your affairs born ass. We would like to know this. I've read that seventy pride, seventy five percent of greenhouse gases are created by about one hundred companies. Is this true and candy average individual really then made the difference, good question that you see. I think that is so. I haven't heard that statistic. I bet there are gigantic companies in the world, and certainly they hundred biggest companies would be a big part of the problem. I would just point out that those hundred companies are buying from ten thousand companies and their selling billions of customers. So look at the whole spectrum of thanks is still alive. a ring,

for everybody to do their part and one of the things it's happening very quickly as the companies that have social responsibility, We are changing. Their product lines are changing their procurement there, deciding that issue Carmen neutralize third tunnel of that. So there's a lot of positive things going on, but it is. It is true that there are some giant company. There are standing in the way of climate protection and they certainly have to be reckoned with the nets. As Neil knows, that's it classic A political problem, Susan, what's it mean to carbon neutral, for it to take on carbon neutral or with any so it means that the amount that you generate is equal to the amount that you take away of carbon dioxide of carbon dioxide so their way whatever you do you not making the planet worse off, right bright. So, if you're going to

for example, go for a drive. You go for a drive in your electric vehicle. Instead of your fossil fuel power, car- and you make sure that you pay the extra for the wind source. You no electricity, if it does costume extra by this, we talked about earlier, just make a cheaper and then you won't have to pay extra for it where you're just gonna come from anyway? So if you are, if you still have a fossil fuel car, you traded and get me, those cool new Tesla interest go roaring down the street and propriety girls are Jackie becoming our right. This is Helma Vander, Rick. I think, I tried hard. I tried my eye, which I try again other than the best I could helmer Dear honoured scientists. I am from the Netherlands and I'm pretty worried about the rising sea levels

for obvious reasons, as they all countries below sea level. Behold a meter lands means lower right. Ok, he said, but I got to thinking. Earth could be calm on inhabit in many ways, some being more likely than others and your professional opinion. What is the most likely cause for earth to become uninhabitable It sounds to me like this. Guy spends a lot of time been depressed we can do is take it about as breads all over the place he can't get away from. How are we going out there? Susan?

David, which of you face about their pockets. Most. You know one of the things, one of the things that the future of Life Institute is good for his taking on the hard problems, and so one of the reasons I was so pleased to win this war is, if you look at the list, its nuclear biological weapons. It sir changes in inappropriately apply technology of all kinds, and then now it shows on climate, so I think, there's a whole spectrum it away. I like to look at those to remain optimistic, as if everyone did their job. on ozone depleting substances? Greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and people, are in charge of bringing peace to the world and software. You need a holiday because there's a lot of mechanisms that could invalidate the unit it states in the rest of the world? I think everybody's got to do the job so shocked. Soap, Stephen has the complete list, the Arab? What will do with him?

there. You are right, I don't know what do you do when you get back to work and what are you doing here back to your desk. Jackie become ok. This is Coty Lebowski and curry wants to know this hello. All the main thing I always hear from climate change deniers is that humans are not to blame for the increase in global temperatures. Can you please explain how we can improve the human responsibility? The accountability snugly I do. How do you do that? Well, there is a lot in different ways. I guess so. The first thing I would say is you know the Arctic. is getting warmer than the rest of the world- and we expect that its but just to be clear, you mean it's temperatures rising.

There has been more old warming in the arctic redwood- it's not Greece, not actually warmer than because that would be bad for sound eyes. Oh yeah, you're right you're right just spoke. Yes, all of the art, regions are warming more, but because of restaurant later than other places, and if it was coming from the sun, it would be the tropics that would actually be warming or if it was like changes in solar activity. So that's not what it is, and you know it's not be cause the oceans in the Arctic giving up he's, especially just there, because the oceans are actually taking off eat, everywhere, because they're getting warmer too. So, unless You believe that there is magical other ways to makers Roy Energy, which more which they do with

