Situated on the beautiful cable beach by Hamas is a spectacular new resort destination in the Bahamas. With your choice of three ocean front hotels, the grand high it s less rosewood. This is the place to find your perfect lending luxury relaxation and a lot of fun whatever you're looking for you can find it at Baja, MAR the Bahamas most exciting, culinary destination the resort to over forty restaurants, bars and lounges, ranging from casual, waterside, uterus too high end chef, driven, dining experiences. Eleven glorious landscape pools, acres of prestige, each front and a soothing esper spot offer endless relaxation, while guess fine, thrills, that bomb a casino in a ray of high energy night spots.

At the royal blew the most cleaned new offers in the kid just a short life from the: U S and a fifteen minute drive home are isn't easy, get away any time of the year. The book your next vacation have one of the resorts three iconic hotels and tourists or what you specials, including up to thirty five percent savings. On your stay, yes, thirty five percent visit, Baja Marduk, that's by Hamas Dhaka Ba each a it may are dot com

Welcome to stuff you missed in history class from Housetop works, tat com, how low and welcomes the podcast time tree Phoebe. Well then, I'm holly frying. I know I've said that a number of times lately it is a by product of working on a daily podcast, but today's episode has been on my list of produce for a really long time and we're coming up on its eightieth anniversary, which moved it up to the top of the list. Kristallnacht

or the night of the broken glass took place on November, ninth and tenth of nineteen, thirty, eight and we've been turned it in some previous episodes about the Holocaust in about World WAR Ii and his also come up as a listener request. This is a massive act of anti semitic violence and it was named for the shards of glass that were left littering the streets and more than a thousand cities and towns in the german Reich Nazis, burned hundreds of synagogue, vandalized and looted thousands of homes and businesses raped and murdered people and made about thirty thousand arrests, mostly of jewish men and there's been where then sent the concentration camps. I don't think I've ever given a warning this strong on the show before, but this is just not an episode for young children, we're going to be discussing everything that I just said in a lot more detail,

and then in a third part of this episode after the second outbreak, we are going to be discussing or rape investigation that had horrifying elements on his own. I did want to make one no on language. Before we start over the years we ve got a couple of notes from listeners. You ve told us that they dont prefer the use of the word to because of its history as an anti semitic slur. But then we have also heard from other listeners that avoiding the words you have its own baggage, because it suggests that there's something wrong with being jewish or that were uncomfortable with it That means that adherence to all the other religions can be reference with nouns, like Christians and Muslims, and seek some Buddhists and Jews the only ones that are only allowed the additive of jewish. So these prisoners have encouraged us to use the word to you. It is really not possible for us to reconcile these two points of view, but I did want to acknowledge that that's a discussion that happens

we get into this episode and if folks are wondering about the timing of this episode, given the shooting at the tree of Life synagogue on October, twenty seventh, we scheduled this episode to come out today back in August, and it was researched in written before the shooting happen, but is being recorded in the shootings, immediate aftermath. So to get into the background, we talk, the lot about Adolf Hitler. Hitler's rise to power in our previous episode on the night of the long knives, so we are not going to repeat all of that today, but briefly in nineteen thirty, three Germany's President Paul Van Hindenburg named Hitler as Chancellor hoping to appease the Nazi Party as it gained power in the right. Dog or that's the german parliament, and then, when Paul Van Hindenburg died in nineteen thirty. Four Hitler became president as well as chancellor, making him the fewer or supreme ruler of Germany and a big part of his platform, which was also a big reason for his popularity was his vote

All vehement anti Semitism juice had been living in. What's now Germany for more than a thousand years and of course, Anti Semitism existed long before Hitler came to power, but it was really after one thousand nine hundred and thirty three, that Germany started implementing a whole new wave of laws that specifically targeted the jewish population as part of a process of periodization. The Nazi party called for a boycott of jewish businesses. By one thousand nine hundred and thirty five non jewish businesses were announcing that Jews were no longer welcome there. Its customers to use were also barred from holding civil service jobs, and anyone who was already in a position like that was fired. Then the Reichstag pass the Nuremberg laws on September, fifteenth of nineteen, thirty, five These included the law for the protection of german blood and german honour and the Reich Citizenship law. These

as outlined german racial policy, and they were rooted in the idea that Jews and Germans were different, that jewish blood was inferior. To quote two. New, german or area in blood, and that it was necessary to ban contact between Jews and Germans for the sake of racial purity. On top of preserving the idea of the so called racial purity, these laws were also mental ostracised cheese and to speed up the process of forcing them out of german society. Hitler and the Nazi Party wanted to make Germany Union, Rhine or cleansed of Jews. Although legislators had already started doing research and drafting language for these laws, The final legislation was written over the span of just two days, and this was because Hitler ordered for them to be finalized on September thirteenth so that he could present them

