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Really been seeing them see you now available. Wherever you get. My guests welcomes stuff. You missed in history class. One has to look Stockholm, allowing for how we brought on Tracy be welcome people talk about the subject of today's podcast as these, the disks It is a genius, but also something of a rather caustic figure, and while he had besides that, even today, thinking about sort of how he came to his conclusions there downright baffling, but he also had protection for being pretty arrogant and rubbing his colleagues. The wrong way, which is commonly cited, is having a pretty detrimental to his career and this sort of his proper place in astrophysics history. So we are going to talk today about the Father of Dark matter who was Doktor Fritz Wiki, I'm actually

Kind of amazed that I did not realise how early he was working right somehow yet somehow I bought dark matter was much more. Recent but while the big formation was much more recent will bring about a little bit, but he was onto it before anybody else were right so to guide and start blowing your mind right from the beginning. Fritz was born, environment, Bulgaria, on February fourteen eighteen. Ninety eight, his father was a swift merchant and his mother was Czechoslovakia in and when he was just fix his father thinking that he would surely go into the family business, he was sent to live with his grandparents and glare of Switzerland in the plan. That he would study commerce while he was there and learn about business, but he didn't have a head for numbers, but it turned out that that

wrist fell into the areas of physics and non financial mathematic, very really, not similar at all. In a night, sixteen he enrolled in Einstein's alma mater the Zurich Polytechnic Institute to steady physics and in nineteen twenty five after he had gone He waited and he said to have been. You know very adoring, of his his professors that he thought were geniuses. He ended up getting a grant of an internet no fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation, any use the money to travelling a fournier. So he could work for Robert Milkin as first unassisted, professor and then a professor of theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology, which he would know, is Caltech in Pasadena California, at this point, some of the most exciting, astronomical discoveries of the modern age were happening at Caltech. The nineteen twenties were just a huge time for them, so, for example, through the lenses,

telescope. Edwin Hubble was making important observations about the vast array of galaxies in space and the expanding universe and through a couple of large grants, including one from the Rockefeller foundation. Caltech was building a really advanced instruments and basically developing its facilities to remain on the front line of research in astronomy. So he had gone to what really seemed like a mecca for astronomers bet. Fritz was a physicist that the two worlds do have a lot of cross over though, and he was excited by both of the disciplines, and so he thought that the only course for him was to teach both courses and that's how he became the first astrophysicist at Caltech, and while he was Caltech, he also met a man named Walter Body, who was a german american observational astronomer and the two you begin, collaborating in some of that collaboration will become very important. Writs wiki

up with many many theories about astrophysics during his career is research, and his theories were both just incredibly advanced so, for example, in nineteen thirty, three wiki put forth his theory that there is in fact a huge amount of seen matter in any given galaxy. This is a completely new idea. Everyone thought that what you could see where the stars and that that's what was out there of this idea, was based on it, observations of the Coma Galaxy cluster and based on the visible that was in the cluster and how it was behaving. He concluded that there simply what. Enough of it. If we only the visible pieces to provide.

Enough gravity to keep these fast moving galaxies together and that there has to be something else in the mix producing enough gravity. The kept this cluster from flinging apart. That invisible substance was what he called dark matter and he published this theory in Helvetica physical actor. In his own, words quote in order to receive an average doppler effect of a thousand kilometers second or more, which is what we have observed. The act density in a coma system would have to be at least four hundred times greater than that of visible matter. If this can be shown to be the case, then it would have the surprising result that dark matter is present in the universe. In far greater density, then visible matter. I feel compelled to say again: nineteen thirty three years he was drawing these things:

of the way before anybody else was thinking about its possibly because I didn't really learn about dark matter until studying astronomy in college that in my brain this was a much more recent Harry than it really was well. There are also some other reason, which is that a lot of people dismissed him as kind of cockamamie and we'll get to why this we go on in addition to this work on dark matter and building on the work of indian Physicist Subaru Army on Shun, drastic are, who later became famous for his mathematical work related to black holes. Sweetie Bother working together described a neutron star, so this is a collapsed core of a star with an incredibly dense mass for example, according to the National Geographic Online Entry on neutron stars, a sugar cube size chunk of neutron star is estimated to way

Roughly one hundred million tonnes here on planet earth, so that's how densities we're scientific context. The neutron had only been discovered a year prior, so quick review just in case you need it positively charged protons and neutral, neutral new bronze make up the nucleus of an atom while negatively charged electrons Foreman orbital cloud around the nucleus. Yes, He only knew what neutrons were for a little while Buffers Ricky was to what his please fella, jumping to the conclusion that neutron stars were in fact

