Here's the thing: saving money with Geico was almost better than playing pick up basketball because there's always there who joined your game, he never passes the rock. He constantly Rex theories and who completely you and then put his hands up and say no foul, no foul with Geico. It's easy switch and save on car insurance. No, the vacant, fake, an ankle sprain because you're absolutely exhausted, so which, in save with Geiger it's almost better than sport

we continue to invest in history from has stuck her color and welcomes the party ass, I'm crazy De Wilson and I'm calling for the summit. But seven years war have come before our gas right. It is essentially a world war that spam from seventeen. Fifty six, seventeen sixty three and it was part of a very, very long arc of conflict between Britain and France that art with so long, just want to mention again. They like one time you and I joked that there should be a website that was like was England at war with France dot com. You can just put in a year So I would tell you in two different listeners obligingly made that website for us. We will link to them in the Senate. So

North american theatre of the seven years war is known as the french and indian WAR, and it was initially sparkly or the question of who should control the Ohio River Valley, whether that was Britain or France, France formed alliances with a number of native american peoples and nations. Thus the name the french and end war positively northern in terms of like what gives farmers meantime, when people are talking about the french and indian WAR, really the northern part of Britain and France colonies in North America, aware, like most of the battles, took place most of the maps really focus on that part ranging from Northern Virginia in Maryland, up through notion Nova, Scotia and Quebec, and what's now, Canada by that not the only place that this conflict what's going on, and today we are going to talk about a more southern part of it, which was the. Whoa Cherokee WAR, which went from seventeen fifty nine to seventeen sixty one.

I ought to Europeans arrival in North America. The Cherokee lived in much of what would later become the South Eastern United States that includes North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Georgia Alabama when Europe in colonists began settling in these areas, the charity, and the many other native american tribes and nations who were living in this part of the world were forced into per Simply smaller territory entered, diseases, including a smallpox outbreak in sixteen. Ninety eight reduce their population as well by the first half of eighteen century. The charity Mason was not really established as one formal monolithic entity it comprised about the towns in and around the southern Appalachian mountains, most settlements were situated in river values to take advantage of the rich soil they are, while also having access to places to hunt animals like dear as the Cherokee

what closer economic ties to the british colonies, deer hunting in the selling of deer hides became increasingly important part of their way of life, this area can be hard to get to you. So for a time these towns, have less and less frequent contact with european colonists than areas that were more readily accessible? The and mountains formed a natural barrier that offered the Cherokee a degree of protection from both introduced diseases and the colonists themselves. Basically, for a while epidemics, tended to strike Cherokee communities a little bit later than they did other native american peoples and its population had more time to cover between them. Consequently, by the turn of eighteen, century that Cherokee People's population was roughly twenty thousand, and this included a fighting forest of about six thousand by

Harrison in seventeen, twenty May neighbouring South Carolina had a total population of approximately nine thousand white colonists and twelve thousand enslaved Africans, while Carolina had roughly ten thousand white colonists and about three thousand enslaved Africans you'll see some variations in these numbers. If you go to research, what the population was in the southern colonies that this was not a lot of effort. Accounting in this part of the continent until the seventeen ninety senses, which was much later yeah, when everybody is estimating their numbers are never quite gonna match up. There I kept trying to find something more precise and I got lots of wildly different estimates, but really started to shift for the Cherokee people in the seventeen thirties and seventeen forties in seventeen thirty a epidemic cut its population, approximately half the total, the total Cherokee fighting

was still larger than those of its most immediate native neighbours. But the cloning Populations had continued to grow as well. Soon the white violations of both North Carolina and South Carolina each outnumbered, the population of the Cherokee nation play This same mountain region that had offered the Cherokees them protection from its colonial neighbors had sort of turn into this buffer between british territory and french territory, with the Cherokee community itself forming part of that buffer. It was physically positioned between the colonial influences of to massive empires, with each of them trying to expand This mountainous geography also made it hard for the nation to act as a unified front when dealing with Creasy pressure from its british and french neighbours, mountain and valleys, roughly separated the nation settlements into groups known as towns, the overall

towns, the valley, towns out towns, middle sounds and lower towns, the words descriptions of these regions varied among Cherokee Dialects and consequently there has been some level of debate about exactly how to classify them at least three different dial acts of the Cherokee language had developed among these towns and just the lay of the land that created divisions among the Cherokee. The Cherokee themselves were not particularly centralized or monolithic at this point for them sport, each town had its own counsel with the council house large enough for the whole towns. You assemble when in one single town, where everyone spoke, the same Cherokee Dialect further divisions often appeared among the Cherokees seven matrimonial clans land loyalty was often a lot more important than hell loyalty. So if the council made a decision that the clan didn't agree with the clans members, typically stuck together,