An annual rally in Nuremberg on the fifteenth, the Nuremberg love Band, to use from holding german citizenship. This stripped them of their rights and protection. The german citizens were entitled to under the law and that it also excluded them from voting and from holding public office, both sex and marriage between Jews and and you were outlawed. These are also banned from employing german women under the age of forty five as maids the laws didn't define who, was it, wasn't, consider jewish when it came to marriage. So the Reich Ministry of the Interior issued a supplementary document outlining different rules for peoples whose ancestry was half or quarter jewish. It details

which populations were allowed to intermarry, give him how much jewish ancestry they had persecution of Jews in the right which had been going on through this whole time continued to escalate after the passage of the Nuremberg laws and a lot of people who had the means to do so left the country. In March of nineteen thirty, eight Germany annexed Austria, which put about a hunt and eighty five thousand austrian g use under german rule and subject to the Nuremberg laws than on a eleven nineteen, thirty eight, the government further heightened their definition of who was and wasn't jewish, so called now on Arians were defined as anyone who was descended from non area and parents and grandparents people were required to prove their ancestry through birth certificates and family record.

Before Germany, annexed Austria, about a quarter of the nation's jewish population had fled, which had created a refugee crisis in other nations. Most nations had immigration quotas in place and in many cases those quotas had already been reached even before Germany, annexed Austria. So after the annexation, other nations were really anxious about the possibility of so many more. We wish refugees so in July of nineteen thirty, eight a conference was held in Evian France to try to seek an international solution to this problem, but the conference was completely unsuccessful. Although most of the delegates expressed sympathy for german and austrian jeers, none of them offered to actually do anything about it. The Dominican Republic was the only nation that offered

relax its immigration policy is to allow more refugees, and Hungary and Poland were both more interested in finding a way to remove their own jewish population than in bringing in jewish refugees. Although there some individual diplomats and philanthropists and religious than humanitarian organizations who were trying to help at the national level. Virtually no one was willing. After the Evian conference, the polish government issued a decree that any polls who had been out of the country for more than five years would have their passports revoked unless they got a stamp from a polish official before October 31st, one thousand nine hundred and thirty eight, and this prompted Germany to expel its population of polish Jews back to Poland. Hitler ordered the sixth

chat with forced evictions on October 27th, one thousand nine hundred and thirty. Eight. Those expelled were allowed to take. Only one suitcase each and their belongings left behind were confiscated by the government and, in some cases, stolen by neighbors between twelve thousand and seventeen thousand Jews who had been born in Poland were ordered to leave german territory during this expulsion. But once they got to the border, most of them warrant allowed to cross into Poland, many of them wind up at a makeshift refugee camp, near spouse in non the polish border, because they had been allowed to take only one suit case. Each the people trapped at the border had virtually no food or supplies. They also worked permitted to take valuables or large amounts of money out of Germany. So those who had brought money with them had it confiscated conditions were appalling and members of the shoots duffel or s s harassed and beat many of the people who are being forced to relocate their work

of suicides as a result of all of this included among the people trapped at the border was the family of seventeen year Old, Herschel, Grinch Bun. The family were polish, but they'd been living in Germany since the early nineteenth teens, while the rest of the family had been living in Hanover Herschel, had fled in nineteen thirty, six first to Belgium and then to France on November. Third, he got a postcard from his sister bear tab describing how she and their parents had been forced out of their home and were now trapped at the border, with virtually nothing. Her postcard was brief, but the next day, Herschel also read a thorough account in a jewish newspaper, the disk The conditions along the border as horrific Herschel was already desperate when he got this postcard from his sister. After leaving Germany, he had crossed the border from Belgium into France. Illegally has repeated attempts to formally seek asylum in France had all been too

