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with eighty, when you need face time with your boss, all you do is look in the Mirror and National Boston. You take yourself out to lunch and you never say things like synchronized synergies because well it sounds ridiculous. You're, a small business owner born to be your own boss and annex, can help with payment flexibility. So you can keep doing what you were made to do. The powerful backing of American Express dont do business without it terms, apply, learn more american, Express Dotcom, slash, business, welcome to staff. He missed in history class production of I hurried years. How stuff works? How low and welcome to the Pakistan Tracy will think, and I am highly fry. We are just back from our Denver and Chicago leg of arts who were, and I have a little posts- tour vocal. Certainty,

yeah, I think we're we're both in torch song territory. Mine alternately sounds fine and then like garbage, so brace. So if you have never heard our show before this is maybe not what we typically sound like all of the time anyway we have done so so many requests for today's topic, including one that came in from our listener Alyssa. While I was writing the episode that never Happens: Oh thank you. Normally when people say have you ever thought about doing an episode on water, filling the blank like ninety nine percent of the time they answer is, I don't know, maybe you like, there's so much stuff to think about, but this was the case where she said ever thought of doing this- and I was like I'm working on it right now- let's go way when we have from Angela Dan Kristen and Harrison all requesting this topic, and then it briefly came up. In our past episode on the fort shot, indian school girls, basketball team

by total coincidence. After we recorded that episode. But before it came out, the other podcast saw bones, put out an episode on atomic. So then, we were just flooded with message about folks say, hey sovereigns just did this, I lost track of every everyone requesting it and anyway, the point is today we talking about Martin Cootie an here incubator, sideshows came complete with premature babies in them, I've heard people pronounces names as there are a couple of different ways. I've heard some people say county and I've heard some people say Clooney, but puny seems to be the more common. A medical ethics standpoint. This is complicated, Kennedy was turning premature babies and their care into a sideshow attraction and for a while he was also making a lot of money off of that. And there are a lot of question marks around his background and the experience that he had and whether he was qualified to be doing this at all,

the same time. Premature babies really were not getting a lot of care, otherwise, and the general sense among the mainstream medical community was There is really nothing to be done for them, so he was definitely saving babies lives, some question marks around what he was doing today. When people use the phrase premature baby, they typically mean a baby. He was born before thirty seven weeks gestation, but during the time that we're talking about today, that term was a lot more nebulous. It did include babies who had been born before thirty seven weeks, but it also included babies who had a low birth weight for some other reason, along with babies, who may be had some sort of illness, disability or developmental issue, regardless of the cause. These babies were often lumps together and described as weaklings and for the most part doctors and hospitals in the nineteenth century, in Europe and North America just didn't, provide them any kind of specialised care parents

instructed to keep them warm and the hope and pray for the best. But that was just about it. Underlying. This was an attitude that these babies, who were not very strong at their birth, would just grow up to be adults who also weren't very strong if they survived. So there was might be, but maybe it was better to just let nature take its course. Of course This is an able as mindset, and it sounds really callous. Today but at the time infant mortality and general was quite high, even among babies, who were born at full term and seemed initially to be healthy and as we You talked about in our previous episode on Virginia after well into the twenty onest century. There was a lot more medical focus on the person giving birth than on the new born baby in the nineteenth century. The death of a baby was a tragedy, but it was almost an expected tragedy. Specially among premature babies, the development it started to turn this perception around was the incubator, historic

people have known that babies need to be kept warm, but not too hot especially through for pre term infants, who have less body fat and just are able to regulate their own body temperature as well people use things like heated, rocks or bricks, or why, bottles, blankets camp. In their own body. He d try to keep babies warm, and there have also been cultures that recognise that premature babies in particular needed to be kept consistently warm. As Tracy was working on this. She found an article from back in the nineteen forty, so the language there was really outdated but describe native people in Siberia, wrapping babies in the skin of a sea bird with feathers, turned inward and then keeping this sort of pouch that they had created, suspended over a very small flame article also discussed indeed as people in Mozambique, keeping preterm babies wrapped up and placed in a large that was warmed up in the sun. Both of these

