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Welcome to the few missed in his reply from house networks that come in and welcomes the treaty will have I'm hardly crime and we are closing in on their and our many theories on China during a time of Chairman MAO Zedong, and we ve talked about last two instalments about how finance greatly forward movement, which started in nineteen fifty eight with almost entirely a failure, It allowed the nation to streamline them production and see you built infrastructure, but a lot of that work within was of inferior quality. It eventually crumbled or failed, and the consequences of participation in the building and wetlands draining and other attempts to tame the land wound that being ecologically devastating,

and most notably, the greatly forwards policy, led directly to a famine in which an estimated thirty five to forty five million people died by the time the Leap forward ended Chairman MAO The dung had been replaced as the chinese head of state, but he was still the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party or c c p and ask that he still trained enormous power and influence. But thanks The failure of the great leap forward by the nineteen Sixty is that power was really waning and he was under huge pressure to fix things. He also Both Republic of China was heading in the wrong direction. It ll revolutionary spirit- and it was trending toward capitalism and away from its communist ideals- really worry, but disparity and inequality were on the rise which just ran completely contrary to the egalitarian ideas that he had been pursuing and you thought the same thing

it's happening in the Soviet Union to seem to have that after the death of Joseph Stalin. Soviet Union was contaminating itself with capitalism. He also suspected that some His opposition wanted to bring back the old imperial regime regime which had ended when he was in his late teens mouse I plan to address all of these problems and to once again put China on the path to modernization, was the great proletarian cultural Revolution or just known as the Cultural Revolution, which started in nineteen. Sixty six, it fell. A into two phases, are really aggressive. Radical phase of purges and arrests that went from nineteen sixty six to nineteen. Sixty and a revision of China's culture and government that followed and continued until mouse death in nineteen seventy sex. So we're going to tackle each of these phases in a separate episode and that will conclude

many theories herculean efforts, so I'm feeling a little really right now to begin. With the revolutionary ideas that started all of this mouse Wife. She King had been an actress before the pair married Many of the other party leaders were actively distrustful of her, so at first she mostly worked low level positions within the governments. For the start of the cultural revolution. She was working in the Central Propaganda Department at the Ministry of culture. She was one of them well who decided what kinds of operas and dramatic works can be performed in China in nineteen sixty five, and of outline all the things that she thought had failed about. The changes now had tried to make enshrined in China so far her view. The next aspect of the revolution needed to be specifically cultural. Now,

talk about her specific contributions to China's culture during the revolution in the next episode, but she was an important figure in all this. We would really be remiss if we put off mentioning her until later draw committee of the C c p met in May of nineteen sixty six to launch the Cultural revolution. It issued a sixteen point set of guidelines outlining the revolution on August eighth of the same year. It is not fortunately a simple list of sixteen things or we would read them off now wanted to attack the quote for old. These were old ideas, culture, customs and beliefs, anything the theme Bush. Why were futile was to be destroyed, and this mouth thought would just clear the way for new greatness in art and literature and education.

Also to be removed from chinese culture, where the so called five black elements. So those were landlords, rich peasants, counter revolutionaries, bad elements and rightist thoughts. It specify what some of those are Counter revolutionary is were anyone who was critical of now his plans? Bad elements were basically criminals. Right is people who had been cut Go of the party in government during the hundred flowers campaign, which we talked about in more detail during the great leap Forward episode. Hey pack has listeners. Have you ever wanted to share a love story with someone, but you may be wanted to do it in a really unique in interesting way, or you were struggling to get the exact rate words in place. Will you not always have to worry about that? You can put it into a book, and that is where love book comes in love books.

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love book online dot com, slash I heart to receive a special twenty percent discount only for our listeners. Once again, that is, love book online dot com. Slash I heart to receive a special twenty percent discount, for our listeners. May I also wanted to close the gap between rural people and urban people and between labourers and intellectuals about, percent of China's population lived in rural areas, many of them extremely poor and, on the other hand, there was another more privileged class of people that included landlords, intellectuals and others, and these people have wealth and status, while the peasantry simply did not and now In the end, this disparity in China's long history of a leading them in its more privileged classes. One of his first step was to send university students to the country to work and to be quite re, educate,

