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in Canada and Australia and reduce in other parts of the empire and the focus on Mount up assault was really on Australia. A lot of the children who were sent to us we are living in just horrifying conditions and the governments of Great Britain, Australia later formerly apologise for that whole thing. Episode. We mention Rhodesia, really almost in passing. It was almost like an aside I know very little about Rhodesia and its history, and most of my research on that previous episode was We are in Canada and Australia, so we really did not give Rhodesia a lot of attention. Aside from that very brief, passing mention the day after we recorded, though a gunman killed, nine people at a manual African Methodist, episcopal Church and trusting South Carolina a suspect was later still in wrath and he confessed to the shooting and pictures of him wearing a jacket.

The authorities in flag on it eventually went viral, so suddenly are passing mention. LISA, seemed really woefully inadequate bed. At that point, we could not really redo that episode. So today we are going to remedy that with some context onwards, and why the Rhodesia flag is associated with white supremacy today today it is two different nations Zambia to the North and Zimbabwe to the south. Are primary focus in this episode is really the southern part of the territory, but to set the stage, we're gonna talk a bit about how both of them came to be so for centuries. This part of Africa has. So for centuries. This part of Africa has been home to a number of banned. You speaking peoples, one of these peoples who were the ancestors of the shown people created an immense city known as great Zimbabwe, which, according to legend, is also the home of the queen of Sheba its estimated

More than ten thousand people lived in great Zimbabwe at its peak, the city was so massive and so complex that european car. Thriving in the area and eighty hundreds actually credit it. It's grief into foreign visitors like Egyptians or Phoenicians, rather than having to be the work of Africans, which is what it actually was today. Great Zimbabwe is a UNESCO World heritage site in the middle aged eighteen, hundreds, those european explorers and common, is generally came into the region from the south. One of them was sessile roads who had been sent to South Africa in eighteen, seventy to work on his brother coverts cotton farm rather than going to university. So if I re briefly about his time prior tipping

involved in what would later be rhodesia when sessile roads arrived in South Africa. Has brother had actually already abandoned this farm in favour of a much more lucrative pursuit, which was diamond mining vessel, convinced Herbert to come back to the farm, and they did try to make it go for a year or so, but in eighteen, seventy one or two of them both move to Kimberly once and in pursuit of diamonds and although sessile roads, health had not been especially good for much of his wife. He was over ambitious in it. Eighty one, he finished a degree and he later cofounded De Beers consolidated minds with C D run with the help of their friend our be it. The veers established a monopoly that eventually controlled ninety percent of the world's production of diamonds therewith when we say ambitious here and he had aspirations like

the british empire as far as possible, including reclaiming the United States, who took this point, had been independent for Britain for a while, so very high aspirations in terms of the british empire, especially so. The De Beers diamond cartel and the diamond trade could be a whole other podcast and in fact it has been both on this issue and on our prior podcast called positive. But long story short sessile. Roads did not really just get behind the idea of making a bunch of money and then hoarding it. He wanted to put that wealth in action, and so he made his way of politics in eighteen. Eighty, one hoping to really transform this diamond wealth into political power, both in the context of the british Empire, as I just mentioned, and then also the policy of Africa and other imperial powers within Africa.

After a while and including a number of other events that we're not going to get into it outside the scope of this episode. He wanted to get into gold mining in what is now in Bob Way to do that. He needed a secure rights from King Lovin LE ruler than the devil aim. However, Gula did not trust him or any other white Bertram. Apart from missionaries, sessile roads. Teamed up with congregation was John Smith Moffit and together they persuaded glad to sign an exclusive treaty of friendship in February of eighteen. Eighty eight so

there they started trying to get lovin go. Let's give the mining concessions, which he was very extremely reluctant to do. He was pretty sure that if he gave these in a european people rights to his land, they were never going to leave, but in October of the fate of the same year after lots of pressure, he finally did grant mining concessions, but what he actually signed did not just give them rights to mine on his territory. Basically signed away control of the kingdom and with those concessions in hand, roads went right to the british government seeking a royal charter to start the British South Africa Company with the goal of expanding british territory. In that part of Africa, The charter was granted in eighteen. Eighty nine. The initial charter was for twenty five years, and that was extended for ten more years in nineteen fifteen

getting an eighty ninety which the same year, that several roads also took up. The post of Prime Minister of Cape Colony, the British South Africa Company, expanded british tat territory into what, Zambia and Malawi. So this was way beyond the original territory that was initially negotiated with King Lovin, Gula then there are a zillion other things we could talk about when it comes to settle roads, life in his activities in Africa, but We actually need to move ahead, and Zimbabwe's history specifically and we're gonna do that. But first we are going to have a brief word from a sponsor. This episode of stuff, you have been history glasses, brought to you by love book. If you ve ever wanted to share a love story with somebody, but you weren't really sure how to start. That is where love book comes in. These are totally customize. Books that you can give as gifts to the people that you love and care about. Most people use them to live, out the reasons why they love someone. You can create characters that look just like yourself.