Techniques were essentially working as incubators the incubator, as we think of it today was first developed in France in the nineteenth century by obstetrician, Stefan Tarn yea, at the time, France, as a nation, was very concerned about its birth rate, which was a lot lower than some of its neighbours it was leading through very practical worries about whether France would have enough soldiers and labourers in the future, so people Looking for ways not does to increase the birth rate, but also to protect the lives of the baby's, there were already being born. Turn yea got the idea. After seeing incubators being used to hatch eggs at a zoo, His first incubator was not very sophisticated. It was basically a hot water bottle under a wooden chamber with a glass top, but it got the job done one thousand, eight hundred and eighty one. He tested it out in a Paris maternity ward, focusing on babies who weighed less than two thousand grams. That's a little under four and a half pounds at birth

reported, that being kept in the incubator, cut their mortality rate in half of them test when really well Tony's invention wasn't really able to be put into widespread use. Babies than France were being born at home, not in a hospital. So hospital set up premature baby words to receive these babies after their parents brought them in. But so the time at least a day or two passed between the birth and the arrival at the hospital. So time they were admitted, these babies had been just too cold for too long. Some They also contracted some kind of illness, and so their mortality rate continued to be quite high in eighteen, eighty, nine physician, Alexander LEO Patented, an improved version of the incubator, turn, yeas incubator it he did a chamber from below, but it also had a ventilation system. The drew fresh air into the incubator and firmness to regulate the temperature. Please device

were expensive and it was also expensive for a hospital to employ a twenty four hour, medical staff to care for the baby's that needed them. This is especially, you're since most people weren't giving birth in hospitals so for the most part, hospitals- adding premature infant care to existing labour and delivery. Words that were already fully staff, they were having to start from scratch. They could be, or months before these babies were ready to go home, so words for premature infants also needed to employee, wet nurses to keep them bed. So to me, this level of care, affordable Leon established a number of premature infant charities in France as major cities, and while those who are in operation they treated as many as eight thousand infants, with roughly seventy five hundred of them surviving these facilities were funded by charitable contributions by the cities where they were operating and by the admission fees that people paid to come and look. These babies,

incubators soon spread outside of France, as did the idea of putting the incubators and the baby's inside them on display on May fur eighteen, ninety six, that kinda route and stout or child hatchery opened at the Berlin industrial exposition. This included six ink matters that were open for public view, along with housing for the medical staff in the wet nurses who were working there later on Martin Clooney said that the child hatchery in Berlin was where he got his start in working with incubators and premature babies. He said that he was from Alsace, Lochlann France and had studied medicine at University of Leipzig before continuing his education under the tutelage of french pediatrician Pierre Boo down. But there was one of the leading authorities on the care of premature infants, he even went on to write the first major textbook on the subject, which was titled nursling. The feeding of hygiene of premature and full term infants, though accord

the cooling he went to Berlin on prudence instruction to run The child hatchery at the Berlin Industrial exposition can said that it had been his idea to put these babies in the incubator is rather than just showcasing empty incubators as an example of a new technology, the owl, said he worked with Empress Augusta Victoria to get approval for premature babies, firm, Berlin's hospitals to be cared for in this exhibit, but none of that seems to actually be true, and we heard him a get two more about tuna and all of that, after we

pause for a little sponsor break. This message is brought to you by eighty t. Home security made easy. What does real protection mean for your home and business? It means the latest innovation and smart homes, security, combined with twenty four seven monitoring from eighteen, the most trusted name in homes, security you get a team of professionals designing and installing a secure, smart home. Just for you, you get eighteen thousand employees, safeguarding you with connection to first responders. You get the name and number one smart home security provider. You get a secure, smart home with everything from video doorbells indoor, an outdoor cameras, smart locks on lights, controlled from the eighty app or from the sound of your voice. You professionally monitored carbon monoxide and smoke detectors. You get a system custom designed to fit your home. You get safety on the go in the