Oh the colonial governments in North America often recognised one particular Cherokee leader as being the chief over the entire nation. There one really a unifying nation, yet in this person, often wasn't someone who was universally recognised as a leader among all of the towns. This contributed to even more divisions, as British held negotiations with someone who didn't actually speak for Cherokee as a whole by them seventeen forty ease, this relatively decentralized Cherokee nation was really caught in the middle of a huge storm of pressures that key lower towns were at war with them a Skokie Creek nation for about forty years, ending in seventeen. Fifty five, the proximity, Of spanish territory to the newly chartered colony of Georgia had raised fears among the british that the Spanish would start a slave up uprising with the ultimate goal of taking it. Georgia and South Carolina in its aftermath, France and

became more overtly hostile towards one another, as France began, trying to establish settlements in the Ohio Valley and gender you're doing a much better job of forming alliances with native nations than Britain was doing the Cherokee hand for them, part sided with the British, but the british worried that they would be swayed to the french side and american nation have become increasingly dependent upon british economic interests through trade. Specifically, the trade in dear hides that market at this point was become. Over saturated and white tailed dear we're being over hunted, and this was affecting both the Cherokee economy and its food supply. Part of this due to an increasing number of white colonists who were settling in Long Keynes, which was a stretch of territory that was supposed to belong to the Cherokee, the Cherokee. Following seventeen thirty treaty, there

also widespread reports of fraud by bit by british traders. When the Cherokee came to sell these dear hives, linked with reports of today, well pounds of high being reported as only ten pounds through Seventeen forties in seventeen. Fifty there were numerous negotiations and treaties between the Cherokee towns and the british colonies, specially South Carolina outlining land use trading relationships and sovereignty they also of the number of requests from several directions to build forts in Cherokee territory. One was for Prince George under the command of Laughlin Mackintosh in the lower territory, the other four Loudon in Upper Cherokee territory. All these but we ve talked about really just scratch the surface. It's a glimpse into this huge confluence of pressures and disputes that were already in the works when the war broke out conflict between colonists native

ok, we're talking about american history are often depicted- is just being about land, but this was way more complicated than that. We will tackle the war that resulted after a brief word from here's. The thing Saving money with Geico was almost better than playing pick up basketball, because there's always that who joined your game He never passes the rock he constantly, Rex theories and who completely you and then put his hands up and say no foul, no foul with Geico. It's easy. Switch and save on car insurance, no the vacant fake, an ankle sprain because you're absolutely exhausted so which, in save with Geiger it's almost better than sports. For playing in summer of seventeen. Fifty seven diplomatic relations between Britain and Turkey towns were really starting to crumble in charity.

Territory. Colonists from Britain had been encroach further and further into Long Keynes, which, as we said before, was supposed to be Cherokee territory. Also, there I sent a centralized system among the colonies to negotiate treaties between Britain and the native peoples it. Basically on a colony by colony basis in the press, of trying to secure a trading relationship with Virginia the Cherokee had said about two hundred and fifty fighters as part of a larger, larger native force to help protect the Virginia Frontier from french expansion this fighting force had arrived in Virginia to find themselves without the presence of provisions and weapons that they had been promised. Died. This lack of evasions was a twofold problem. Obviously, it meant that the Cherokee forced did not have the supplies that they needed to do what they were. Therefore, but in addition to that, the Cherokees cultural view was that these presence, where

symbolic seal on their agreement with Britain to provide aid to Virginia so. By failing to deliver, Britain have broken its end of the bargain and not for the first time this prompted the Cherokee forced to take what they from plantations that they passed and according to at least one account to kill a member of another tribe who objected to what they were doing there that November for lower towns, Cherokee hunters were killed by white colonists from Long Keynes. These kids were incredibly gruesome. The bodies had been scalped and the perpetrator also stall and sold the skins from their victims. Dear file, the terms of their seventeen thirty treaty with Britain, the Cherokee Petitions South Carolina Governor, William Henry Littleton for justice. The governors

was, from the chair a key point of view not satisfactory at all. He said that if the guilty party were found, they would of course be punished, but that he couldn't condone an end person being patent punished for something that he wasn't actually personally involved with the Turkey as collectively responsible for the killings and responsible for the killings be brought to needed to be brought to justice, but Britain's point of view with such adjusted is only possible if the individual guilty parties were actually found the governor also avoided the issue of colonial encroachment into Long Keynes, entirely This idea of collective responsibility and justice was a huge factor in the Cherokees perspective on the war the following March: five Virginia colonists, killed in what may have been an active revenge, although there are some documentation to suggest that it was actually sparked by the theft of horses. This apparent

