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Hello and welcome to the podcast, I'm Holly fry and I'm Tracy Wilson. Today's topic is near and dear to my heart because it involves the name we have invoked on the show before that. Being John Henry Pepper, as in pepper's ghost, the famous and much loved stage illusion which continues to be They will talk about that at the end, but while the ghost, as it was called often by pepper during his time kind of dominates his life story there some other, very interesting stuff in his biography. There are several professional disagreements there, some world travel and then there's even an attempt to control the weather, so he's kind of a good offering for me to work on after following times, because ghost isn't a story, but it's not the least bit actually goes to here. We are recording this in October, but our October episodes have concluded yes

Henry pepper was born in eighteen, twenty one in Westminster, his father, Charles Bailey, pepper, was a civil engineer, pepper, attended the first line, and a house at bricks. Ten and then the kings College School in London, a young boy. He found a chemistry, completely fascinating. Pianist brands would conduct various experiments, their own beyond their school work and pepper, later recalled that they broke a lot of lab last where in the process, he also studied under chemist J T Cooper at their Russell instead, You can add that love for chemistry and science, never really dissipated, so Winnie was fresh out of school at age. Nineteen, a career in science was peppers only path of choice. Initially, this led him to work as a lecturer at the Granger School of medicine, and he was made a fellow of the Chemical society of London at the age of twenty two soon hatred

into the Royal Polytechnic institution in London and the Royal Polly. Mix mission was to offer quote an institution where the public at little expense may acquire practical knowledge of the various arts and branches of science connected with manufacturers mining operations in rural areas. I mean this is basically were the latest. Science was showcase through public lectures and displays of things like diving bells and steam driven machinery, and it was the perfect place for pepper who had started going. There is a visitor before he became lecturer there. He not only love sign if exploration, but he really love to share that excitement with others and demystify concepts. That might otherwise seem elusive and he felt like the best way to do that is through showmanship. Turning lectures into entertaining visual spectacles. Working at the Royal Polytechnic was the defining aspect of peppers, life and career. He gave us first lecture there in eighteen, forty seven and in just a few short years he had become.

Polly Technics Analytical Chemist and then the schools director. Soon he became known as professor pepper for his engaging lectures. He was sort of way than nineteen century bill. My of London writing about this work in third person. Much later in his life, pepper, said, quote: the classes Mr Pepper established were for the study of drawing french, german arithmetic and mathematics with, of course, chemistry in physics, and pupils were admitted at very low fees. In order to encourage the working men to attend yet laid in his life, he wrote a book in which he quotes himself, a law which I find fascinating that is why it submit their perception very tickled about the pepper, soon gained a reputation for his ability to teach him innovative ways. They were never dull and, as a consequence, he was all

often asked to serve as a guest lecture at various schools around England. He also wrote a book based on one of his lectures: titled the australian goldfields and the best means of discriminating gold from other metals, He may the case in my book that moving to Australia offered the working poor of London a chance to make a better life, they might have any overcrowded city. He also happened to have advertisements in that book was advertisements were for travel items that he did in the text of the work as necessary for any one moving to a stroll, yet to become a gold hunter. So little bit of savvy business work that probably wouldn past standards today, as a lecturer, pepper, was also conducting phone experiments in inventing things often has the means to illustrate scientific concepts. He was lecturing almost every day. and forever working to innovate and entertain. He reportedly cooks a piece of meat during

lecture using two mirrors that we're reflecting a charcoal fire to the food showing the way that light can be focused in eighteen step three. He illuminated all of Trafalgar Square and Saint Paul Cathedral with ARC light to celebrate the wedding of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales to Princess Alexander Caroline, Marie Charlotte, Louise Julia of Denmark. At some point in eighteen fifties, pepper himself had married? Although it's a little bit difficult to find details about his bride, where the family they started, we know that Wife was named Mary Ann, but I could not find her maiden name they had a son whose initials were H w, but I could not find his name, and that happened in eighteen, fifty six, his most famous project, which he worked on with an engineer from Liverpool maimed Henry Turks, and if you are looking that up, it is spelled d our sea, K s the illusion now known as peppers ghost the solution.