down and in July of nineteen thirty eight. He had been ordered to leave the country, but he had nowhere else to go. His own polish passport had expired so for about three months before getting this these from his sister, he had been in hiding, sheltered and a maids corps is that an attic and going out only at night on the morning of November seventh, he wrote a postcard to his father and placed it in his wallet written in Hebrew. It said with gods help I couldn't do otherwise. My heart bleeds when I think of our tragedy and that of the twelve thousand Jews. I have to protest in a way that the whole world hears my protest, and this I intend to do. I beg your forgiveness many by

gun and five bullets. He went to the german embassy in Paris and was admitted into the building. After saying he had an important document to deliver. His plan had been to assassinate the german ambassador, but instead he was directed to the office of Third Secretary Ernst VON Rat Herschel fired all five of his bullets, hitting the secretary twice bomb rat, initially survived and was taken for medical care and Herschel was taken into custody by french authorities, and he went with them. Willingly. Retaliation against the jewish community began immediately with jewish newspapers and other publications being shut down on November ACE a jewish cultural activities being suspended. On the same day, the announcement came that jewish children could no longer attend area in schools. The shooting was also used as the justification for Kristallnacht, which we'll talk about after a quick sponsor break.

Situated on the beautiful cable beach by Hamas, is a spectacular new resort destination in the Bahamas. With your choice of three ocean front hotels, the grand high it s less and rosewood. This is the place to find your perfect Glinda luxury relaxation and a lot of fun whatever you're looking for you can find it at Baja, MAR the Bahamas most exciting canary destination, the resort. To over forty restaurants, bars and lounges, ranging from casual, waterside, uterus too high end chef, driven, dining experiences. Eleven glorious landscape pools, acres of prestige, each front and a soothing esper spot offer endless relaxation, while guess fine, thrills, that bomb a casino in a ray of high energy night spots,

at the royal blew the most cleaned new offers. In the kid just a short life from the. U S and a fifteen minute drive home are isn't easy, get away any time of the year. The book your next vacation have one of the resorts three iconic hotels and tourists: when you're specials, including up to thirty five percent savings on your stay. Yes, thirty five percent visit, Baja Marduk, that's by Hamas gotta, be a h and may are dot com.

The shooting of Ernst VON Rap took place the day before the fifteenth anniversary of the beer hall puts. That was a failed attempts to start a violent insurrection against the german government that took place in nineteen twenty three. The primary instigators of the beer hall pushed were out of Hitler and Eric Luton dwarf. Both men were arrested and tried and looting dwarf was acquitted, but Hitler was convicted, any

nine months in prison, during which time he wrote most of my comp because of the Anniversary Nazi Party leaders were gathered in Munich. Most of them sign editorial in the Nazi parties newspaper the described Herschel Grinch bond, as quote a criminal tool of international jewish murderers, and on the afternoon of the ninth, they also got word that bomb rat had died of his injuries. This was not the first time that a jewish person had killed a Nazi official and nineteen thirty, six, that jewish student named David, frankfurter assassinated Ville him good Laughin dabs, who was the leader of the Nazi Party in Switzerland, but that time Hitler had forbidden any kind of retaliation for the assassination that had happened during the lead up to the nineteen. Thirty six Berlin, a limp eggs which were facing ongoing protests and threats of boycotts and debate

and for the games to be cancelled or move somewhere else. So Hitler didn't want to give that movement anymore fuel, but things were different in nineteen thirty, eight the Olympic Games were long over and the nazi government was increasingly direct in its anti Semitism. So the assassination of Ernst VON Rat became the justification for mass violence, sanctioned by Adolf Hitler and coordinated by nazi officials. We should stress Herschel, Grinch bonds, killing of Ernst bomb Rat did not cause Kristallnacht that simply gave the Nazi government a convenient rationale to carry it out. Reinhard hydraulic, chiefly tenant of the s.

Called for demonstrations against the jewish population on November nights at the commemoration of the beer. How puts on the ninth Reich Minister of Propaganda Paul Joseph rebels carefully planted the idea of a purportedly spontaneous uprising. He framed it. This way quote. The future has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organised by the party, but in so far as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. Just before midnight on the ninth Gestapo chief Heinrich Mueller sent this telegram quote in shortest order. Actions against Jews, and especially their synagogues, will take place in all of Germany. These are not to be interfered with, so this idea that purportedly spontaneous demonstrations might just happen and that officials shouldn't interfere with them. If they did happen, was totally fabricated. Nazi officials were d,

