Here's the thing. Saving money with Geico was almost better than playing pick up basketball because there's is that guy who joined your game, he never passes the rock he instantly bricks theories and who can we have you and then put his hands up and say no foul, no foul, with Geico its ease, the switch and save on car insurance, no need a fake, an ankle sprain because you're absolutely exhausted. So which, in save with Geiger it's almost better than sport, welcome to stuff. You missed in history class, from how support stuck her low and welcome to the pond cast Iron Tracy Wilson, and I'm only trying to raise. My task is the request from many listeners once again and they include Georgia, Bree, Laura Anna Lauren and Tabitha, who asked for

after I had actually already started working for on it and I am sure many other people. It moved up to the top of the list after sort of tangentially coming up in our either IRA, Frederick Eldridge Episode, Aldrich played a character called or go in the revolt of Sir an arm, and that was an adaptation of the play Orinoco by Thomas Southern and that the adaptation of Orinoco, a short work of fiction by today's subject: Afro Ben there, is really not a lie. That's conclusively known about the life of Africa Ban who, in addition to being a spy, was also dramatists and a poet a novelist a translator and probably the first woman in English literature new you have made a living as a writer, even though,

prolific in her work. Her gender meant that those sorts of institutions that were mostly keeping up with the details of writers and artists lives at the time did not really include her, since she wasn't a risk crap there was no official family history and shouldn't really diary or write a memoir our or correspond in a lot of letters, not many that actually survives, and yet, even though there is so little great information, please the subject of Malta, Biographies in some of them are quite lengthy, with so little whole documentation to go on a lot of these sort of pick up tiny pieces of the historical Gird and then try to glean details of her life from her written work, and this means that a lot of I agree about her are very heavily subject to interpretation made to be influenced the lot by the biographer, its focus and their interpretation of her body of work, and it's ok.

If you read the words probably and may have you read like a quarter of the thing at a necessity- I have to do our best on this one. I feel you're describing some sort of Africa Biographical Madeline I mean biography of influenced by the by I prefer, even if you try, I know you have to buy it for a strong, really hard to have a very objective stance. This is particularly true with Africa Ban, because there's so much that's like trying to piece together a tiny little puzzle with anybody pieces to make a whole life out of you. With big gaps in the puzzle. So it won't surprise you, having listened to that introduction, that there is very vague little known about Africa, bends, early life and most of what we do now has been reconstructed as Tracy, just mentioned by following the threat

available, a lot of which are other people's claims about her and then the logical conclusions are drawn from there. So it is generally agreed that she was born sometime around. Sixteen we probably to a family who lived in. Why a village in Kent, England, Colonel Thomas Culpepper, clay that Africans, mother, with his wet nurse and her father, was reported to be a barber. So this makes the most likely candidates. Parents, Bartholomew and Elizabeth Johnson. They had a daughter, a free, spelled ie, eight F r E. Why, and that was one of the many many variations in spelling for the name, Africa. At the time this young E3 was baptized on December fourteenth of sixteen forty other. Some sources report that, as the day of her birth

with her mother as his wet nurse after would have been considered. Thomas coal, peppers, foster sister and the cold rivers were a prominent family in the area. In this connection to the coal peppers would have given effort access to far more educational, opportune, these and wider social circle than she would have had as just the daughter of a wet nurse and a barber We don't have a lot of details about the specifics of her childhood and her adolescents. We do know that Africa during a period of huge chaos and change, English civil wars began when she was still a toddler, and this is a series of wars that obviously could be at least a whole episode all by themselves. So, very briefly, English. Civil wars also involve Scotland and Ireland. Grew out of a conflict between king, Charles, the first and parliament about who ultimately had control over the military following an upright in Ireland during

gosh civil wars, the parliamentarians faced off against the royalists in a series of conflicts that ultimately to a victory for the parliamentarians, the execution of Charles the first in sixteen forty nine, the exile of his son Charles. The second, am a political rise of Oliver Cromwell. First Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. The total death toll in England was almost two hundred thousand. Obviously, that is that the tiniest possible description of the english civil wars during the interaction of years that followed from sixteen forty nine to sixteen sixty you, the nation was no longer actively at war with itself, but it still had its fair share of strife many of those in parliament were Puritans and they started enforcing puritan standards and views for the rest of the nation. Cromwell himself had a reputation as a radical and a fanatic when his actions during the