in is created with a plate, glass, sheep that reflects something from a room. That's out a view of the audience but glasses angled in such a way that the object or person out of you is seen by the audience as a reflection, and that makes it look pretty. Ghostly lighting is also used to maximize the effect in his nineteen. Fifty eight book this is magic secrets of conjurers craft magician will Dexter, describes peppers ghost this way quote. Have you ever care a lighted candle to a dark window and looked out. What have you seen? Who is that other figure? Surprisingly, like yours, of carrying a lighted candle on the other side of the glass that is peppers ghost. Now. This concept of using reflections to trick of yours I into thinking at seeing something that isn't. There was now

new in the mid nineteenth century, a very similar idea was described by italian scholar, Gm Bautista Della Porta in fifty fifty eight in his book natural magic with the sub header in twenty. Ex, wherein are sent forth all the riches of the lights of the natural sciences. That book was true, waded into English. In the late sixteen sixties and includes a chapter titled, how we may see, in a chamber, things that are not Della porters. Description of this illusion reads in part: quote: let there be chamber where into no light comes unless, by the day or or window where the spectator looks and let the whole window or part of it be of glass as we used to do to keep out the cold. But let one part B polished that there may be a looking glass on both sides whence the spectator must look and for the rest, do nothing. Let pictures be set over against this window, marble statues and such like four, why

is without will seem within and what is behind the spectators back. He will think to be in the middle of the house as far from the glass inward as they stand from outwardly and so clearly, and certainly that he will think he ceased thing but truth, so this illusion, just pretty similar to what was described, had meant to tell text was first shared in Nineteenth Century England. In eighteen, fifty eight by Turks British Association for the advancement of science meeting. He wanted to see This idea, which he called the dirty and phantasmagoria to theatres, but his proposed set up recur, an entire retrofit of the building pepper, would later right of Turks work quote this paper excited no attention because the explanation of it with somewhat vague and unsatisfactory pepper, then

their refine, this concept, so that it could be used in theatres without having to do a bunch, a heavy construction. The first play it was used in was haunted man in eighteen. Sixty two, this play written by Charles Dickens, was performed at the royal Polytechnic and this use of this ghost imagery was a triumph not only because the illusion worked perfectly, but because it also really helped the royal polytechnic. when it needed something to grab the public's attention in the wake of the eighteen. Sixty two great London exhibition, the polytechnic had been flailing. A little bed is its, didn't really have anything new to show the public that they had not just seen at expo, but the ghost worked like a charm according to count that appeared in an australian paper much later in eighteen, seventy nine that was written in anticipation of pepper travelling there, which will get too in a bit quote when the ghost effect was first produced at the Royal Polytechnic institution. All sightseers were a agog to behold the marvelous affair

the newspapers recorded and those of an ingenious turn of mind, went again and again to try and solve the problem, including even such physicists as the late professor Faraday, who at last had to ask for an explanation. Peppers ghosts ended up, causing a rift between Darksome pepper, and we will talk about why, after a sponsor break enjoy life's precious moments with your own personal retreat. What moments will you create at Wallace Landscape Associates? We provide single source, landscape design and build services to create your perfect garden, custom pool or outdoor room to enjoy and share with those you love. Our designs are tailored around your imagination, your lifestyle and your ultimate enjoyment. You vision our quality. Now more than ever, donation home, learn more at Wallace Landscape, dot, com,

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Just twenty dollars visit curiosity street. I come now though the ghost illusion had become deeply popular as a stage effect for However, it was also another opportunity to educate people about science and specifically about optics this. In a time was, as we have mentioned many times on the show before a time when This ism and spiritual ism, we're very popular in England and pepper, wanted to use the enthusiasm for supernatural subjects to get me. And so he could teach them the ways that such interest could be exploited: the tricks of science. The ghost was popular. That pepper was asked to recreate it at Windsor Castle and ultimately, he towards Europe and North. Amerika, showing the ghost to amazed audiences and then explaining to them how their eyes were being deceived, the work,

afters in creating the initial illusion and pepper, adapting it for practical use led to the two men filing a joint patent for it that was granted on February fifth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty three but Durk signed over financial rights. Here's peppers account of things given in the book seventeen years late quote just before Christmas Day in eighteen, sixty two, I invited a number of literary and scientific brands and my always kind supporters. The members of the press to apply. I've, it view of the new illusion to be introduced into well worth romantic and dramatic literary creation called a strange story. The effect of the first appear and the apparition on my illustrious audience was startling in the extreme and far beyond anything I could have hoped for and expected so