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love book online, dotcom, Slash I heard, and you're gonna receive a special twenty percent discount. That is only fur listeners again love book online. Dotcom slash I heart to receive special twenty percent discount airlines have traced the arc of Rhodesia history through its in the pan. From Britain and eighty nineties under the British, South Africa Company, Great Britain acquired and appropriated the territory that would become northern and southern Rhodesia, built new infrastructure, including lots of rail road and use the paramilitary force as law enforcement the British South Africa Company made money through mining in agriculture, as well as on collecting customs duties and other taxes and fees. On paper, the British South Africa Company often got the consent of local african leaders before beginning operations, but ass had been the case with King Lubin Boola. This consent was off

Reluctantly, given at best and Lovin Boola himself, actually fled the region in eighteen. Ninety three: following an armed resistance by the devil against british advance. There were also multiple instances of the company running well past. What was actually agreed to once that consent was actually give in, and sometimes the company evaded Working with local governments at without getting their consent at all, and naturally the local people often put up a lot of resistance to this, including armed resistance. So the law enforcement arm of the company became a fighting forest to try to put down local descent. There was extensive fighting between the african population and the British

Africa Company until eighteen, ninety seven and when I made that passing aside and our british Migrant Child Maghreb Programme episode to what was happening and road user, like those are the sorts of things that I just thought were happening like the things that very frequently have happened in the like history of colonialism, in terms of like making unequal treaties and putting down local resistance with force of that kind of, like those of the sort of things that I thought were probably going on in Russia. When I made that one passing aside. The British South Africa Company administered southern Rhodesia until nineteen twenty three, but after the end of world war, one Rhodesia started pressuring the company to be allowed to govern itself. Eventually a royal commission study the issue ultimately offering two options: southern Rhodesia could join

You need of South Africa or become self governing fell because she was but too about. But the thing was the only people who have the right to vote where the thirty four thousand Europeans living in Rhodesia, not the african population of ready user, who did not have the right to vote the wound up, going in favour of self self government for Southern Rhodesia, though Rhodesia, this point became a self governing british we were with Britain, retaining control of external affairs for Southern Rhodesia and having just power. Basically, a veto power over issues that were directly affects the african population. The british colonial office took control of Northern Rhodesia in nineteen twenty four and, as we said at the top of the show that now Zambia and from here on we're going to focus on these southern part of Rhodesia going forward. Where are you going to skip ahead by about forty years and during much of that forty years

The economy did grow overall, a lot of money, for mining, copper and gold and other materials, as well as raising cattle and growing crops like corn and tobacco for a lot of that time. The white government operated with an attitude that Africans could eventually take over governing rhodesia once they were experienced enough to cooperate with other governments on an international scale. Then, basically keep up the economic progress that had been made under white rule This changed radically under prime Minister, even Douglas Smith, who took office in April of nineteen sixty four here. War hero from the Royal Airforce, who had survived both crashing being shot down and have returned home with them to one, I am part of his face from the very meaning of his entry into rhodesia politics. He wanted to protect white minority rule.

The more on his political background in nineteen. Forty eight Smith had been elected to the southern region assembly and he joined the governing federal party in nineteen. Fifty three. He continued to be part of this party until nineteen sixty one. The thing that prompted him to leave was that the federal parties, a new constitution which would have allowed black Africans in Rhodesia to have a bigger part in parliament's black Africans were, at this point, a huge majority, but had very little representation in the white government. So, with the federal parties supporting this new Constitution Smith, you disagree broke away from it. In her turn, a new party called the rude ease in front the party platform of he's in front included, gaining independence from Britain and continuing to govern Rhodesia via white minority and not handing over power to the majority black population there at ease in front gain, support from white supremacist and they won the election in nineteen. Sixty two

same year, the? U N Central Assembly called for a more liberal constitution that would allow equal representation for the black population. Inroad ISA in nineteen sixty four Smith became Prime Minister of Road, Egypt and making him the first native born prime minister of the nation and basically got to work, trying to submit white rule over Rhodesia and to keep the country existing in a state of apartheid. He refused to even discuss reforms to the constitution. That would let the majority black population have a proportional voice in the governments and he arrested and banned Black Nationalist Lee First Corrigan black african resistance to minority. Why rule had really started to grow? Basically, as soon as Rodya had become a self governing colony and by the nineteen sixty black nationalist groups, where emerged as an organised presence within the country. This included the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or Zanu