the wars had included, among other things, a massacre in Ireland throughout direct NAM royalists continued to work towards the goal of restoring the monarchy. There's some speculation that toward the end of the interregnum Ben was already beginning her career as a spy by secretly carrying messages for royalist organizations. She would have been connected to these organisations once again through Thomas Pepper Oliver Cromwell died in sixteen fifty eight and by sixteen sixty weren't Charles. The second had been returned to the throne, so by the time Afridun hit her twenty use. England had already been through a lot and with Charles the seconds return. English life dramatically changed once again and a lot of circles. The restoration was met with a huge hedonistic, barely drunken party, and it was in this

environment that, after a ban really forest a whole lot more than during the more puritanical interregnum years in sixteen sixty three when she was in her early twenties Ben travelled to Suriname and this world you're become the sitting for her work, affection or Renault Comb or an echo is often discussed as part of bends earlier work, because her visit there would have happened, as we just said, She was in her early twenties, but in reality this peace wasn't published until shortly before her death Orinoco tells the story of a prince from the gold coast in what is now China has invited aboard ship and then enslaved before being sold in Surinam and that's where he meets the books. Narrator narrator is an english woman who had come to Suriname with her father, but he died during the sea voyage. Some by These actually take this plot point from Orinoco and apply it to bends real life father, although he had alike,

died by the early mid? Sixteen sixties, it's completely unclear whether this aspect of Orinoco is supposed to be auto. Biographical there's also debate about whether the books narrator is supposed to be a stand in for Ben herself and that part similarly foggy. But since No go does contain a lot of detail about Suriname and people who really lived there and the sixteen sixties. It's easy to think of it as evidence that the trip to surmount really did happen, regardless of whether the story tells is supposed to be on a biographical. Also, although bends own views on slavery are pretty hard to tease out from her writing, Orinoco itself was considered an abolition The work of fiction in both the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. There are a lot of attempts to try to figure out what her racial views were. Based on the content of a writing, and the most logical conclusion is that she had a lot of the prejudices that were sort of in Greece.

And in society, especially english society. At the time like when you read Orinoco? A lot of it is very sympathetic to the people who were enslaved in the book bet it's it's sort of at Most like roto abolitionist texts like was definitely read that way for a couple of centuries, but there is also a lot of stuff in it. That is email obviously laced with implicit, biases and racism because it was written in the seven seventeenth century, even though Orinoco itself, as a book didn't come out, and so much later after men was writing. While in Surinam, including an early draft of a place called the young king or a mistake like several of bends, other players at the tragic comedy

tells a story of a royal brother and sister brought up in opposite roles because of a prophecy the boy is quote kept from his infancy in a castle on a lake ignorant of his quality and of all the world. Besides, we're. Having seen any humane things save only his old tutor, while the girl is quote read up in war and designed to rein in place of her brother. It plays around with gender and ideas of masculinity unfeminine d, which is a hallmark of bends later work as well bents trip to certain Was it particularly long? She returned to England in sixteen sixty four and not. After she was given an audience with king, Charles, the second to report on what she had witnessed there, if not completely clear. Whether the king saw this as part of her spy career, but she definitely spied for him later and we're gonna start talking about that. The first we're gonna pause and have a little bit of a sponsor break.

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And this is part of a series of four wars between England and the Dutch Republic and their allies. The first three were largely trade wars, but the fourth was in response to dutch involvement in the American Revolutionary WAR. Regardless of whether ban had officially been doing spy work during the interregnum or in certain arm. She definitely was during the second Anglo Dutch WAR views in the code name, ASTREA, ultimately, reporting to the Secretary of State, Lord Henry Bennet she was assigned to travel to work, which is now in Belgium, but was then in spanish Netherlands to meet with William Scott Scots Father Thomas had been the man who sign Charles the first death warrant, for which he was later executed, and Scott himself was essentially acting as a double agent. He was gathering intelligence for England, while also informing on the English to the Dutch.