so that, although I had previously settled to explain the whole modus operandi on that evening, I'd deferred doing so and when the next day to Mistress cardinal the patent agents and took out a provisional patent for the ghost illusion in the names. At my request of Turks and pepper the day after the first evening, I showed the ghost Mr Dirk came down to the polytechnic after saying how much pleased he was with the manner in which I had introduced the illusion, ended by hand a letter in which he spoke highly by work in respect of the ghost and gave me spontaneously, whatever profits might accrue from the invention. If that sounds a little defensive and self justifying their he's in the two men had a pretty significant falling out Dirk claimed that he had been the one to actually invented. The ghost pepper,

claimed to have already seen the idea in eighteen, thirty one book called recreative memoirs and the disagreement between the two men, festered and Turks, published a book making his case, which was titled, the ghost as produced in the Spectra drama and that told his side of the story, basically saying like I invented this pepper just has a big name and he popularized it pepper published several articles, giving his version of events and the two and actually ended up in the chancery courts. This actually, a bad move on Dirks is part because pepper was a well known and popular figure, and so he had prominent scientist on hand to give testimony to the transformative nature of peppers alterations to Dierks original plans. The court found in peppers favor, but the two men continued to bicker about it. Even before the ghost illusion hit the London stage, pepper wrote a book. Titled boys play book of science and the introduction pepper

claims that the idea for the book is to give kids an introduction to scientific concepts that will enable them to transition to more advanced reading in the future quote. The following illustrated pages must be regarded as a series of philosophical experiments, hailed in such a manner that any young person may perform them with the greatest facility. The author has endeavoured to arrange the manipulations. Any methodical, simple popular form and will indeed be rewarded if these experiments should arouse dormant talent in any of the rising generation and leave them on gradually from the easy reading of the present boys book to the study of the complete, imperfect philosophical works of Leopold, mail Faraday, brand Gram, Turner and founds. He goes on to explain in the introduction of the concepts of science are all around us in the natural world and notes that one could think of animals as scientists of various sorts point

out than moles or meteorologists. Beavers are architects and wasps are paper. Manufacturers is opening to the first chapter which talks about matter and its impenetrability by way of discussing particular density is indicative of the no nonsense way that he presents information quote in the present. date of our knowledge. It seems to be universally agreed that we cannot properly comments even popular discussions on astronomy, mechanics and chemistry or on the imponderables heat, light electricity and magnetism without a definition of the general term matter, which is an expression applied by philosophers to every species of substance capable of occupying space and therefore to everything which can be seen and felt. This book was so successful that it was reprinted many times and he also quickly wrote more to meet demand.

In eighteen sixty one he published playbook of metals and scientific amusements for young people. Eighteen sixty one was a big riding year, a pepper. An addition to the two books we mentioned has publisher. Rutledge asked him to update the book scientific dialogues intended for the instruction and entertainment of young people, in which the first principles of natural and experimental philosophy are fully explained that was originally written by Jeremiah Joyce in eighteen. Fifteen pepper was tasked with making the book currents of eighteen sixteen by editing it to include scientific discoveries that had happened in the interim after the brook first came up in eighteen, sixty nine he published cyclopaedia science simplified. He actually published

a number of books and though the polytechnic had been where professor pepper became a London mainstay of science, entertainment in eighteen. Seventy two, after more than twenty years of working there, he and organisation had a falling out. The apparent crux of the matter was autonomy, pepper wanted to do ass. He wished he had raise the profile of the polytechnic and was to the public is de facto em back sir, but even John Henry Pepper had bosses which he didn't particularly enjoy, and the disagreements between him and the facilities directors led to the lecturer, leaving his break with the polytechnic and subsequent move to the Egyptian ha.