leave Zimbabwe, African National Union or Zanu, and two prominent leaders within these movements were Joshua Como and Robert Mugabe relationship with Great Britain were also starting to sour. At this point, Smith tried to negotiate with Britain for total independence, but the british government's position was it rhodesia, black population, needed to have a voice in its government, the reflected the size of its population. At this point there were two hundred and twenty thousand White Rhodesia and almost four million black radiations, almost none of whom were permitted to vote or hold office. So distributing power, the races could be represented equally with something that Smith absolutely refused to consider, even though it was literally the one thing that would have made great Britain open to the idea of reason: independence. Events

negotiations between Rhodesia and Great Britain totally broke down. So, on November, eleventh of nineteen sixty five year, Psmith issued the unilateral declaration of independence, also called the you die in which Rhodesia declared its independence from Great Britain. He said this was the only way to maintain quote civilised standards. The tone of this document as like, very similar to the they like it, it states. Declaration of independence from Britain by the wording of it is, has a whole other subjects. Its basically like we ve been governing ourselves for this long, and we have seen repeatedly other nations have their own populations take over and it hasn't gotten as well. So we respect you your majesty, but we're independent, now

Basically, what it boils down to you. So this unilateral declaration of independence did not go over well and it did not go over well on an international scale. The international community was outraged and most nations did not ready eyes or data as a legitimate country at all for a sense of the timing of when this happened. This was years after the March on Washington and Martin Luther King Jr. If I have a dream speech was a year after President Lyndon Johnson find the Civil Rights ACT of nineteen. Sixty four and Martin Luther King Jr was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. There was the same year as the Selma to Montgomery March. In the passage of the Voting Rights ACT in the United States, so happened Concurrently with black Americans seeking the rights that had already been granted to them in the constitution, Black Africa, then Rhodesia were seeking the right to participate in the government, basically at all and Aunt Smith had gone so far as to do

their independence from Great Britain rather than to do that at Britain's requests. The? U N Security Council imposed economic sanctions against rose Rhodesia in nineteen sixty six, the first time it had used. This tactic Smith responded by defaulting on olive Rhodesia debts which were backed by Great Britain and that put Britain on the hook for everything that Rhodesia owned this basically very novel way of tabby in great Britain economy, while balancing their or he there is also an argument to be made that that this all would have been over very quickly if Britain had invaded ready serve it. Britain did not want to do that, so Smith got off as the great Britain and started the wheels turning on a new constitution for a visa and one that would instead of eventually handing over power to the black majority one

we'd make Rhodesia Republic, while guaranteeing that the rule of that republic would be followed. A solid Lee in the hands of a white minority permanently. All of this was put to a vote, but the people who have the right to vote everybody's at this point were overwhelmingly white, so Smith plan passed by a landslide parliament pass the new constitution in November of nineteen. Sixty nine and road declared itself a republic on the following march. Second, this episode of stuff- you missed in history classes. Brassy you by W W, formerly wait watchers, they have launched a new might be to be programmed at their most groundbreaking and customize programme. Ever I joined Debbie W because I was really looking for something that was going to help encourage means. You make healthier eating choices; they have really done that when you join them W W program, you will take a personal assessment. It questions about your eating habits in your behaviors minute, scientifically matches you up with which plans

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Of in this organ? The patriotic France started leading Virilis warfare efforts to try to take control of Rhodesia back from the minority to the majority as the patriotic front fought against the Rhodesia Armed forces, the economy of ready, just started to crumble, Under the strain White Rhodesia started to emigrate out of Rhodesia, and this war went on until nineteen seventy seven, nearly thirty thousand people died and most of those people were black Africa There are a lot of reasons why this went on for so long that some of them, where they like number one guerrilla fighting, tends to be drawn out and kind of horrible. But in addition to that, there were several factions within the african population, and sometimes they were good at working together and then sometimes they heads or a fundamentally different viewpoints on how things should proceed and it just became a long

long drawn out conflict. There was pretty brutal angry some. Finally, in nineteen, seventy seven, after immense pressure from diplomatic and economic and military directions, Smith's started negotiating with able Loser Rewire, who was of the United Africa, No council, he was a moderate black reason leader and a bishop and the Methodist Church