Armed with bribe money, and the promise of a pardon Ben's mission was to figure out whether Scott had worthwhile intelligence and if he did to get that intelligence back to England. And was likely chosen for this mission, because she and Scott had met in Surinam, they had a bit of a flirtation there. In theory, this flirtation was nuts serious enough to jeopardize bends judgment was enough of an existing, can connection to Scott to sort of softening but little she was given passage to Spanish members and enough monies take care of her own needs during a short stay there, her brother he was in the military, with temporary temporarily released from service to act as her chaperone. Apparently, Lord Bennet wasn't wasn't

where that she was a widow which would have given her a little more autonomy that an unmarried woman would have had. She received her money and instructions in July of sixteen sixty six and she was in Antwerp by August, but her time is a spy was not very sick. As for she flirted with Scott until he finally agreed to pass her information, but then he got her to agree to leave Antwerp and meet him in the Hague, and if she did that, not only was she very likely to be captured, but she was also shorter. Of her already dwindling supply of money- and this started the pair of them on a cycle of back and forth with him getting her to agree to leave Flanders and then her pulling back on that payments and another hiccup. This back and forth between Scott and Ban, also got tangled up with one William Corny, a merchant from Amsterdam who was also passing intelligence back to Lord Bennet. Before long

three of them are just continually trying to undermine one another in this convoluted back, stabbing triangle, word of which spread to London and started to threaten bends reputation. The idea, the bends previous flirtation with Scott, wouldn't be a threat to her, also didn't really pan out as corny became a greater threat to both of them they started. Rely on and confide in each other in a way that then really leave and a lot of power to try to get the man to give her information eventually Scott fled Flanders, out of fear that corny was going to kill him, and once he was gone, corny focused all his attention on Ben telling her and forging reports in her name to discredit her Scott wound up in prison, and although he did keep

leading to ban. He couldn't learn much while behind bars and she had no way to pay for a passage home. Would Scott was released from prison in sixteen sixty seven? He was also banished leaving ban with no way of getting whatever intelligence he still had throughout. All of this ban was using ciphers and codes information back to London, but very little of this information. What is the actual value she's often reported? Is and passed on a warning of the dutch raid on Medway, which took place in June of sixteen sixty seven. This raid was a devastating blow to the british Navy, and while this is technically true, she did send that information. Other agents also delivered the same information, and none of it was heated even when another agent gave Lord Bennett. A very specific warning about upcoming attack after Ben had already returned to London and getting back to London required Ben to beg for the funds to do so.

She'd, been so low on money that she'd handed over all her possessions to her innkeeper as collateral, so she wouldn't lose her lodgings, along with everything else, was able to get a couple of loans to pay off the worst of her debts. It was only after numerous letters and lots of borrowing that she was able to get someone to pay for her passage and its unclear who that work is, but it wasn't the administration that had sent her to Antwerp in the first place. Even over spy life was not very effective, still with pretty crummy that she was sent on this mission with no way of getting back home out of hostile territory according to most accounts. After after returned to England in the spring of sixteen sixty seven, she wound up in a debtors prison there. Very little detail on this. She had written mould,

letters to the people who had recruited her into the life of espionage and two other contacts that she had all in an effort to pay off their debts, and it seems as though she either eventually did get some alone, her enough money to get out of prison or she made arrangement arrangements to pay her debt off gradually ass. She was able to earn enough money to do so in the way she urged that money was by writing and we're gonna talk about that after we once again paused for a quick sponsor brink, honey. I cleared out my whole data LISA Car the whole day. Yeah first, we need to study. I have some flashcards here to go. Releasing vocabulary. Policemen costs money factors. Disposition is You do not need to know that this to a car, but I gotta negotiate a good deal carelessly Yes, it's the roadmap. You go through and take the car you want. Then they give you. Taylor prices Crystal clear, they ve already applied just