was big enough news to make the papers and London's the standard on April. Second, one thousand eight hundred and seventy two. The change was reported as follows: quote for twenty years, professor pepper and the Polytechnic have been almost synonymous words. The polytechnic was nothing in most people's minds without professor pepper and that facile lecture upon popular science quizlet on as really at home, only in the halls of that familiar rendezvous and regent street. But the best of friends must part- and professor pepper and the Polytechnic have separated twenty years service, pleasant, agreeable, amusing, and instructive service will not be overlooked by a generous public and professor pepper and his new home will have, we feel sure, not lack of support, and then on article goes on to describe peppers, new theatre of Popular science and entertainment, its being installed at the egyptian theater and how it is done

rated and furnished so that the audience will experience all new levels of comfort, as they hear from the professor including areas that are laid out quote in drawing room fashion. She can relax on a cow toy- you hear him explained things, but the rip hall arrangement turned out to be less successful than pepper had hoped, for it was expensive to produces lecturers than he wasn't making the money back. He seemed to slowly pull away from academic circles dirt, this time, and in eighteen, seventy five. He was no longer a fellow at the chemical society and try to rebuild his finances. Pepper, went on tour with science lectures crossing North America and at the end of the eighteen seventies, pepper made the decision to head to Australia for an extended period of time and we'll talk about bad and his attack to make rain. After we hear from our sponsors

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so, as we mentioned before the break after several years of the lecture Circuit in Europe and the? U S pepper, headed, Australia, this was intended to be a twelve month. Tour mayor, and in their son, went with him. The family travelled aboard the Lusitania pepper was listed on the ship's record as having quote no occupation. This may have suggested he was some sort of down on his luck drifter, but in fact Australia was very excited to have him. I like that. We got a little confirmation that his wife and son, who we know nothing about, still exist yes How do I had of his arrival? One australian newspaper reported quote for nearly a third of a century. The name of professor pepper has been associated with popular science, chiefly in connection with the Polytechnic Institute of London, but free

widely in the list of new inventors and not seldom as the champion of valuable practical improvements such as Bessemer steal, the electric modernize means of locomotion, etc. Who among us who schooldays were passed in England anywhere between the years, one thousand eight hundred and forty five and one thousand eight hundred and seventy does not remember the polytechnic and wondrous variety of attractions, chief amongst which stood the facile lecturer in his brilliant experiments, the amount of solid good affected by his lectures to working men, his classes for teaching, chemistry, physics, french, german and mathematics, at the lowest possible fees. Availed of by thousands of Londoners is not easily estimated. Pepper got right too After arriving, he gave a lecture at Saint George S Hall on July twelve, that was just a week after the Lusitania had made port, and this was

how did ass quote one of the best scientific exhibitions that a mill? an audience had seen this lecture she toured around. Australia was almost like a phantasmagoria. There were, apparitions dancing skeletons in optical illusions, but in peppers case he Exe how it was done. As part of a show, one critic wrote quote, it is hardly possible to imagine and entertainment more king or more interesting and at the same time, so full of really use. information as that given by professor pepper, although he started his time in Australia to great fanfare, overtime, interest, an audience waned and so pepper took a stab at a new venture. He wrote produced and acted in a play: titled Hermes and the alchemist which he debuted and Sidney

the plot was built to showcase them up. Peppers, trademark, illusionary trickery, but this show flopped soon pepper, went back to lecturing me, pick a brief trip back to England, but and returned to Australia getting to Adelaide. In late August, one thousand eight hundred and eighty with a new staff that he had hired in London entail. He gave lectures as he had before once again touring but ran into legal trouble when one of his employees tried to sue him for unpaid wages. Peppers response was the

the man had been a very bad employee, but the court found in favour of the worker, whose name was John Saunders and pepper, had to pay what he owed him, though he had found the entire business. Insulting pepper tried to put it behind him by going back to his lecture tour and trying to drum up attendance. Sorry, you feel insulted pepper, but you gotta pay her employees yet apparently, as part of it once John Saunders had filed this complaint, pepper was Sleep arrested any was a mortified that he was arrested in public, but, yes, I feel like there's so much more to that story that we really have a record of, but they reminds me of a bit of lower minds, has just rights that didn't that. Wasn't me that round? My real name Let us pay you your pay during the time. that pepper and his family were in Australia. A couple of interesting things were happening back in London, so first it

One thousand eight hundred and eighty boys play book of science, a significant revision, not from pepper but from Thomas Craddock Hepworth, who had taken over peppers position at the royal polytechnic. The title of the book was also changed. Two boys book of science and the tone of it was Jenna He perceived as being less exuberant. That book, incidentally, was revised again in nineteen twelve by John Mast, him second, the Royal Polytechnic closed its doors I've been having financial problems, but then a stone staircase in the building collapsed in the cost of the repair was more than it could afford. The equipment and space were sold off over the course of three days and one thousand eight hundred and eighty two it was purchased and reopened, and It's part of the University of Westminster. Also in eighteen. Eighty two pepper attempted a massive feet