are or when your kids are at school. With the eighty t go up complete with an echo s button so go on secure your home or business today with de according to Martin Clooney emigration documents. He was born in protection on December thirtieth. Eighteen, sixty nine. Today quotation Poland's, but at the time it was an Prussia cool name at birth, was Michael Cohen Family were jewish, as was about a third of the population of the town, or they were living from their his up. Bringing in background get really unclear Ex story that he told people about when and where he was born was all over the place he is listed on the manifest of a ship that came to the. U S in eighteen. Eighty eight, when he was nineteen but by

Eighteen may be ninety seven. He was in London having partnered with entrepreneurs, Samuel Shanghai, to create an incubator exhibition for the victorian era exhibition. Although claims that he had studied medicine in Leipzig, which logically would have happened between one thousand eight hundred and eighty eight and one thousand eight hundred and ninety seven there is no evidence that he studied at the University of Leipzig or at any other university in Europe or He continued his studies with Pierre redeem, theirs also, no evidence that puny had anything to do with the child hatchery in Berlin, although it seems as though he in Shanghai licence that endeavour from Alexandria LEO when they started working on a similar attraction. At the victor, in Iraq submission when Coonan Shank, I launched the victorian era. Exhibition incubator display incubators had been used in France and other parts of the western european continent for years, but they were still pretty new in England attitude.

Bout, parenting or a little different parents, and we're just not is receptive to the idea when Cuneo Shrink. China had trouble convincing parents to place their babies and the exhibition they brought newborns across the channel from France under the care of nurse. Louise wrecked, who spent alive, her career working with cooties exhibits. At least two. Hundred thousand people visited the incubators at the victorian era. Exhibition favourable right up in the lancet, although the lance its coverage of these types of exhibitions wasn't always positive tuna in Shanghai, and also wrote a letter to the Lancet in eighteen. Ninety seven warning of the dangers of competing shows that were affiliated with them and had no medical staff. His name on this particular letter is printed as Martin Coney Seo M E. Why, in March Coney seems to have evolved in some Martin Clooney by the time. Clooney started an incubator exhibition at the Trans, Mississippi and international exhibition. Also,

the Omaha Worlds: fair thousand Eighteen, ninety eight, although it point he hadn't change should name illegally. Yet, while in Omaha Clooney was upset, by the Crook Cabinet beer company about supplying beer for the exhibits, wet nurses, folks have long believed the beer can help improve milk supply, something that seems to be connected to one of the polysaccharides in the barley rather than to the alcohol content. The Omaha Daily, be published a quote by Doktor Martin coup me. That quote, we take pleasure in stating we have used Croak cabinet bottled beer consistently for milk producing qualities. We can cheerfully recommend it to all nursing mothers on November second eighteen. Ninety eight, while still in Omaha Cootie, was naturalised of the. U S citizen at that time. Ass if they had been living in Nebraska Brass continually for the previous ten years. That was clearly not true sense. At minimum. He had been in London for the victorian exhibition coolies

major exhibition was the PAN american exposition in Buffalo in nineteen O, one which had team incubators. By that at least. One hospital was also trying to use incubators for premature infant care that was Chicago lying in hospital, where an incubator station was opened in nineteen hundred by Joseph D. This station had some of the same struggles as the first french hospitals. Using incubators did back in the eighteen eighties. They were expire, to buy run and staff, and most of the babies who needed them were being born at home. By contrast, the attraction of the expo, went very well, although the position itself, was marred by the assassination of President Mckinley in nineteen o three hundred started. The baby exhibit that he's most famous for it was his first permanent exhibition at Luna Park. On Coney Island. This was permanent and that he continued to run it for decades, but the park itself was