HANS, negotiated a low rate and included all taxes and pleased, then they deliver party, your house both, but what about the acquisition Yes, ryan them to do you even know what an acquisition VIII is no, but I think it's on the next card there, welcome to the future of car leasing with the road a lap you can choose from hundreds of cars writing your area. We give you crystal clear pricing that includes discounts, taxes in fees and once you decide what cartilage will even drive it right to your house, it's easy. It's clear! Its roto after she got out of the debtor prison after ban was able to make something of a fresh start for herself by the summer. Sixteen sixty seven London had recently been through both the great plague am but the great fire. And although the raid on Medway had taken place at the mouth of the Thames River and not up in the city had destroyed much of the british naval fleet and Black hated, the city which left

the already shaken people living there feeling particularly defenceless, so in a fairly dispirited, an anxious city Ben, was able to quietly make a space for herself ding, lodgings and working as a copyist, probably copying the sorts of material people would want handled with more discretion than a commercial printing press could allow while copying definitely would have helped her to make ends meet. It was not really enough to live comfortably and soon Ban was also writing in publishing poems she adopted her coding

a strategy for a pseudonym for a lot of her written work as it was published at the time, fortunately, for Ben King, Charles the second loved, the theatre, any charter to theatre companies known as the kings company and the dukes company. The kings company had the right to a lot of existing plays, including works by Shakespeare and Ben Johnson. The Deuce company didn't meaning there was a market for newly written plays. The plays themselves were often body and blue, with women allowed on the stage. Rather, having female roles played by men. Thank clear, exactly how ban first got her foot in the door as a playwright through her spy work. She did no caught Thomas Killer Group, who was the kings, men and later the master of the rebels, but it was the dukes company and not the kings were her work. First debuted of her first play to be staged. There was the forced marriage or the jealous bridegroom, a tragic comedy which opened on September twentieth sixteen

Andy Ben was much savvy here about play. Writing is an occupation than she had been about her espionage career show make sure she kept their rights to her plays and she wanted them to be published, which would give her an additional source of income. Most of her plays were also publish during her lifetime. Although the first printing of the forced marriage, which is probably rush to follow the place performance and take advantage of that, publicity, was full of errors, errors as them things printed in completely the wrong kind of a mess. Her next play to be staged opens just a few months later, and it was named the amorous prince, unlike its name, suggests it's full of deductions and it plays around a lot with gender across dressing in a way that would become a frequent theme and bends works then, would go on to write. Nineteen plays, including the two part, the rover with seventeen of them stage during her lifetime. She was

the first woman to write for the british stage, but the idea of a woman playwright was still rare enough that her position was relatively unique and, Got a lot of criticism for the more risky content of her work, which was full of innuendo and double entendu, or is this was particularly true since, in both her plays am her novels, She seemed to blur the line between her narrator and herself, even so she into similarities in the work of her contemporaries and predecessors as evidence that he would not have been frowned upon if she were a man The theatre gradually fell a little bit more out of favor in sixteen. Eighty he's been shifted, her focus to writing novels and she pen sixteen works of fiction,

all of which have married or is he were either obviously female or have no specified gender. She also continue to write poetry throughout her career and, although some of her poems were incorporated into her place and fiction, many of them were meant for a smaller audience. They often contained inside references to what was going on in London society in politics, sometimes with names changed, but otherwise ease. Recognisable to people in the gnome. Some of her poems were essentially social and political commentary rendered inverse, and only really understandable. If you knew the context of what was going on around her match offends work, especially in the tree was romantic and sensual, and even erotic with both women and men as the subjects of her love, poems, some of which also played with the of androgynous engender fluidity. The relationships depicted in her

Those are all over the map in terms of gender in sexual orientation in terms of her personal life, her most public relationship, during her time as a writer was with John Hoyle, whose own life with threat was threaded through with lots and lots of scandal, including his relationships with other men as bends. Writing. You're became more lucrative. She became increasingly more active in London society. She developed a reputation for being witty and charismatic and of liking to drink. She earned the nickname the incomparable Austria and, in her poetry, people called her the successor to So, after more than twenty years, making a living as a writer after a ban died on April sixteenth. Sixteen eighty, nine at roughly fifty years old, a few days later, a piece called an elegy upon the death of MRS a ban. The incomparable esteem