fully involved in planning this and carrying it out. Party leaders called or went back to their local offices that night and they called for this demonstration. Although civilians were involved, including a large number of schoolboys, the S s, an essay which was also known as the storm troopers were major instigators, so where the Gestapo and Hitler youth. Although some people remain in their uniforms, a lot of them changed into civilian clothes. To reinforce this idea that this was a spontaneous civilian uprising that was just being carried out by local residents. Nautical word needed attack by the nazi government. The violence started in Germany then spread into Austria, as well as to debt and land which Germany had recently annexed from the Austro hungarian empire. There were attacks in parts of EAST Prussia near the Reich border as well. Instructions were to destroy jewish property, while leaving everything else untouched,

synagogues, were to be destroyed with their archives confiscated beforehand, as many young, healthy jewish men as possible, were to be arrested as long as they weren't foreigners, foreigners weren't supposed to be harmed, even if they were jewish to avoid prompting a response from their home country. Any fires that started we're supposed to be allowed to burn unless they threatened to spread to build things that want owned by Jews at about one twenty, a m on the tenth Reinhard Hydra Accent, telegrams forbidding looting. That point looting was well underway in his direction was mostly ignored. Most of the violence took place on November. Ninth and tenth girls called for an end to the violence on the tenth, although there were scattered incidents after that. During that time, more than a thousand synagogues were damaged, and at least two hundred sixty seven were complete

He destroyed more than seven thousand jewish businesses and homes or vandalized, and many of them were also looted. Jewish cemeteries were desecrated, at least ninety one to use killed. An unknown number were humiliated, beaten, sexually assaulted and wait. Thirty thousand people, most of them young jewish men, were arrested and deported to concentration camps, including Dachau, Buchenwald and socks, and housing. This represented about a third of the jewish men still in Germany, most of them were held for about three months, but ultimately released. Only if the agreed to leave Germany. Immediately. Although support for this programme, wasn't universal among the government, it was overwhelming. A very few officials returned to their local offices and either refused to participate or issued counter orders and a few tat

HANS, perish priests and mayors managed to mostly prevent the violence. But aside from these isolated exceptions, every jewish community in the Reich was affected. The public response of Nazi Party leadership after Kristallnacht was shock. After all, this was a supposedly spontaneous wave of righteous indignation. At the same time, they didn't present this as a problem. Hitler and gobbles held a press conference on November eleventh and Garbo told reporters quote. It is an intolerable state of affairs that within our borders and for all These years, hundreds of thousands of Jews still control whole streets of shops, populate our recreation spots and as foreign apartment owners pocket the money of german tenants while their race.

Comrades abroad, agitate for war against Germany and gun down german officials. Up till this point, the Nazi policy, a very innovation, was largely framed as voluntary she's were being quote, encourage to sell their homes and businesses to non Jews. But this encouragement was rooted and harassment, discrimination and persecution. There wasn't much of an actual choice about it, but after Kristallnacht, this shifted from a plan that was supposedly voluntary to one. It was definitely forced. On November twelve, the german government issued a decree on the elimination of the Jews from economic life and this forbade Jews from owning or managing businesses working as foreman or managers working as craftspeople, taking part in

Ebay selling goods, basically, every possible way of earning a living jewish owned businesses were confiscated and turned over to non Jews. Even more laws targeting Jews were passed immediately after Kristallnacht, including bans on possessing weapons shopping and most stores, and using most public facilities. Like theatres also on the twelfth Herman Goring announced that the jewish community was going to be fined for all the destruction that fine was set at one billion Reich marks and called and Atonement tax He also announced that any insurance settlements for the damage would be property of the state not of the people whose property had actually been destroyed. Property that wasn't destroyed was also confiscated. The international response in the first days after this happened was overall one of shock and horror, because World WAR two had not started.

In Europe. There are still a lot of international reporters in german territory and they were largely able to move around and report relatively freely. So Kristallnacht was widely and critically reported in the international press, For example, in the United States they got more news coverage than any other single anti jewish incident or policy during the Nazi era. But in spite of the horror

an outrage. The international community did essentially nothing to help or to protect Jews in Germany and German occupied territory. Nations that have reached their quotas for immigrants and asylum seekers overwhelmingly left those quotas unchanged. Several nations introduce proposals to raise their quotas, but those proposals failed this as an example of what happened on a national level. British prime minister never Chamberlain set a limit of five hundred refugees per week to Britain, but it refused to allow refugees from Germany into the palestinian territories, which were at that point under british control. The kinda transport programme that we discussed in a recent six impossible episodes was only very reluctantly approved after extensive lobbying.