They were going to work on farms and to learn from the proletariat or the working class people. Then this served multiple per Simultaneously, the young intellectuals who may be considered to be a threat out of the way it did and around in unemployment problems that were plaguing China. Cities if they were king in the country, these students would not be competing for jobs when they finish school and it provides additional labour from the peasantry and it gave the peasantry an opportunity to learn from students that had now moved in down to basic skills like literally literacy and man fall of nineteen sixty eight one point: five million university students had been sent to the country to work, and I had a different plan for China's younger students. So while the university students were immediately being sent to the country, the high cool age students were encouraged to join a new organisation, called the Red Guard, the

Guard was a pseudo army empowered to seek out and deal with the five black elements it had or even of a grass roots movement and of radical youth movements that existed in other parts of the world in the nineteen sixties. But really participation was in courage and enabled by the government, specifically by now being Red Guard was simultaneously a political act in an act of rebellion. The red guards supportive of mail and destructive towards his address ever series. But at the same time it was values, it was violent and it was hard to control. It was After all, essentially, an army of teenagers operate operating with little to no adult supervision and empowered by their government to agree if we pursue enemies, even if adults wanted to curb the red guards, extreme behaviour, they really couldn't,

Fear of being branded counter revolutionaries and been targeted by the red guards themselves. This was specially true, considering how whole heartedly mail was in support of the red guards activities so much so that he closed all the schools in June of nineteen sixty six students could participate. Then met them in Beijing, for a series of rallies, though, know anything about now. You know they had this immense cult of personality, and he really wanted to inspire fervour and these young people, so he made grand gestures like trying to swim the Yankee River, which the youth been emulated after. This he's rallies in Beijing. Many of the ones who had gotten the chance to meet the chairmen refused to wash their hands. They used to touch him. Also granted the students free rail passes so that they can engage. What was known, as quote revolutionary tourism. The steel

made, what's known as big character, posters, so posters was slogans, criticisms and the lake written in China characters and hung up on Billy buildings now made one of his own to further cement. His connection to the youth and probably the most memorable part of the connection between now and the Red Guard, they carried with them copy of quotations from the works of mounted Dong or MAO's little red book, they would refer to irregularly in their work to seek out dissenters, counter revolutionaries, capitalists and anyone else who didn't fit in with MAO's ideology: the Red guards, became zealous and ruthless. Their targets included intellectuals, teachers, capitalist Jim and party officials who were critical of male. They re the homes of perceived enemies who they often be humiliated and imprisoned. Some of their targets were sent into force.

Labour and re education programmes around the country, some worrying and, as we said, and some were killed the red raided more than one hundred thousand homes in Beijing alone, one thousand seven hundred people, died of these were suicides following the red guards. Public humiliation, the worst month, was As of nineteen sixty six, which became known as Red August, there wasn't one monolithic, red guards, though there were differences and how these creep behaved and how they contact selves, because they weren't really reporting to any kind of central leadership. In some cases, the Red guards facts formed rivalries and they clashed against each other really violently, with each faction giving that it and none of the others was correctly interpreting and following the views of Chairman MAO For example, many of the red guards? Members were children of high ranking members of the c p they banned

together and in a group known as coordinated action carried out what was called the Red terror, a whore. Buying and violent campaign that was meant to protect their parents. This was really the opposite of what the Red Guard was intended to do, because the parents that they were protecting where people who were suspected of capitalist leanings, they were actually meant to be the people that the red card would be pursuing by September of nineteen sixty seven with a red Garda been going on for about a year. It was near anarchy in some cities and now and Defence Minister Lynn Bow deployed troops to try to restore order the people Liberation Army was also stationed around nuclear power plants, museums and the like that were written by the Red Guards violence now himself, astonished at the level of violence and anarchy that the Red Guard had turned to by nineteen sixty the fervour and intensity of the Red Guard had become a liability, so

started handing more power over to the people's Liberation Army. Instead, a common man Perception is that the Red Guard rampaged Oliver China throughout the Cultural Revolution, but really it Eddie was nineteen sixty six and by nineteen sixty eight. It was really on the wane. Now was shocked by how violent and sell us they had become any recognised that they have really out lived their usefulness. So at that why high school age children joined at the university students and being sent to the country to work by nine Seventy eight sixteen million students total had been sent to the country and sending young people into the country also went all the way through the cultural Revolution and after it was over with that practice ending in nineteen eighty finds me of, like Lord flies, that's exactly what was thinking as well so