No, so during the winter months, any babies who were still there were either sent home or to hospitals, along with their incubators and any incubators not in use were put into storage. The lunacy Exhibition was similar to all of cronies previous exhibitions. It had space for the incubators themselves, which people could views through a window after buying a ticket space had housing for the medical staff and the wet nurses, the staff included, Doktor, Solomon, official and nurses, Louise wrecked and Annabel sector, but only earlier, exhibit when also had an exam room that was also available through a window so when it is seeing the babies in their incubators the odd This would also see there's some of their medical examinations and other care their parents. Work charged. Anything for the baby's care and no premature baby was turned away incubator displays had always had kind of an educational component explaining what the incubators were and how they worked and why the baby's needed them, and this continued lunar park as well for the most part,

the care that the babies were getting was pretty basic, even and Pierre Bhutan's textbook on premature infant care, was published in nineteen o one most Its guidelines boil down to keeping the baby warm and fed and preventing infections breast I was the ideal food, which is why there were wet nurses on staff if breast was not available for some reason. Sterilised cow's milk could be used as a substitute for Bay who were too weak to suckle the nurses, use dropper or tubes into the stomach or through the nose. At the same time, this is definitely a carnival attraction. It was located on a boardwalk in an amusement park, although cool strict rules for cleanliness and hygiene and diet of the wet nurses, the surrounding area was noisy and dirty sometimes the exhibits around the babies were a little racy staff.

Included burgers, who tried to dry in an audience from outside, and people who sold tickets for zero dollars and twenty five cents a piece, and there was definitely something after tality involved in the display itself. The babies were often dressed in clothes that were too big for them with an oversized bo around their middle and that made them look even smaller than they already were. Nurse rack. Was fond of putting a diamond ring from her index finger around a baby's wrist where it would dangle like a bracelets, even though Cuneo is providing lifesaving care to these premature emphasis, and even though everyone seems to have taken, as fact that he really was a medical doctor, the linen Hark exhibit drew a lot of criticism on August, seven is one thousand nine hundred and three an article in the New York Times accused QT of running a baby farm. John D Lindsay he was president of the New York society for the prevention of cruelty to children became an outspoken,

of cootie and of baby side chairs. Eventually the matter went to court and county testified that he had saved fifty of the fifty two babies he was brought in Buffalo and so far a team of the nineteen babies brought to him in New York. The linen, Parkside show was allowed to continue on August. Thirty, earth. Nineteen o three Michael Cohen, legally changed his name to Martin Arthur Clooney. A little less than a month later. On September 26th, he married nurse Annabelle Segner, who continued to work with him at the baby, exhibit in one thousand nine hundred and four the Luna Park Nursery open for the season and another location, virtually identical opened it Dreamland Amusement Park, which is also on Coney Island a third amusement park location later opened in Atlantic City. New Jersey throughout all of this. Other people were continuing to use incubators with living babies as exhibits inside shows and bears an exposition. People who didn't have anything to do with Martin puny

Puny wrote about these as inferior imitations of his own idea, even though it really seems like he lifted this idea from Alexander LEO. Some of these other exhibits ram without incident, but in one thousand. Nine hundred and four disaster struck at the Louisiana purchase exposition also called the St Louis World's fair. This is the one that we talked about in our previous episode on the fourth shot: indian School girls, basketball team. There was an break of diarrhoea in the exhibit and the mortality rate at the exhibit approached fifty percent a doctor was brought him to take charge and Clooney was careful distress that he had not had anything to do with that exhibit Could he continued to arrange an run? Baby incubator attractions of expositions, the amusement park locations were really a big part of the rest of his career, and we'll get into more of that after another, quick sponsor break ram trucks.