Retribution, though, set off a series of violent incidents between the Cherokee Fighting Force and Virginia colonists, with approximately twenty Cherokee being killed in Virginia this hoped massive, anti british sentiment in the Cherokee nation and on September, seventy seventeen fifty eight the lower towns Cherokee informed Laughlin Mackintosh Cherokee inform Lachlan George that they were sending a war party to Virginia for revenge, I can Tosh sent word to Governor Littleton and convince the Cherokee to wait for his answer. Little sense bombs arrived in October and it he did promise restitution for the Cherokee who had been killed in the form of gifts, but he fell back once again to the british world view of meetings to find the individual culprit before administering justice He also admonished the Cherokee nation for not taking its complaints to France's parquet, who was the lieutenant governor of Virginia and Governor Littleton

asked Turkey nation had no right to declare war on the entire colony of Virginia for the actions of a few people. Even though it wasn't a particularly satisfactory answer from the Cherokee perspective. This letter combined with the efforts of charity, leaders to maintain com did to an uneasy piece, which last until the following February of seventeen, fifty nine the winter had been quite called and most of the Cherokee towns were low on supplies and poorly armed word reach. Cherokee Nation, that ETA cooler cooler, a leader who had a reputation for negotiation and peace building, had been treated. Poor, by the british while he was in Virginia. He and his power we're still away, and while they were gone further, rumours began to spread that Britain was going to attack the now poorly defended Cherokee nation directly. However, atta cooler, cooler returned home in March, he smoothed things over. He threw down

play. What had been. Admittedly, not very great treatment and Virginia there are a series of councils that lasted into April. It seemed like the Cherokee in the British would continue to be at peace if kind of uneasily, but then April. Twenty fifth and twenty sixth of seventeen, fifty nine, a renegade Cherokee fighting for attacked a series of settlements in North Carolina along the can and Qatar Rivers killing scalping as many as twenty colonists, including children, the matter pretty of headman in the charity. Nation did not condone this series of raids and denounced them outright at HU, the cooler who was in the middle of trying to negotiate a greater peace with Virginia suspected that these raids, red delivery attempt to undermine his efforts. This act of violence- North Carolina, though, led Governor Littleton of South Carolina to implement a trade embargo against the Cherokee nation, meaning that the chair

he could no longer by the ammunition that they needed to hunt dear or sell behind of the deer back to South Carolina that earlier South Carolina was their biggest trading partner. At this point I must- It had become a big staple of the Turkey economy and, consequently dear who were being hunted for their hides. The cell had become a major food source, so this embargo was disastrous, delegation of peacemakers went a little too in Charles Town, which would later be Charleston, Try to work out an agreement in October of seventeen fifty nine Littleton risks. Is to accept the dear hides. The delegation had brought as a gift and then took the delegation hostage, saying he would only release them in exchange for the Cherokee who had committed the April raids in North Carolina really flew in the face of diplomatic protocols.

Every delegation under armed Guard was being brought back to Fort Prince George, when they incur a second piece delegation that was also en route the tries town representing different Cherokee towns. Little to him and his men captured most of this second delegation as well. Although four of the of the Cherokee headman escaped having seem these other delegates from the first delegation under armed guard. They retire and to charity territory. With the report that the heads men from multiple Cherokee towns were being treated as slaves, there was a problem to contact with the Europeans, not a lot of different difference between the terms prison. And slave and most Cherokee dialects. So this basically lead the huge rumour that Britain was going to come and enslave all of the charity. And not long after Littleton finally arrived in footprints Georgia December, a small pox epoch.

Weakened his already exhausted force. The epidemic then spread through the devil, and the Cherokee hostages in the fort first Adequate who were kept trying to negotiate a peace and he was able to free part of the delegation in exchange for the promise that four of the people involved in that North Carolina attack would surrender themselves The end, though, those four refused to go and adequately cooler have to go into hiding with his family the freedom ass. It is also became bitterly resentful of Britain for having imprisoned them in the first place. Knowing the deaths of several Cherokee hostages due to smallpox, and the fort ongoing series of incidents blossomed into an all out war, beginning in January and February of Seventeen sixty the Cherokee laid Siege to Fort Prince George and Fort Loudon and massacred call in the surrounding frontier settlements. In the West Indies. Math

This was on February. First, seventeen sixty when a band of Cherokee fighters attacked a caravan of scotch irish colonists who were retreating from their settlement in long came out. He's colonists we're trying to get back to you more near Augusta, Georgia about a hundred Cherokee attacked, roughly a hundred and fifty fleeing colonists, killing twenty three of them, including John C Calhoun, grandmother, Catherine on Ferries, research teams, a party of charity headman, went to Fort George to parlay, with Lieutenant Richard quite more, who was then in command and lured out of the four quite more was ambushed. Several in his party were injured and quite more, ended up dying of his wounds. British just in the four went to make sure this wasn't an escape attempt. One was old and another wounded by the prisoners. In response, the British open fire and killed fourteen Cherokee leaders who had been imprisoned there.