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The Cultural Revolution, along with if it goes to close the wealth gap elevate, China's material and inspire a revolutionary spirit at the Nations Youth another one of miles objectives and the cultural Revolution was to get rid of any one in the government who opposed him so that he could ensure that his successors would carry on his work. The way he wanted after he was gone so running alongside the red guards, work among China's intellectuals, capitalists and right of citizens, both real and suspected. What? I'm doing purge of the same influences in China's government for the most part I didn't go directly after his highest ranking opponents instead would go after their underlings. He would discredit humility them or have them arrested. Then, once their support within the party had been destroyed, he would go after those bigger targets. You became much easier to take down without their supporters.

One of these was the o shout tee, who we mentioned in the gray famine episode. He was at that point. China's head of state here now in nineteen, fifty nine, which point it was clear that mouse greatly forward was failing. We also pronounced his name little bit differently in that episode, because I found a different and better pronunciation resource between wouldn't accorded the first you episodes and these do episodes, and neither of us speaks a total language. We are really trying Leo had vocally argued against the greatly forward when he realized how devastating it had turned out to be for China's farmers other leaders who had begun to sway now away from the greatly policies LEO had criticised directly relevant shifting the blame to other people say they had sort of myth in turn. Data wrongly carried out mouths vision in this way

while crucial to ending the famine came back to bite him, though, removed from office in nineteen, sixty six, the beaten and imprisoned, and he died in prison in nineteen sixty nine dung helping was the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, and he was perched from his. But the people who had been running things were no longer there to run them so business man, continued through nineteen sixty seven and nineteen sixty eight and these mostly place in cities and also included members of the People's Liberation Army. Purty deficient- would be exiled, imprisoned or sent into forced labour law. Generally intellectuals were sentenced, the country and re educated as well that often meant people who had been running things, were no longer there to run them. So

Mr Mann, administrators engineers and others who were doing jobs that required and education were incense instead centre rural areas to do forced labour or sometimes sent to prison or killed the people. Moved into these positions often simply did not have the knowledge or the skills to do them. They about regulations and abandon the procedures that industry's had previously followed, especially for eight nineteen sixty years of the Cultural Revolution, China's account he really suffered dramatically as a consequence in nineteen sixty eight, the chinese economy also started to collapse with virtually Every economic measure dropping well below prior years, levels between nineteen seven and nineteen sixty nine. There was just a huge focus on quote purifying class ranks at this went so far as to look back into people's family. Leaves and whether they had family members. In the past, you had been counter

luminary or have emigrated outside of China. People were persecuted further vamp their own backgrounds and that family members, including like in the past, like their their parents and grandparents, whether they were still in touch with these family members or whether they still held so called counter revolutionary beliefs, tens of thousands of or were killed and the resulting investigations this, through China's cities completely into chaos with organizations failing after their leaders were exiled arrested. Media outlets that had been sponsored by those organizations failed them. Of magazines and newspapers being printed in China plummeted and the ones there remained were under. The oversight of the state in a day into the perception that China, the leap, had attitudes that were threatening to arouse vision of order. They also had stuff. If you

an intellectual elite person. If you made a good income, you probably owned things like paintings and artifacts and collections of things that were historically are culturally, valuable in some way so Owning artwork became considered to be bourgeois, and soda being a professional artist, so since China's I had a long history of being politically oriented in some way. A lot of the existing are also celebrated ideals that were no longer considered to be acceptable and this is what led China, mostly at the hands of the red guards, to destroy cultural and historical treasures. During the cultural revolution portrayal, this in the West are often along the lines of every possible artifact, with any hint whatsoever of words the or imperialism is being destroyed, and while entire historical sides were reduced to rubble and a lot of artifacts were destroyed, it wasn't quite the wholesale

destruction of a nation's entire artistic and cultural history that you kind of sea in western portrayals, sometimes by and documents really feared the worse since they were easy to burn or pulp, and the red card would err on the side of suspicion when dealing with them, but Often, when the Red Guard rated someone's homely, would turn over things, they were obviously valuable to the state and, as word spread of what the Red Guard was doing, people sometimes destroyed their own present possessions preemptively there also as it became that the Red Guard was out of control. There were some efforts on the part of the government to protect things that were really culturally important and needed to reserves that wasn't is there the government completely turn up. And I was like smash at all like that night of what was going on, but by in sixty nine, China's intellectual class had been gutted. Its guns