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In the years after Martin Clooney arranged has burst, incubator attraction. Started holding periodic reunions which would bring together babies and young children who had spent their early months in one of his incubators, now, of course, thriving and healthy. The law, the majority of premature infants that he cared for, went on to grow and thrive at this time his whole career was full of ups and downs For example, in nineteen o five, the infant incubator company was established with Tunisia, colleagues, Doktor Solomon official and Samuel Schenk, I'm as co directors that same year, the New York society for the prevention of cruelty to children tried to lobby for legislation. That would mean the exhibition of babies incubators a misdemeanor. On January, twenty ninth nineteen o seven cooties wife Annabel gave birth to a daughter about six weeks early since it

in January, we amusement parks were closed for the season, so Koona got somebody to retrieve one of the exhibit incubators from storage. This daughter held a guard for This survived her infancy and went on to become a nurse working in her fathers exhibits. She was all dogged by rumours that she wasn't actually. Martin and Annabel child, but was a premature baby that somebody else had abandoned on May twenty, seventh nineteen eleven a fire broke out at Dreamland Amusement Park as is there were staff members on duty at the incubator exhibition, which was successfully evacuated but then park. As always, there were staff members on duty at the incubator exhibition, which was John D Linsey use this as fodder to renew his criticisms of the sideshows. Although they continue to operate a night fourteen Clooney established an incubator display at White City Amusement Park in Chicago and there, Doktor Julius Health, has what

on to establish the first dedicated intensive care unit for premature emphasis in the United States has didn't or only go on to establish the first dedicated intensive care unit for premature emphasis in the United States has didn't orally approve. Textbook premature and congenitally diseased infants? He had Funny were view it beforehand and acknowledged his contributions when it was published, has also advocated, another book security and nineteen, twenty eight together, Hassen Clooney, planned a state of the art incubator facility for the Chicago century of progress in nineteen. Thirty three I'll cooties. Earlier incubator exhibits had included some education. This was more like a functioning research institute with a star specifically studying the care the babies were receiving and its effects on outcomes has impunity medical teams were both involved, so each team learned from the other

at about the same time more hospitals were starting to establish dedicated facilities for preterm infant care. So this work being done at the century of progress was contributing to a growing medical field. The next in nineteen thirty four, William Randolph Hearst, approached Cootie with a request to travel to Canada, where quintet, which had been born in Ontario these I've babies came to be known as the Dionne Quince and Clooney declines to get involved with their care. There, given that you gave publicly was that his existing patients needed him. He just didn't have time with his other work, but it was all because he didn't think these babies were likely to survive and his experience in cases of multiple births at most

Only one baby survived all five of the D. Ancona tablets did survive their infancy and we have got may lot of requests to talk about them on the past, it's kind of like the never ending request line, but two of them are still living and we don't generally do biographies of living persons, and they have also said pretty clearly that they just want their privacy and a bit part of their story. Is their privacy being taken away from them from their infancy and childhoods thou. This is why we are not doing episode on the ongoing tablet. So, yes, it is fascinating and we understand the curiosity, but were respecting their this is a pretty clearly said, they would just like to be left alone. The late nineteenth Thirty's things were pretty difficult for Clooney. His way annabel died. He was also aware of events in Germany. Is Hitler came to power and he knew that his jewish friends and family Emmy Europe were at great risk during

eight nineteen thirties he arranged for about fifteen people to leave Europe pay their way and handling their paperwork there. Clooney tried to arrange. Another incubator side show at the New York Worlds: fair in nineteen thirty mine, but by this point. The novelty of incubators had started to wear off. The exhibit just didn't draw the kinds of crowds that previous efforts had and for the time. Clooney lost money, The show was renewed for a second season with tuna, hoping that he can make up for the earlier loss, but the opposite happened. The whole thing was financially disastrous. Not going well at this point for the more permanent locations either and the two remaining amusement park attractions, which were it Loon apart in Atlantic City, both closed in nineteen forty three at that point retired, play more and more premature care. Words were opening around the United States. By this point it was something that pause a little during World WAR Ii, but then resumed, afterward Cooney died on March. First, one thousand nine hundred and fifteen

become known at that point. As the incubator doctor and its estimated that during his career, his exhibitions cared for, at least thousand babies and saved the lives of at least six thousand five hundred of them, but when talking about it to the media. He always stress that he shouldn't get all the credit that the doctor nurses and went nurses on staff were critical to the work cooties legs, is really complicated. There are just so many holes and some outright falsehoods and back story that he told people about himself Are we really have no idea what his credentials were when he started his first exhibit there's just no doubt: imitation that he had the medical degree that he said he had. Although We could logically conclude that he changed his name to try to avoid Anti Semitism. We don't actually know what motivated pimp to do it, why he was just so cagey an inconsistent about what his background was.