written by quote a young lady of quality was published, it read in part quote: let all our hopes, despair and die our sex forever shy! neglected lie aspiring man has now regained the sway to them. We ve lost the dismal day, the first biography of her came out in sixteen ninety six called memoirs of the life of MRS Ben by a gentlewoman of her acquaintance, and that was part of her collected histories and novels. Although its author was likely Charles Gould in the first, this first biography is definitely a mix of embellishment, absolute total fiction and a little bit of fact, and he was written in part to try to sell the collection of her work with which it was published. Even so that and passages of her fiction that seem autobiographical have been,

up and repeated, as fact over and over throughout the centuries, although today, after a ban is known as one of the seventeenth centuries, most influential playwrights and a groundbreaking writer in the genre of the novel she fell sharply favour. After her death of the house, never in licentiousness, and that general drunken party flare of the restoration became socially unacceptable. So did after and in her work critics the crime, her as a woman of loose moral character and they condemned her work outright. That started to change, though in the early twentieth century, when the english writers and artists, known as the blue, was very group, picked up her life and work as part of feminist history, poet, a novelist visa, Sackville West wrote Afro Ben the incomparable ASTREA, which was a biographical fiction that seems to treatment life as a missed opportunity. Author Virginia Wolf, road of her quote: all women together ought to let flowers fall upon the tomb of

Ben for it was she who owns them the right to speak their minds, it's kind of funny. They both seem to praise her so highly for having made a living as a writer and They have an affinity for some of the lakes same sex content ever poems, and some of which are red is like explicitly lesbian love poems, but they this theme, the sort of undertone of like I wish you hadn't, been writings, that's garbage. In view of all this very core humor and body sexuality, but Ino today, I think folks are but a lot more accepting of that part of it than they. We were in the nineteen hundred yeah. Do you also have some listener may over us I sure do before I get to that very large book adjourn at the scene,

life of after a ban, is one of the many resources of this. It is astonishingly, a hefty considering a little of her work is known about, but it gets them through a whole lot of other stuff. That was going on Britain in the time and analysis of her work and lots and lots of good stuff, so You want to learn more. That is one place to go before we to listen to. It is still much smarter, still tripod month when podcast talking about other podcast, that we listen to and love I really really enjoyed the politically reactive podcast with Debbie come about hurry kind of Bali, which I came in the weeks leading up to, and just after the presidential election, with really interesting interviews, with lots of folks about the political climate

in the United States and the different issues relevant to the election and holly. Just let me know that there is going to be a second season and I'm so excited Me too, that was like a magical little gift in my podcast up this morning, ha was there little many episode where they said that that was gonna happen? Yes, so I am very much looking forward to that so you go on on twitter. Looking at the hashtag tripod T r, why beauty? You will find lots of recommendations from us and from other people, and now I will get to some listener mail, and this from Madeline Madeline says high. There tracing Holly have to tell you that I had a bit.

Odd reaction, when I saw the title of your newest episode pop up in my phones notifications. Yesterday I was a bit excited in spite of the Grizzly topic, because it is a piece of history I know about and have a distant familial connection to growing up. My nuclear family typically visited my great grandparents, my mother's mothers, parents and Henderson Texas, everything's giving birth. Hastily and between these great grandparents, both live. Until I was a grown woman, I am fond memories of amateur whom, from childhood my teenage years and in college, I specifically were enjoying looking at the photos in what we call the family gallery at their house. I did this at my grandmother's house to occasionally and my own shouted whom, The tradition of hanging our family photos and one section of wall in the hallway must continue to my own, whom now generations of children in my family have you galleries to learn you all their people are including my own child. I my great grandparents how There was one picture in the gallery that I was always a bit puzzled by was harder

for who the young blonde girl in the old black and white photo was and how I was related to her. I was usually only told something along the lines of that's grandmothers, cousin who died in the Newt London explosion, and that's it that's some point. Someone told me her name Maxine and that the explosion was at school. I suspect a combination of my own tender age and a general reluctance in Rusk county to talk about the tragedy have led me knowing very little about Maxine, but her photo was always there and the family gallery, for. I listened to your PA cast about the explosion. I called my mom for more our families. Information have a whole lot to add about. You're old Maxine and not knowing much more than I do myself, but should tell me more the explosion. When I had heard before, apparently being near it, thirty years old. I am no longer to tender and age for these things. There account was about three hundred people died in an explosion at the school caused by a natural gas leak in the basement