started to be transferred from the minority white government to black revisions in nineteen. Seventy eight, although at this point the goal was to give black radiations the right to vote while still protecting the interests of the white ruling class. At this point, Rhodesia also became known as Rhodesia, Zimbabwe and nineteen. Seventy nine in an election in which the black population have much greater access to voting rights. The United African National Council, one a majority at the seat that had been allotted for black citizens, but the? U N C, did not actually have the support of the patriotic front. One of the reasons for this was actually because that this new plan Basin

guaranteed the white minority, a certain proportion of seats in the government so that they would continue to be represented in the government, but the patriotic frat really wanted the Zimbabwe our. What would be Zimbabwe to become like a black national state, so they were opposed to their being representation for the White minority and the governments that I was why this continued to have guerrilla warfare going on, because the the patriotic front didn't I agree with the plan that had been put into place. So at the end of that year, Britain briefly took control again until a new round of elections can be held Zanu which had taken them. Zimbabwe, African National Union, patriotic friends one. Priority of seats, and Robert Mugabe became the first prime Minister of Zimbabwe on April, the night eighty Zimbabwe gained recognition as an independent state, so

After all that, it seems kind of obvious why the flag of Rhodesia might be associated with white supremacy today that there is actually a whole other layer to this story, not just because Rhodesia was Raided as a white supremacist state with an Smith, is the prime minister a lot of it actually has to do with Zimbabwe in the intervening years since it became an internationally recognised state up until today, when Robert they became prime Minister of Zimbabwe. His goal was to move the nation towards being a one party socialist state, in which disparities between races and classes, whereby list. The ongoing warfare and strife had also damage the economy and the infrastructure and social services needed big investments as well. You ever lacks the international news. You know that Robert Mugabe still leads them away he's now. The executive president, after her

change the constitution and nineteen. Eighty seven and a lot of theirs intervening years have been extremely troubled, to put it extremely mildly, but the very beginning of its existence as a recognised state. Zimbabwe experience, drought, continued white emigration out of the country and a very slow recovery from the tens of thousands of deaths during the warfare that led to it. Dependence. Zimbabwe then went through five years of civil war after Mugabe charge Joseph Como with plotting a coup against it. Nineteen. Eighty eight, the nation lost its international aid after intervening in the Democratic Republic of Congo, is own civil war, purportedly. So Gotta could protect his own interests there. There is theories of land management programmes that were meant to return land that had previously been seized or otherwise gained, not necessarily ethically by the Europeans.

A lot of those backfired in some cases, for example, farms were seized and then not put back into production which force the people who have been working there into unemployment and other cases seized. Farmland was put back into production, but without experienced farmers to keep things running smoothly. All of this further depressed Zimbabwe's economy, while also leading to food shortages, although the economy did grow between two thousand ten and two thousand thirteen it by that point, just deeply damaged and it slowed significantly and twenty fourteen and the nation has suffered from extreme inflation as it printed more money to make up for its deficit. There is also a lot of credit. Of Mugabe himself as its popularity has waned Elections in Zimbabwe have increasingly been described by international observer observers as neither free nor fair, as some of you are a little more recent history than we normally get ensue in death on the Pike asked that there are a whole

weird shenanigans with voters, suppression and coercion and violence, and in one case an election that Mugabe last. But there was not a majority started, be run off and then he won the run off and about whole thing appears very suspicious. Do a lot of people. Currently, according to the CIA World Fact Book, Zimbabwe's life expectancy at birth is just fifty five years by twenty thirteen estimates. The adult prevalence rate for HIV in Zimbabwe is almost fifteen percent. White supremacist, adoption of the radiation flag of an emblem is really about the comparison Rhodesia under white rule, when the black population, with deeply discriminated against by the nation, was prospering on paper and

a word when the majority is adequately represented in the government, but the nation itself is home to his years and years of struggle and strife and a leader who has become notorious in a lot of ways around the globe for various reasons linked doll, I could be a whole other Joe, so not them almost happy fun time by it does contextual eyes, a bit. Why why, in the news, there was so much commentary about the the photos that had emerged, Dylan Wroth and his jacket that had the Rhodesia flag on it, He also had a flag of like a south african apartheid era, flag, which was more obvious to a lot of people like the story of apartheid in South Africa, things a lot more noons people today, then probably the story of Rhodesia. I say that