In a sort of a larger scale, version of some of the things they had witnessed at the atomic scale, but really he was destined to eating some pretty impressive things and he proposed as a star burns out its fuel. Its gravity is so great that it causes a compression of such magnitude at the core that protons and electrons are crushed together to form neutrons. So if you think about particle physics very similar, just on a much bigger scale, it tells us that the groundwork for his wiki and bought his description of a supernova as a star core implodes propelled. The massive explosion of the stars outer layers such explosions- they theorized, were also sources of cars

Nick raise or a high energy subatomic particles the travel through space at a velocity that approaches the speed of light. The cosmic rays had been observed before, but no one knew where they came from ends. Wiki embody felt like this was where they came from. The pair first presented these theories at a conference of other scientists in nineteen thirty. And as subsequently they publish them, is a paper in nineteen, thirty, four, and that paper about neutron stars cosmic rays, supernova has really been described as prescient an incredibly important to both his exam astronomy in the MID nineteen. Thirty certain that supernova, as in other galaxy for something that we could observe as we can convince the director of the amount Wilson Observatory to build a special telescope with a wide field of view, so that he could observe and photographed multiple galaxies at the same time that telescope enable

hymns. You identified well the supernova over the course of three years and that work also gave him really firm ground to stand on when he went back and asked for an even bigger Schmidt Telescope, and that request was granted the forty eight and telescope that was built after this second request was installed at Mount Power are, and surveys of the northern sky conducted with it laid the groundwork for decades of astronomical study at the nineteen. Thirty stretched on its wiki develop a degree of gravitational lenses and was based on Einstein theory of general relativity. This theory was that if you had a galaxy in your line of sight, that Galaxy could distort the image of more distant

galaxies by bending their starlight, he asserted that by measuring the distortion that a galaxy caused had then give astronomers a sense of the weight of the lens and galaxy here, which is again the thirties. This is a lot of extremely it almost seems like a leap of faith to people that might not understand his line of logic well and the idea that the gravity of something could distort the light of something behind. It is now kind of taken for granted him with her in the field I mean, I have been discussed to some degree prior to that, but he was the first one that was like no. This is happening on a mammoth scale, its affecting everything we observe

and while giving the Oxford University Halley Lecture in nineteen forty eight, which is an annual lecture that is quite an honour to give, as Ricky spoke at length about which called morphology, which is a systematic approach to studying the structure in form of scientific and technological topics by analyzing all possible parameters and solutions to any given related question in this. One of those things that he really felt like he had been doing all of his life even before he had a name for it and he was founder and president of the society for morphological search and it later life he wrote of morphology quote. I feel that I have finally found the philosophers. Down in what I call the more philosophical outlook and method. So he basically was turned explained like I know what I'm doing always doing it. This is why I am able to come to conclusions that other people don't see, I'm just so systematic and how I approach every possible

issue that I look at that. I'm gonna eventually hit on the right thing. It's an sting approach and it is it's very methodical. It makes a lot of sense when you read about it, it kind of form and this matrix of possible outcomes and options for every possible variable in a situation. It's a lot of work, but it also does sort of Crete. This beautiful order. Structure to what may have been completely incomprehensible before before we get a sort of the problems with These amazing theories he had being accepted by his peers. You wanna take a quick word from a sponsored, oh I guess listeners have you ever wanted to share a love story with someone, but you may be wanted to do it in a really unique in interesting way or you were struggling to get the exact rate words in place. Will you don't know Do we about that? You can put it into a book, and that is where love book comes in love, books, help customers express those sentiments that there

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is really why he probably had so many problems can of gaining ground with them. With his work, almost any and every synonym for purse Nicky has been used to describes Wiki at some point in time is often characterized as being just incredibly arrogant and dismissive of other people, and he fought with body who, with his real cool, operator according to astronomer and Bruce Medalist Jesse Greenstein Wiki called brought about a nazi at one point. During World war, two and bottle- was infuriated, but also afraid of Wiki YAP here from that point on having the two men in a room together with really a viable option ever because they would not just bigger, but it would become extremely heated and very, very passionate and angry in a hurry.