Some people do it all nail. Euro Euro listeners are much more learned than they got all people. We are people really doing you. Gotta have a source for that energy is the whole plan, is getting hotter and that the source for their energy is because we put more carbon dioxide and into the air. So so, just to be clear when, when the report a report says the temperature of the world has increased by one degrees Celsius, that's an average and it is lost as you created and and higher than that at the polls. But people don't think that. and then would melting. You know glacier ice So maybe they should just give what the temperature increases at all. That would that could that might be more alarming to people than just the global average yeah. It's a good. I think two and a half times more. I read the reason is because

the ice retreats and then there's more heat coming in then and being absorbed so writers. Reflect some one is the idea right right, run right right rights was a runaway process We are not for like a half more quest, ok, greater savings, one for last on purpose. This is Data Petersen, hello, doktor ties and doktor solemnly doctor. Anderson when I was a child in the these and Ninetys, every member, the hole in the ozone layer being a very huge deal. The campaign to ban cfcs seem to have been very successful in comparison to the campaign to fight global warming. What lessons can we learn from the ozone layer campaign and up lie them Lloyd Warming campaign like yeah, yeah, writing a book. That's exactly about this and I can I give it to you really quick now, don't do that bought a book,

you gave your answer. Backup. No, it's ok, you gave your free is books not ready, yet anyhow, it saw its it's because people really cared so you you, the people have to care at least enough to vote and preferably to go out to your church or your social club and talk to other people and get them to care. Its political figures have to get interested and really want to try to do stuff- and you know Brok Obama, for example, really tried to do stuff. There were politicians who try to do stuff back. Then you gotta have industry playing their role in developing new technologies, which Steven is done so much to to promote and make happen? And you got to have good science and you got to have the economics all work out and it can do so when all those factors ally with one another. That's what happened and that's how we of the ozone problem because such to culture, money

you don T, from an earlier yeah So it seems to me about it adds that then, if you really change, people's hearts and minds. You have to prove invent something that they could turn to, something can take the off ramp and not feel like their somehow living a lesser life. That's part of it. but the other, but giving you a bench. Your vegetable analogue, you aren't you officials are only the side light to the tea bone stake on your plate, then no one's investing anything in making those vegetables hasty, but those vegetarians if the internet is as visions of the vegetables become friends sent her in More attention is given ass, my wife and I are doing just that was so. Many variables in ways that work unthinkable growing up in this world. So I kind of think you needed there right, so they can say what what am I gotta? Do you gonna do this? All my guess is cheaper he's doing better and that it happens immediately. That's true, but you know you know what else is simple

news. You gotta realise at that stage is actually not good for you. If you have it every night, not really. You have to understand that the problem serious, and then you need to make a change and in oh if, if this year is unconvincing, lots of people that serious- and I know I just don't know what to say to those people- I would like to see the truth and right about that Lisbon part the Montreal always very good acts, is that they worked it where the Robin met, rubbed the identifying the technologies and promoted them a lot. And so, if you compare the work of the IPCC and the work of the Montreal Protocol, Montreal Protocol name names does the technology, A reference is where you forget it so was a much more publicly oriented system with a lot less bureaucracy and I think getting the companies on board with the customers. I really closes the gap in the ninety nine ozone depleting substances

are a hundred or so there were now ninety eight percent illuminating, which is why a river Stephen. I am delighted that you remained so optimistic up his turf. So who's as close to the end of the world is the two of you. A big, been delighted to hear such a positive outlook That means hope, Springs, eternal and the human spirit. Maybe what wins out in the end? After all, we got a call: it quits their Susan Stevens, been a delight to have you on the shelf. Congratulations for saving the world went when when, when chunk, has a superheroes back will invite you to comment on them to see if they capture what you did waiting It is out of the carry the right combination of superpowers, subject, always have. You always applies all right with my colleague, Mr Neil digress, Thyssen here

your personal astrophysicist, as always bidding keep looking up.