Kimberly one thousand eight hundred and eighty two was extremely hot and Southeast Queensland was having with a minor drought. So John Henry Pepper decided he would try to make it rain his plan, which he advertised as tapping the clouds involved, a giant kite, and explosives. He intended to use the kite to raise a landmine into the clouds with steel wire running from the kite to the earth, and he would he said

dead need the mine mid air in order to quote altered the electrical conditions of the clouds. Seven hundred people showed up at the farm that he had secured for this cloud tapping and each of them paid to watch. Ah, I don't feel like this should come as a surprise, but things did not gonna land. Here's what happened in the words of one of peppers, assistance quote the professor had the kite constructed so that it could be easily conveyed through the Bush. It was much too heavy even for too smart horses and we could not get the kite to rise higher than thirty or forty yards. This part of the experiment was last given up as a failure. The whole of the guns were loaded, then the course was cleared and after firing the mind containing the dynamite, I fired the guns and rapid six.

He then described a terrifying misfire with one of the guns in which miraculously no one was injured, and then he concluded, with quote It was our first and last trial at tapping. The clouds for rain pepper had intended to try again and using lighter materials seems like a good idea. I mean it's not a good idea. But if you're gonna take it up, thereby I probably should be wider materials. It seems that that plan was abandoned, though We had been under the idea of cloud seeding with some of this. Prep Jeanne bet inducing persist. patient manually, wouldn't really move forward until decades later, instead of a second attempt at making rain, he went back to giving performance lectures and then started. Educational endeavour called professor Peppers Laboratory where he taught classes and practical chemistry and the physical Sciences, as part of the

her husband school of arts among the lectures he offered. He included advice for people intending to file patents, Peter envisioned away from performance and onto eating on a regular schedule, but by the MID eighteen eighties enrollment was down and he was at odds with the school. bored in much the same way that he had, but it heads with the directors of the Polytechnic in London yeah there's a lot you will find written about how he was just this leg. Very flamboyant show men He was very confident in the way he approached things and when anyone criticized him are asked to change it, he would give very angry about it. I feel I know this personally, Do we all do. I have probably been that person at various points. Then he found himself in. Their legal battle, but this one was initiated by pepper and it was over an agreement regarding the farm land that he had been leasing so when he started renting

the owner of the land had promised tat. He would eventually cell pepper, the property and pepper, had built a home on it at the time that he started renting the owner was paying for gold on the property and make had kind of me to deal like when you're done and near confident, have panned whatever there is to get out of this lake, then you'll finished that and sell me the property music. Of course, I would but instead of selling to the Englishman, the owner had mortgage the property without telling his ten in this case was alive bit of a mess, there's a whole element of spiritualism and testimony that was going on in the courtroom happening. In this view, strange way can it eventually found in peppers favour, but it did not ultimately keep pepper in Australia the two years later after a decade away, he decided to return home to England. Arriving in London in eighteen, eighty nine pepper tried going back to his illusion, shows he trotted out the ghost onstage again, but in the years

She had been gone. The tastes of the citizen Kansas had changed. Their just wasn't draw for pepper style of show anymore and hear retired from performing an eighty ninety there also so many of the people that probably would have been his target audience for roylake. I saw this when I was in school. I know how it works like. Why would they pay to go see the whole thing again? There was that moment issue. How is he doing that because they relate to night as that, same year, but he retired. Eighty thousand, eight pepper, wrote a book outlining all that had happened regarding the peppers ghost illusion in a book in a true history of the ghost and all about Madame Psychosis, and it is from that book that we quoted earlier when he was about darksome work. He seems to have really wanted to make the case at the end of his life that he had not done anything wrong by Turks, and he makes a note that Turks had applied for a patent on his own before pepper, modified the concept and that that patent had been done

Pepper also noted in the book that so many people attempted to create their own ghost illusion, imitations that he had. have noticed, is printed in papers, warning the public about the thanks that we're touring one such notice, red quote on public grounds. I venture to call your attention to the fact that many persons are now going about the country endeavouring to pirate effects to be produced by the apparatus patented by Mr Dirk and myself and to deceive the public by giving them an exhibition with which they are certain to be disgusted and with which I have nothing to do. I beg to enclose one of the numerous statements I have received from different parts of the country, alluding to the imposture now so commonly practice.