In the United States. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt recall the american ambassador from Berlin as an act of protest, and he publicly denounced the attack, but he didn't allow more jewish refugees into the United States. Secretary of Labour, France's Perkins did convince him to allow about twelve thousand Germans who were in the? U S at the time, most of whom were jewish to stay indefinitely, even after their visas expired a bill introduced to Congress to allow children under the age of fourteen to enter the EU. S which would have been similar to Kindle transport was not passed, as had been true before Kristallnacht, their continued to be individual diplomats and organizations. The tried define asylum for Jews in german territory. Several indian princely states also offered asylum, but over all nations. Still refuse to act and the people who did manage to escape from german territory generally faced anti Semitism wherever they went as many Jews,

West Germany in nineteen thirty, eight thirty, nine s had between one thousand nine hundred and thirty three and one thousand nine hundred and thirty eight. But this was a tiny, tiny fraction of people who tried to escape. The general refusal to act came from a lot of social and economic factors and anti Semitism, which wasn't at all unique to Germany or its nazi government in the United States, for example, twenty thousand members of the pro nazi german American Bund held an anti semitic, Americanization Rally in Madison Square Garden on February 20th, one thousand nine hundred and thirty nine. Just months after Kristallnacht, persecution of Jews continue to increase in Germany in German occupied territory.

And from there it starts to merge into the general history of the Holocaust. On November twenty third nineteen, thirty eight, the LOS Angeles examiner, read the headline quote: Nazis, worn world Jews will be wiped out and less evacuated by democracies. Over the next few years, Germany invaded Poland established ghettos and death camps and planned the final solution of the genocide of Europe's jewish population, along with targeting gay men, Romani disabled people, Freemasons and others to waves of investigations, followed Kristallnacht, one carried out by the Nazi Party immediately afterwards and the other by the german government after the end of world war. Two and we're gonna talk about those efforts. We first pause for another sponsor break. Support for this podcast comes from pico pico is helping homes and businesses save money with energy, efficient, LAPD's LAPD's last up to fifteen longer than traditional bulbs, Andy's updating

percent less energy, so they're good for your pocketbook amby environment, Ellie D. Come in all shapes and sizes and are available. In a variety of light, temperatures it's warm lighting for living rooms, dining room and bedrooms or bright cool waiting for catches and bathrooms. There's an we d for every socket and for businesses Ellie can help you manage energy costs, improve your bottom line and reduce maintenance swap out Oh bulbs for energy saving Ladys and get it in savings as a pico customer stock up while discounts and incentives last for info you can start saving today. Is it pico dot com, slash a lady, Shortly after Kristallnacht, the Nazi Party launched investigations into the rapes and murders that had been committed on November, ninth and tenth, but neither These were motivated by seeking justice for the victims. One motivation was trying to keep the investigation out of the german state court that was

primary reason for the murder investigations. The nazi government didn't really care about the murders, especially because the victims were choose, but officials knew that investigations and trials carried out by the regular german police and courts with unearth the fact that this was a planned and coordinated attack of mass violence, not a spontaneous civilian uproar. Thing, the rape investigations had another layer. They were ordered because the If I were a violation of the idea of racial purity that was central to the Nazi ideology in it, here too the racial purity standards in the Nuremberg laws. The Nazi party had policies about the racial purity of its members. The Supreme Party Court had banned anyone who had a trace of quote colored or jewish blood from the party with that trace, going back to their family tree to eighteen hundred, and anyone who was married to anyone who had a trace of such blood was also banned from the party, so the men

who had committed rape during the pogrom had violated. This decree mass trials began on December twentieth of nineteen thirty eight. They ran through February ninth of nineteen thirty nine. The gestapo was responsible for providing evidence and jurors, where selected from the S S and the essay along with some members of the Nazi Party, but most of the trials led to acquittals. The lot of those who were convicted of rape had a previous history of some kind of involvement, with jewish woman. Although a few men were sent to prison most of the sentences that were handed down where either a warning or ejection from the Nazi Party, the second round of trials took place after the end of World WAR Ii, most of them between one thousand nine hundred and forty six and one thousand nine hundred and fifty. These were separate from the more weld.