Following this massacre of Cherokee diplomats at footprints, George Cherokee raids against the colonists in and around the Appalachian mountains increased most of the Cherokee town but had been against war with Britain wound up joining the battle as well, because much Britain's fighting force in North Amerika was, at this point devoted to fighting in the french and indian wars, more northern Theatre, Britain's initially to win the war was small and unsuccessful, reinforced four colleagues from North Carolina and with a force from Fort Dobbs and Bethabara attempting to resist. Turkey and rescue colonists, Colonel Archer Montgomery sent in from New York, destroyed several Cherokee villages in the lower towns and attempted to do the same in the middle towns, but in twenty seventh. He was defeated by a Cherokee ambush, believing he had at that done as ordered Montgomery and his force withdrew.

Basically like, I think I've done what they ask me to do something to leave now There really force commanded by Colonel William Bird attempted to relieve the besieged for Loudon in July, but also failed. The eventually surrendered to the Cherokee fourth besieging it and many of the british Forest stationed there wound up being massacred in return for the Cherokee Delegate, who had been previously the current earlier at Fort, Prince George, then it colonel dreams Graham arrived in Charlestown South Carolina, which again is now Charleston, January of seventeen sixty one he and a fighter course of nearly three thousand and the largest that Britain had sent in response to the fighting in Cherokee territory began systematically move through the territory grants forced us,

at least fifteen Cherokee towns, mostly among the middle and out towns, and destroyed nearly one thousand five hundred acres of corn. At this, after three years of fighting a coalition of eight headman from the over hill towns sued for peace, they brought beads from each other. Remaining Cherokee towns of the show that they did have the right to speak for the whole nation, a peace treaty we in the Cherokee Nation and Virginia was signed on July twentieth. Seventeen sixty one and one South Carolina was fined on December eighteenth of seventeen sixty one we will talk about the aftermath of all this after another brief word from a sponsor allowing we have some exciting news. Yeah, I am wildly excited and

people will have another opportunity to watch. We cry at art, yeah you set out its so called at the not a calm situation at all. Our trip to Paris last year was really successful, so we're doing another similar trip this year, but this time to Rome and Florence, its May fourteen through twenty first twenty twenty and like last time it is with a company called defined destinations. Who is playing out this ultra for us yeah and during the week long trip. We are gonna, see some of the great art that we have talked about on the show many times, including the glandular David. We are going to go to Tuscany, we're gonna visit Saint Petersburg Silica. We are going to the Sistine Chapel, so it's going to be a fantastic trip, even get the whole list of places that we are going and information about looking at defined destination,

dot com, scroll down to the roman foreign strip of stuffy, Miss than history glass or come over to our social media. We have posts about it there too, so that the population of the charity nation was obviously dramatically affected by the Anglo Cherokee WAR, both through losses in battle and through the widespread destruction of towns and crops about a third Cherokee Population died during the war and in its immediate aftermath and over the next. Fifteen years. Basically, right up until the start of the Revolutionary war, the nation actually seated nearly fifty thousand square miles of land to Britain. This war, also help solidify the Cherokee Basin into a more centralized leadership structure. Therein

structure of so many towns and charity territory, Alot of Cherokee basically became refugees, and so communities that had previously been separated by geography started living together and the subsequent years The idea of meeting a principle chief who could officially speak for the whole nation started to take hold and the the Cherokee nation as an actual official formal entity, was formed in seventeen. Ninety four, the war, Second, the anglo colonists as well. The fight led to evacuations off into british forwards. That then became overcrowded which led to Disease enslaved Africans also took the opportunity to escape during this chaos in the number of escapes. During this time, roughly doubled. As we noted at the top of the show, the Anglo Cherokee WAR, was connected to the french and indian WAR, and when that greater war ended in seventeen, sixty three Britain wound up with can