Definitely dedicated most of his adult life to taking care of babies that doctors didn't think could or should be helped. To his work. The public perception of premature babies also started to shift away from this idea of hopeless weaklings, who might be better off if they were allowed to die too fighters who could thrive if they just had the right kind of care some writers have framed cooties work as an opposition to the eugenics movement and, while its that the eugenics movement are approved, of the idea of allowing the so called week to quote die out, could you also reinforced some of that same mindset with how he talked about these babies. He's stress that they were going to grow up, quote healthy and normal and not to be weaklings. He imply but if they were going to grow up to be ill or disabled, he wouldn't be doing what he was doing. There also arguments about whether companies use of incubators as a sideshow attraction delayed their mainstream medical acceptance,

That was a little harder to pin down, on the one hand, as Clooney and his staff were working with these children. They were learning and developing new skills and getting better at it over time and fluid sing the work of some of the United States earliest NEO Natalia jests, but it is also entirely possible that there's just didn't want to be associated with something that was so closely connected to side shows an amusement parks and that it made the whole technology seem a little bit suspicious. And of course, there have been huge advances and premature baby care since cooties death there largely outside the scope of this podcast, but especially for babies born very early. It's no longer a matter of just trying to keep them warm and fed and preventing illnesses. There are a lot of other. Michael interventions that can take place, and that has led to a whole other ethical debate about when to resuscitate premature babies and why level of care and intervention that they should receive. Fatima cootie and has been We signed shows

fascinating and also kind of complicated topic me. Do you have a little bit of listener mail that may or may not be fascinating in conflict avian flu ideal? It is from coalesced and Celeste, says hello, tracing and highly. I love that I'd cast, and I'm so glad that there's something I can talk to guys about, while its My favorite color, the color blue, is such a fascinating color, Couple years ago, I watch this video on Youtube called. Why is blue so rare in nature? It really trusting video talking about said question. They talk about how it so rare to find a pure blue in nature, and they also talk about the few examples of blue and nature. Like a peacock feather the blue monarch, butterfly and more about why these things have such a strong blue color? I recommend you guys, watch it and then Celeste follows several different topics for future absence, I would like say You so much less. For writing this letter. I hope I have pronounced it correctly,

the name's left cause, I noticed there is an accident mark in it that I hope I am wondering quickly. Anyway, I will put a link or I will ask him because how is the person who sets up our actual episodes for publication, to put a link to this video in the shouts, because this is a really interesting video it is from be digital studios and it basically talks about how alive of the blue, butterflies and and feathers, and things like that that we see in nature aren't blue because of a blue pigment, their blue. Because of the way the light reflects off of the physical structure of like the wings which is really cool and we did not really get into that an hour. Mysteries of the Corbett would also thank you again so much for sending that. If you would like to write with where history podcast at Helstone, Com and then we're all over social media as missed in history. I throw you ll, find our facebook pinterest. Twitter and instagram you.

And come to our website, which has missed history, dot com and find either show notes for the episodes Holly, and I have done together in an archive of all the episodes ever and can subscribe to our show on ECHO Plaid cast thy heart radio out and wherever else we apply gas stuffy missed in history glasses. A production of I hurt radios. How stuff works for more upon ass. For my how radio visit thy heart, radio, Appleton guests or wherever you listen to your favorite shows hello of Joan and of jobs. It we're the hosts of serious wrapped. A new weekly hip, Hop Parkhurst prevailing on our radio. Janet the French for over twenty years and debate about hip hop life for current events has always been a part of it

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