yeah, he was basically like putting these in various papers. A men asking me editor to include additional information. You'll know that he mentioned specifically that Mr Dirk was part of its and part of a patent, and it seems like that may have been part of the she was a dark Scott, really really frustrated that everybody started, calling the ghost peppers ghost when he was like an Turks and pepper always said, like I said your name every time I did it. That's not my fault. You're angry cause you're, not getting credit in public, and that seems like really the crux of that. Our in Israel, I meant pepper, moved too late in stone and ethics, and on March twenty fifth nineteen hundred he died at his home there. On course, road his obituary in the London Daily NEWS, read in part quote to the younger generation. Professor pepper and peppers. Ghosts are little more than names, but to those who remember the Polyte,

make as it was forty years ago. The announcement that John Henry Pepper is dead will recall a form of entertainment that at one time enjoyed immense vogue. When pepper died, Heath interest in his ghost illusion had really died out, but today, peppers ghost is still in use. We ve mentioned it on the show before the bar scene and Disney's haunted. Mansion attraction is one massive execution of the peppers goes delusion, but more technologically advanced versions of it continue to be used as well. If you recall the twenty twelve appearance of the deceased performer Tupac alongside to drain snoop dog that was touted by a lot of people have a hologram you may, that was absolutely not a hologram, it was a high tech adoration of peppers ghost. And now there are even leg. Specialised types of glass finishes that people will you to create really really photo real peppers.

No style illusions. A lot of times, they'll reflect not like a physical sin or a statue, but instead, like an image, that's on a digital screen in that area. You can't see onto it which allows those intensive really relate convincing, animations to happen, peppers, ghosts still alive and well to think ass, sweet ass, some thoughts about John Henry Pepper. I will survive in the Friday episode but in the meantime I have a listener mail from our listener. Allison, who is responding to another listener mail is quite charming: shreds dear Holly and Tracy. I was listening to your episode on William Paul I went to my surprise. You began reading your list, normal Johan, greatly Smith from Alison mistook peace. eyes, because I Allison and ensure that I had not already sent you my listener mail on greening Psmith. It was at the moment sitting in my draft folder,

It was only when that I was told you she is an american living near ride that our emails even began to different content. My content on your grainy Psmith upon his food episode is actually a bit different I have an ancestor that, according to a news, article of the time of Maria and Psmith death was part of the war of the creation of the now famous apple variety, Mr Lawless of Ferrara, I'm gonna get that I pronounced that terribly. So my apologies Jeez Alison's ancestor, is credited with giving Maria the very french crab apple, create that went on to produce the sapling on the creek edge. My father keeps a copy of this news article as part of his genealogy research for both his and my mother sides of our family. I would have loved to have included it in this email. However, due to various circumstances, it was unavailable. I love binge listening to your episodes at my job as a sewing. Machinist producing bedding keep up the good work at their summit to unpack

here that I love one, how incredibly cool that your dad has this. This piece of information in his genealogy record, two. I love that you're, a professional sewing machinist. I also know in case anyone thinks I'm romanticizing, that that is a hard job. My mom did that job for exactly one day, because she was a very good seamstresses. I've said before and came home and said I cannot do that. That's not so in the way I liked it has sacrificed. So it is a whole different deal, but thank you for this. It's very funny that two Alison's had a similar relationship with great excitement. Apples claim limit. If you have relationships with any of our parliament's foods or peppers ghost or anything else, we talked about on the show you can write to us about it. Tat Emma Laundress is history podcast at heart, radio, dot com you can,

find us on social media as missed in history, and if you haven't subscribed, there's no time like the present, you can do that on the Iheartradio APP or wherever it is. You live in stuff. You missed in history class is a production, I have made you for more plant gaps for my heart. Radio visit by her radio have added mankind's or wherever you listen to you they returned this week on curiosity stream. What we have here are the bones of a brand new species of dinosaur. Paleontologists worked a crack at seventy three million Euro pulled case on the new series die. No hot, plus CD world, as the ancient saw that was the building where democracy was invented, view the greatest cities in history brought back to life on big apple s. The ancient world reveal what These titles and more on cheery street annual plans. Just twenty dollars visit curiosity street. I come now

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