heart, because also one of the reasons that I have a suspicion that that the story ever teaches a lot less well known, is that, after I had been researching the pond cast on the child migrant programme, but both for remedies are suddenly became national news. I was actually in a room of Trivia pub trivia, with lots of smart people, and one of the core This was about why Rhodesia declared its independence for Britain. No one knew I knew part of the story which, with the part that where they have been trying to maintain a privilege, why ruling class, but like not the whole story of declaring independence from Britain in order to maintain a state of white supremacy, federal a much lighter topic for some lister meal. I I know you have even later Topic Phyllis Female. So let's move to that's cause, it's getting a little bit of fun. It is a little bit fun

email from Larry who wrote to us after our absurd on the geological work regarding the Harvard Emily School, which was actually hallways episode. You may notice that normally go with you listener. Male holly, often its mailed related episodes that she was the primary research or on. I often read male related to the episodes that I was a primary researcher on didn't opposite today that that episode was entirely Holly's ballgame, but I'm gonna. Take the female for reasons that are about can obvious so, but the very first off for example, of the pond cast they always like hearing about local events that I never knew happened locally, especially the most recent podcast. There was one pronunciation and the beginning of the opposite: that caught me off Guard Massachusetts, cities and areas have weird pronunciations, Worcester, Heru, Lester, etc, and for those of you not looking at this Emel with me on paper, those look like war, Chester, Havre, Hill and least Esther,

poverty is all the same. I could be mistaken since it is the museum name, but the town of poverty is pronounced. Puberty keep rolling out. Podcast makes my job driving. To cite as a wastewater engineer, more enjoyable thinks regards, Larry. So thank you very for sending this note for copper, even if it is evil it only it. I had a whole conversation about whether to re record like the time. As you said, Peabody Dockers, it looks like Peabody on paper. I think ninety nine percent of english speakers would probably in America, say: Peabody Warm and Diana and trip were so gracious. They did not correct me as a very sweet women. Now didn't wanna ride with you. You said Peabody on the phone with them The only reason, though, that I know that that Peabody Massachusetts and the Puberty museum, which are both named after George Puberty. I don't know why you said his name that way

the only reason I know that's how those are pronounced. That way is because I live here now actually live there for a while. Now Abed, surprise, everyone. So basically we we ve, talked about my fiance before he lives here Massachusetts. His job is infinitely less portable than my job is, and so I moved in our plan was that we were going to move. I was to move. We didn't think I was gonna move. We were gonna, make sure everything still worked with the pie cast, and then we were gonna tell people, but because of the time between when we record podcast than when they come out. Once we have established that everything was fine and the pie Castille work and we are still able to do it and people are still enjoying It seemed really awkward savimbi by the way that happened yet so, basically were

glad that that Larry simply as this mood, because it seemed like a good headway to a secret that previously known like people at work, friends and family, some random folks, we went to a western Massachusetts meet up with John Hardy. And the audience of stuff. You should his wife, show and methods, must set up a witch It was the reason why we were like. We should probably explain this to everybody before they're, like hey. What is going on with this thing that I heard from set you should know yet. So we we ve had a couple of times. When people have we had visitors to the office or whatever, and they ve been like hey, that's it who is Tracy here like she's, not in yeah he's teller working delay, which is true, but I didn't, but I wasn't out of the bag. It wasn't. My information do just blurred out so right, though, that carries out of that. Now. I think you really for being or that have not that, oh

make the mayo also when we recently activate the mayo. He was like it was kind of weird you went on a vacation to Dover. How did you get therefrom from Atlanta and answer is on a train from boss yeah now you know now you know that only one of us is that of land and the other is in Boston. So that's the scoop, Peru, where nor I mean tracy- comes back to the house of works main office. Usually once a month, and sometimes we require, but usually it's mine, so yet the internet? The magical thing word that I very much Larry for writing to us about puberty. I do not know why George Puberty said his name. That way I did Google. Why did George P many pronouncedly in that way, and I do not find either

exactly like anybody, so anyone who like to write to us about this or any other contacts here every by gas, because the more can draw on Facebook effacement that complements the history and twitter amendment three blurs the thinnest student coloured and we are also interested in that complements them discreet, spreadsheet, store we lack of certain leading one, as I heard exhumations. I love that one. If you would like to learn more about what we talked about today, you can come to our peers. Somebody's led by which this house supports dominated the toward Zimbabwe in the search bar you're gonna find a couple of article one of the top ten most dangerous lace and nepotism. Other is top ten countries operating in the Red jacket labour about something is going in February. By now,

We also condemn our website, miss the history, our com, where you will find an archive of every episode. We have done so notes for their habitats. Hollywood. I've done lots of other stuff. It can do other whole at war and has therefore form has been more or less thousands of other time. Let have works.

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