she added that this one horrific day in a small is Texas town. As the reason natural gas now have a smile, and she also mentioned that boards or put down to help smooth out the path to the rebel for trucks they were coming to help only later to realise that some of the dead had been under their sports, the other than these things. My mother referred to me. My mother referred me to her mother for more sub email them. To your show to my grandmother, along with the request for more information about the explosion. She was still an infant living with her parents and Henderson at the time, which is an excellent family historians. I hope for some insight and that she will allow me to share it with you. Before I finish, I have a question about a small detail, an episode, Mama mentioned a basement at the school. I interrupted her to point out the oddity of such an idea. I grew up in Central Texas, where the idea of a basement is laughable. The limestone is too close to the surface of the soil, for basements to be cost effective when most situations the state capitol notwithstanding, but having

it is Texas, so often throughout my life. The idea of a basements in the school London seems odd to I've never heard of basements and Rusk County before setting particular note when you said that was the space below a hollow floor where the gas accumulated. Yet the introduction of your Texas monthly source that interview survivors, also causing a basement, haven't lived there I'll show notes for Thee episode yet, but I'm wondering why you did not call it a basement. Was it an actual basement is, was the basement a word used by people in the region to describe something along the lines of an enclosed crawl space or whether something else based on your description, picturing, something that is essentially the opposite of a drop ceiling? I hope it is not as bad as what I mentioned, and then she goes on to say, if you, let us know if your grandfather hasn't, he gets hit bits and thinks is both for the work we do on upon cast. Thank you Madeline. I wanted to read that for two reasons. One is the personal connection of the

The basic question: the idea that the explosion started in a basement is all over the place among survivor accounts but is so much contradictory detail about what this ghouls structure was actually like that. I don't think we can answer the question of whether there was really a full basement, like I think, of a basement as a thing you can walk down to on state. Is that have like a full ceiling above your head right, gesture to whom verses a space right, so even in the more detailed descriptions of the school it LE description is like now necessarily that there was something that was a full basement. The entire length of school, like it's very hard up and down a confusing, and possibly if I like, went to rest county and dug through old blueprints of the school

that question could be conclusively answered back and it also gets into the semantics. At the word basement rights right leg, somebody would call a seller. Someone else might call a basement someone else. My call across base So the literally work this up in Oxford, English dictionaries, so yeah, it's unclear and like there are a lot of things in the survivor accounts that seem to have been picked up and have become part of the collective memory, but are definitely not what happen like a news. A news station posted about the the anniversary of the tragedy and somebody Tiger

I cast page, which is why even site- and there was sent There- were people commenting that were like yes, I was there that day, I was in the Jim with my mom because of the gas smell, but there definitely was no gas smell so like we have this combination of the fact that the building was completely obliterated and had been built almost in a more than eighty years ago. At this point and that most of the folks alive today, who still remember it, were small children at I'm so could not tell you whether it was really a basement like the right to us about this or any other progress or idleness under the of the blueprints We already know we lose new London, school or history. Podcast at housetop works, dot, com reform, Facebook back at base, but Duncan flashpoints than history on Twitter. It missed in history.

Miss than history is basically our name, Oliver, sexual media, that's also where you will find our tumblr and our Pinterest and our instagram didn't come to our parent companies website, which is half that that comes by all kinds of information about whatever your heart desires. Anything come to our website, which have missed in history that com, where you will find, archive of every episode that has ever existed on the podcast. We will finally show those problems, I guess older ones, are separate posts, but we were ones are part of the episode player pains, and that is where you'll find more information about the book that I referenced earlier say can do all of that and a whole lot more at Helstone works dot com history, dot more on this and thousands of other topics, because it has to work stock.

I dont think America has ever gone back to the way that it was before the DC sniper. The gunman most likely a skilled marksmen fired six times in the course of sixteen words. The police say they have never had a crime. Quite like this it is quite a mystery and then, as the DC sniper case, unfolded that terror boldly grew. This was the most intense man Hunt in american law enforcement. History, listen to monster DC, sniper on the eye, hard radio, app apple, podcast, or wherever you get your packets.