While there are many many instances of people saying that Wiki could be a pill, and that is a very simple way to put it his own feet about other cities, field armies, incredibly clear in his own writing. It's not a case of lake. The these people are all saying he was crabby. He it's it's in writing. He was, he said, some pretty unkind things. The introduction to his catalogue of selected, compound galaxies and of post eruptive galaxies, which came out in nineteen. Seventy one is basically for of criticism of his peers. Any calls them out by name, if really really bitter, in its tone and its full of all kinds of snark. Like quote again and again, scientists and technical specialists arrive at stagnation, points where they think they know it all. And he did underline that in another was then

variety of some of the theoreticians at all times is really appalling. Another is the most renowned, observational astronomers in the nineteen thirty- is also made claims that now have been proved to be completely erroneous. This retarded real progress in astronomy by several decades, since the observers have a monopoly on the use of the large reflectors of the Mount Wilson and polymer observatories and inasmuch as they kept out all dissenters. And then this germ today's sick offence plain thieves seem to be free in american astronomy, in particular to appropriate discoveries. Animal genes made by loan, wolves and nonconformists, for whom there

never any appeal to the hierarchies and for whom even the public press is closed because a censoring committees within the scientific institutions, he makes it up the way to clarify that he's. The only person to have literally stated what a galaxy is refers to some scientists as scatter brains and even calls out Hubble body and Contemporary Henry Norris Russell and others with very specific criticisms of the ways they are incorrect. Assertion set back the study of Asker Physics, Joe. He really does not hold back It is very clear that the at that late point in his wife. He was in his seventies at the time he was still just super angry at how he had been treated, and it's kind of funny he includes in the text of the centre

in a letter which was written by Edwin Hubble to the scientific monthly, which had run a piece about some of the work that we keep in body had done together and in it huh points out to the publication that an error that they made about attributing to Dwarf Nebula to body instead of Wiki and fritz. You know includes all of this in his thing about this effort. Edwin have all trying to correct this error, and then he points out that in his opinion this is a completely rare instances, gentlemanly behaviour in the field of astronomy and that he certain it's the exception rather than the rule in his opinion. With all this in mind, it just becomes really easy to dismiss. The sky is a cranky curmudgeon when reading this rather infamous introduction, but it is also clear that has bitterness and anger came from years of having his work dismissed, even when the same work was clearly be.

Verified and even used by other researchers yeah. I can see where you would land at this sort of very crabby mindset. You know if you're saying hey, I think this thing after you, people go. You are crazy, idiot, their scribbling, the notes down than using them in their own work. Levying cottonwood crazy idiot is no. I would be better as well, I think, a picnic and, as it turns out most of his wikis predictions and theories which he arrived at through what he called directed intuition, which is kind of part of the bigger, more followed idea, were absolutely correct, while the theoretical existence of neutron stars was validated by the work and nuclear physics before then, the first new transfer were actually identified: ins Wikis lifetime in the nineteen sixties. He died on February, eighth, nineteen, seventy four at the age of seventy five, but during the nineties,

companies and beyond astronomers, were conducting research and making discoveries that continue to validate what he had been saying during his life making new year's resolution this year to get that our slave would matches warehouses new year, sale save up to one thousand dollars on top settling brands plus get three hundred dollars and phone as cash with the purchase of temper basic sets in matters. Warehouse carries nectar mattresses. So you can try it before you by in this week only you can save a hundred dollars on your neck. Your purchase, zero percent interest financing in one year price guarantee, makes mattress warehouse, think easy choice. Visit sleep happens, Doc, Hombre locations near you is where they happened to this. So it is brought to you by the all new twenty twenty four explorer Tracy. I know that you have been thinking about an interesting thing lily, which is why your pic would be for the greatest exploration vehicle of all time. Yeah.

Gotta go with the research vessel, petrol that was owned by the link Paul element bound so many shipwrecks which our listeners love that we started to make jokes about it like we were like, and this is a shipwreck that wasn't By that Beth both well be all dear, do any twenty four explorer is the greatest exploration vehicle of all time. There are a lot of places that have been explored by other vehicles, but this vehicle, the Fort explorer, is going to take places that you might not think of explorations, but really can be for it Well, maybe you gonna navigate your life and you have to get around town, which can be a whole big problem, especially if you live in a city like it land. I were trafficked constantly congested. If you just want to go on a great vacation in writing in a perfect vehicle, makes it the ideal ride, or even just in things like going to the grocery store. Sometimes that is a true feet to achieve