of Canada and Florida, as well as previously held french Territory EAST of the Mississippi River. This method Cherokee nation was no longer in this position of being surrounded by three different colonial governments, but instead the acquisition of this land started paving the way for Britain's late expansion into and through you Tear Cherokee territory. Spans and would eventually culminate in the indian Removal ACT of eighteen, thirty, after which the therapy and other tribes of nations and area, including the Moscovici, Creek, the seminar, the charter and the Chickasaw were all forcibly removed to Oklahoma. There were also a lot of people who resisted the removal act, and that is why, for example, there, an eastern band of the Cherokee, its headquarters in North Carolina and two other federally recognise Cherokee Tribes, that our headquarters Oklahoma, and while you were researching, I think you found it a quote that kind of artfully,

thumbs up all of this in the words of James there, who published a book on North Americans native american populations in seventeen. Seventy five and he said quote, we forced the Cherokee to become our bitter enemies. By long train of wrong measures. The Anglo Cherokee were as What does that say that I have? I got into a just kept turning out to be of more and more complicated, tangle of more and more factors. Each other so much back and forth to it. Yeah like. If such an escalation that happens in these tiny steps that our absurd of blooming in the larger and larger scenarios that yeah What I'm later on a number of the british officials who have been involved in it were like that was the wrong move. Link

the bat helped at all re wake. The the the hindsight they were like that. We could have prevented that if we had done these things differently oh yeah I wanted to see. Some more NATO in history and I wanted to do some Cherokee history. That was not the removal, because I feel like that's the part, that a lot of people learn the actually, if you're from North Carolina Oklahoma, but yet even so that still just a huge, complicated tangle, I'm hoping have Pepe listener mail. I view lives ITALY's much funnier this. So this is one of many notes that we have gotten away. Same lines. I just picked one of them, the sums from Will, because we had asked and our episode on butter, verses, margarine, if somebody from from Wisconsin could just confirmed the thing that we had troubled in, which is whether it still illegals who serve manager in restaurant, and this is one of those things were after lots of people sent me the link when I try

the same thing I was like their tails. Why was this not there? When I tried before we recorded so our. I just want to confirm that, yes, with consummate still have laws on the books regarding oleomargarine with penalties that include fines and imprisonment up to a year. May I present to you with confidence date statute. Ninety seven point, one eight of the native scrawny. I'm constantly remind bid about ninety seven point, one eight for when I travel outside the state and stop for breakfast. I look for butter where my toes dynamic and fine on the table is margarine, whereas in Wisconsin pro statute you we'll find any margarine on a table in a restaurant. I also river, recall in the early nineties, eighties sitting my grandmother's kitchen table and hearing all the family stories of all your smuggling trips to theirs gas stations in Illinois. As a kid, I thought my leg being pulled alcohol running during prohibition. Now that makes sense but running margarine, and then he sends well so

thank you too will and all the other folks you sent me the actual, namely the statute I like, I said. I'm not sure why I have so much trouble finding it. While I was searching the thing it's possible because sometimes fast, but I did find it I wasn't sure if that law was still in effect or not, because sometimes state governments like have an updated the website yet to include the things that have been recently removed so yeah I've. This this act basically spells out member were on exactly what margarine is, including what color? It is the lever bonds in diameter that we ve talked about before that's all of these things about how you want to sell, margarine retail. It has to be packaged. It has to be a pound. There has to have the word, its oleomargarine or margarine on it with a specific type. Unlike there has to be enough contrast with the background you can't like you Billy pale lettering to have the word

margarine on air and it gets into this whole, about how in public eating places it has to be required by customers. You also can't serve it too, prudence, patients or inmates of state institutions, I was as a substitute for butter and like unless there is a specific reason, like ordered by opposition and then it gets into the fines and possible imprisonment. So we will and all the other folks who sent us nation that, yes, this law is still actually. In effect, you like to write to us about this or any other podcast where history pike, ass, it house works dot. Com rules on Facebook at Facebook, that tab, Flash missed in history and on Twitter history are tumblr, is less than history, tumblr com or also on pantries defence, that complex mist and history are Instagram business in history. Don't come to our website, which is missing history, dot com to find out for this

and all the other side's hyena have worked out together, both an archive of every episode ever. You can also come to our parent companies website, which is has therefore in Stockholm to look up just about it. Your heart desires, you can do all that and a whole lot more. It has to offer I called ormond than history dot com for more on this, and thousands of other topics is somewhat how old bunnies this is Ard Marine. You may know me from Chelsea lately or as Virginia Sinclair on insatiable. I want to tell you, but my comedy podcast: will you accept this rose, which is new to the eye heart radio broadcasts network?

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