had been cleared out of nearly all descent, either real or imagined it cities. Had been thrown into chaos and its economy had been run off. The rails works of art. Artifacts monuments had been destroyed. This We left open playing field were now to re craft, the nations government culture and way of thought suit, his own ends, and that is what we are going to talk about in our next episode breaks my heart to think of all that are being destroyed. A kind of the pinch myself tonight get choked up. When we talk about it. What do you have some listener mail for us to enjoy? I view I am going to read a pretty happy peaceable sermon. Hello, is from Valentine and he's Heller, Tracy and Holly. Love, the show your episode value that university death President now opened our minds to the death community. This led me to attend

sell meetings and pivot the promotion of our start up my bell than he has a video that I will put in our shared out, so you can watch it to my balance. Basically, a digital thing that you now on the handlebars of bicycle so will play like pre recorded instead of irregular bicycle bell. Will play prerecorded things that you can use? place without listening to one podcast. Yours led to some brainstorming and miraculous events during our Kickstarter. We, plateau and we're running out of ideas on what to do to relax They are my mind. I naturally listen to your podcast and stubble stumbled upon the BP an episode this the visual living, how our product can help deaf cyclists, death cyclists, as described in our video, and I'm going to tell you in case you don't get to watch the video to take a break. It is by recording things like on your left, so like having a pre record

thing. This is on your left to play you approach, someone that you're gonna passenger bicycle do better indicate with that, like a hearing cyclist in front of you that that you're coming up behind them to get back, letter from there, I contacted carry brewer a death, cycling activist, our minds clicked, and she sent us a video testimony also attending local area, fell meeting satisfying. My childhood desire to learn sign language at the Sl meeting. I met big Wang affair learning yourself, because next project, which is on children of death adults, who played a big role in making the promotion, editing, subtitles, Sl Voice over and be fitted simultaneously when Video was done. We sent it to every death The outlet available since then I've been on the daily moth, Deaf TV and just this Monday. I deafness interviewed us at a new friend from the ESA meeting was happy to be our interpreter

in the end there Kickstarter did not meet at school, but learning how a product can help death cyclists. The adventures involved are priceless. Thank you value. In fact you Valentine for writing to us. I love that whole idea so much I do, and I I kind of interrupted the letter a couple times to explain what the video is, because you know you can't play you the video right now in this audio podcast, to see what it he was talking about anything really cool idea in something I had not ever thought of. Before. With is one of the reasons we pick episodes like this to try to get people to think about things that may be they have never thought of. Before, though I had never thought of. If you are not a speaking person house, you communicate how do you communicate with the person in front of you when you are on a bicycle, apart from just a bell, which is not a very like there's no Bell code yeah to bring the bicycle bell for people to know. You're doing it makes

noise and make it attention, but there's no clear definition of what it means yeah. Well, I think I also there is a bike path. Her where I live now that I have been a lot of time on, and so I also have more aware of the things that cyclists due to try to let pedestrians know what is going on behind them. Oh anyway, I am really glad that this park asked was able to. You know, inspire somebody to think of new use for something they were trying to do so. Screening all them yeah, have you like to write to us, you can we're history, pod gas, but how stuff works dot com, our facebook is Facebook, accomplishments Story and our twitter is it missed in history are tumblr. History that tumblr com and Rob had drifted, pinterest, dot, com, flash missiles in history. We also red shirt store. You can read. From the home page of our website, which is this industry com, or you can just go to MR history: dot spreadsheet, dot com. If you want to go straight there, if you

like to learn a little more about what we ve talked about. Today, you can come to our parent companies, Lebanon. And put the word now into the search bar and find MAO's find an unfortunate place. I'm saying this The circumstances were, unfortunately, not. The placement was unfortunate. An article call the topic, public enemy matters. How that works that caught or you can come to our website where we will put up set out but include all the forces that we use for this, as well as a link to the video we were just talking about or that the digital bicycle bell you can

all of that and a whole lot more utter would like were dismissed in history. Dot com for more on this, and thousands of other topics have stuff works.

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