if you buy groceries the way I do what you can do all of this and more with the all new twenty twenty four explorer that the already twenty twenty four to explore: the greatest exploration vehicle of all time than the nineteen seventies Vera Reuben that he came forward and other astronomers were able to verify that idea dark matter. That is why you think of it as being a much later discover view ribbon is mostly associated with dark matter. At any rate, was in the seventies kind of like the the big announcement was always attributed to these people. So I think, that's probably why you think it is a more recent thing anyway and then in nineteen, seventy, nine, so five years after which he had passed the first, avatar tional and in proof that it was actually working. The way he had described was discovered and the lensing effects the lensing effect as

he described in nineteen. Thirty. Seven is actually now applied to me the universe and its contents with regularity, their short of always exploring the it is of the universe using the very concept of gravitational lens. The he set forth in the late thirty's fritz wikis, youngest daughter, Barberini, has become his advocate. She's really tirelessly written letters to science, publications, bloggers, journals and news that, what's pointing out that her father was very far ahead of his his peers in space research and in his theories. Yes, she really wants to ensure that he gets his due in the historical record. Until one magazine she wrote quote Fritz Wiki reveal the genesis of astounding Cosmo logical, achieve

it's that still illuminate the scientific world. He was a scientific profit and the sacrificial lamb for the provincial judgment of his colleagues, his emendation of intellect with such ABBA Dick truth and his priests ages were of such advance that the standard mind only could falter in their presence and while he definitely had them, rough edges, Wiki also had a really generous street. When World WAR two ended, he organise the committee for aid to war stricken scientific libraries and this group, which consisted of wiki himself and a handful of Balin tears, amassed literally tons of science, literature and donated to libraries that had been damage during the war is Wiki devoted his weekends and spare weak they hours to this project for years, and he packaged and shift the materials himself yeah. I read one source that said that it was approximated to be fifteen tons of materials that he'd eventually,

over the years. But I confirmed that validated in an obituary article about Wiki Albert YE, Wilson, director of the society for morphological research route is wikis point. Was it there? of men and women of good will to make such projects a success if only they are pushed with determination. Availability of funds is not a prerequisite. He felt that such projects as the book distribution do more for establishing ties of confidence between different nations and races. They can be achieved by speech, making legislation or high sounding efforts of international cooperation. He also served as director of the american chapter of Pestilence, the foundation which was founded to foster World WAR, two orphans and, whilst Wiki had conflict with his professional,

Here's the students and staff at Caltech really did see a much more affable side of the man, though he could certainly be a demanding teacher and mentor, and we have a funny story about that. The February nineteen. Seventy four issue of the Caltech publication Engineering and science featured an investigation into a rumor students had once managed to pull one over on him by creating a fictitious student according to the sledge. In nineteen thirty one, nineteen thirty two academic year, a group of grad student, allegedly work together under the false identity of an undergrad in an effort to achieve the impossible, which was to make it a course that Wiki taught while the surviving students of that year all insisted. The story was true: the publication never gods Wiki side of the story due to his sudden death.

Bring the writing of the article. I finally to be such a great pity, because that really would have loved you have here heard his sight of it. I love that they decided to Lake, make him give someone in a even though he I think, never intended to do so. I just love that that the fund that some hatred convert a group of people, but it sounds like it was all a very kind of good natured away, which I love. So in his lifetime, Fritz Wiki, authored, literally hundreds of articles, numerous books, he held dozens of and he was awarded the presidential metal of freedom for his work in rocket propulsion during World war to the right astronomical society of Great Britain gave him their societies Gold medal and he is credited with discovering a hundred and twenty two you supernova during his work. That number is a record yeah unbroken

still hope that he is buried in glaring Switzerland, where there is also a wiki museum displaying some of his papers and scientific work. There are and drawing a lunar crater and a galaxy named after him and I, like all the crank you in those tend to be my favorite through the also have some listener, male linking cranky at all. It's actually interesting in it, something we get a lot of, and it is from our listener ottoman. She says hello, Holly Tracy, I have a frequent listener of your part, cast They also have some listener mail. I didn't think you Yet all its actually interesting and something we get a lot of it is from our listener ottoman. She says hello, Holly Tracy, I ever what listener of your podcast angel you, both his pack has personalities and when I particularly commend is the evidence of your thorough and reliable research. My side, we certainly try.

This spring Obi graduating from university with a degree and theatre and minors and tv cinema and psychology with a wide range of Hobbes and interests. I am still a bit on the courier finding area. What I would like to know about, if you to share our your journeys. How did you come to house works? Where did you begin in? What were slash are the passions that brought you to where you are in the people you ve become. This is a question we get. A lot is kind of how we ended up doing this and for both of us. I think the answer is that it was quite a circuitous route I worked in marketing for an online company. I worked as both an admin assistant and then a writer at a network for awhile then I ended up here and I hired is an editor and Tracy and I lack of better title I worked in marketing for an online company. I worked as both an admin assistant in an hour

the network for a while, and then I ended up here and I hired is an editor and Tracy, and I am sorry podcast, four part stuff because one of our bosses heard as ripping at a party and that we should try it. That's really do. Oh, that's exactly what happened as a complete, At that point I had already been at Helstone works for several years. I started at a staff as the staff writer in two thousand and five, and I guess at that point I was site director or that's how we landed here and then as well. The Billina was on maternity leave. I came on as a gift for history and then the Billina came back and decided that she wanted to make your move elsewhere, and so then I came on with Sarah for a little while and answer also made a career move. Entreaty join me here and we sunset pop stuff and that's how we ended up on history. Yet

That's the story! So it's not really a course. I could plot out for anyone know, and we get a lot of questions from people that are lake hey. What do you recommend as far as getting jobs for history? Major is- and that is a question we super cannot answer, because neither we nor any other host who was ever hosted. This podcast has a history You have a one person that I know in my life that has a history degree in Chechnya is a graduate degree and historical studies is a librarian. So that's the one instance I know, but I dont know that that path is gonna be for everyone. She also has a graduate degree and library, science, so yeah I mean, I think, we're kind of it. A weird. I don't know if it's weird worried, appoint it sort of in terms of the career world, where it's so much different. I think even when Tracy and I went through college.

That is the love of it almost tricky to chart a direct path for anything. You know, unless you re like a very kind of established field that follows a pretty set course that has not really shifted, particularly with all the economic ships, gonna like if you know you want to be a veterinarian and you go through college and you get your biology degree than you go to veterinary school and you get your degree in Latin, that's kind of your natural career path, but there are many career path like that anymore. I think, especially if you're in, like the liberal arts degree area well, even if you're not like Patrick's degree is undergraduate and first graduate degree our engineering degrees- and he is the librarian now with a separate master libraries

to go with his previous engineering studies. So diving pretty much everyone I know, has a winding circuitous route to get to where they are now yeah. So yeah we don't have a direct path. My thing is kind of like I think how we both ended up in histories of both Tracy. Have always like the lot of aspects of history. We both are rigorously both kind of just like learning new things. So what. For we were ever in any sort of, universe. Thinking about upon Catholic this before podcast even existed

kind of reading about history over time anyway. Well in it from a completely practical sense, the past hosts we're leaving and we needed new ones. So it made sense because we both do I history that it was a pretty natural transition from that point of view, so that the school I'm sorry, it's not a direct Blake. Here's your next step, but the best thing I can say is just keep studying all the things you love and eventually an opportunity will probably present itself to put some other into play as long as you're in a working hard at other things in making your way in the world. I it's hard for me cause I do like structure, so I wish that I could tell you. You're sow the deep learning everything you you are interested in learning learn about things. You're not interested in can sometimes those pay off in other ways. If you would like to write to us

probably not for careers advice, because we're apparently not greater giving its saying work hard and study things that are interesting. You could do so in history, podcast, a house that works dot com. You can also connect to this at Facebook that calm, Slash, missed in history on twitter. Amnesty history have missed in history that tumblr dot com in Pinterest got com, Slash missed in history. He would like to get some, Mr History, goodies Lake, shirts or two bags or mouse pads or Gub Gub, seeking who so, at least in history that spread circuit. Few like learn up a little bit more about the topic of today's podcast. You can good or apparent site house works type in dark matter in the search bar and you will get how dark matter works.

You can study that almost anything else you could make up our parents site, which is how to work. Stockholm. We would like to read, show notes and browse about our history topics. You can do that at our site, which is Miss, demonstrate more on this and thousands of other topics as it has stuff works. I call this episode is brought to you by Molly

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odd, cast, coming of age story about finding a home and rock music and learning to flourish in your own weird way. It's also a series of letters of nice to my younger self ass. She navigates ashes, adolescence seals with social inside each body, issues and relationships and discovers a transformative power during wrapper, comes from double Elvis productions is created and hosted by mutual citizen and executive produced by Jake Brennan of disgrace, land, listen dear young rocker. On the I hurt radio, app apple pod costs or wherever you get your podcast,