Nuremberg trials, the Nuremberg trials were focused on high ranking officials and military leaders, but almost none of the leaders that we've named in this episode were put on trial at all. Hitler took his own life on April 30th, one thousand nine hundred and forty five of Goebbels did the same on the following day, along with his wife after poisoning their children s S chief Reinhard Heinrich, who was also the architect of the final solution, was assassinated.

Nineteen. Forty two, it is unknown what happened to stop or chief Heinrich Mueller of the leaders we ve mentioned today. Only her mongering was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to death by hanging, but he took his own life before being executed. The second wave of trials related to Kristallnacht took place on a much smaller scale. They were the result of individual victims bringing charges against the perpetrators of specific crimes. So this was a collection of individual court cases that were related to individual incidents, not a large scale, investigation and This will act as a whole and it involved only victims who had survived the holocaust and had the means and ability, and frankly, the desire to pursue this matter in court. These postwar trials were also hampered by the fact that Germany had a tremendous shortage of peace. Oh at every level of the judicial system. After the war, the overall the majority of judges had nazi ties and at first the allies were trying to read

build the german judicial system without nazi influence, and this involved convincing judges who had retired, before one thousand nine hundred and thirty three to return to the bench as well as appointing new judges, but even with their steps. There just weren't enough people without nazi ties to fill all the necessary positions, and it wasn't until the 1960s that portion of judges with Nazi ties really started to drop all that together means that most of the perpetrators of Kristallnacht were never brought to justice in any way and we're gonna close out this episode by returning to Herschel Grinch Bomb, As we said earlier, after shooting Ernst VON Rats, he was taken into custody by french authorities and he went with them willingly and investigation was conducted in Paris with the presiding judge, one who often dealt with juvenile delinquency cases, but his case never came to trial. German operatives were despatched to Paris to try to influence the proceedings, while jewish and Philip

Big organizations came together in his defence. He remained in prison until Germany invaded France and May of nineteen forty and then he was transferred into german custody. On July eighteenth of nineteen forty, the nazi government plan to put him on trial a massive public show trial that would work as dramatic anti semitic propaganda, but this plan ultimately crumbled in part because of the actions of Herschel himself, while her she was still in France. One of his attorneys had latched onto rumours that bomb rat with homosexual try to use. There's rumours to build a defence framing this shooting as the result of a lovers quarrel in their words, but Herschel refuse to accept this defence insisting repeatedly It was not true at all and that his actions were politically motivated. He said it was quote because of love for my parents and for my people, who were subjected unjustly to outrageous treatment is not. After all,

a crime to be jewish? I am not a dog I have the right to live. My people have a right to exist on this earth, but in nineteen, forty two after the german Foreign Ministry Ministry of Propaganda and Ministry of Justice all started working together to plan this huge show trial, Grinch Bond finally agreed to the proposed defence. There is a bit of conjecture here, but it is highly likely that he did this specifically to prevent the trial from happening, because it would have had disastrous effects on the jewish community, which was already facing the holocaust. Homosexuality was abhorrence. So the Nazi Party, as as we said earlier, was sexual contact between Jews and non Jews. So this defence also brought in the fact that Grinch bond had only been seventeen at the time of the assassination, while VON Rat was nearly thirty, which would have made him an alleged Petre asked the political assassination of a german official.

At the hands of a Jew with something that the nazi government could turn to its advantage, but homosexual involvement between Us an official and a minor jus absolutely was not. Grinch Bonn accepted this defence at great risk to his own life. He had only been kept alive and been treated relatively well for the sake of using his trial as a public spectacle and after the trial was called off in the spring of nineteen forty two He disappeared from the historical record, although there were rumours that he survived until the end of the war and nineteen forty five, and was rescued by the allies, its overwhelmingly likely that Herschel Grinch Bond with killed in a concentration camp. Before that point and nineteen fifty eight, his father petitioned for reparations and after an investigation, a death certificate was issued for Herschel Grinch Ban on June first of nineteen sixty. So that is

when I feel almost irreverent asking about listener male, I did prepares them listener mail, and I wanted to pick something that was not too heavy based on the heaviness of this absurd, but also not to frivolous. Since I don't I feel like we're making light of it, and I got an email from day you that's about our epoch. On Sir Walter Raleigh and it is titled rally, Cobham and the hearsay rule and devote high Holly and Tracy. I loved the recent episodes on Sir Walter Raleigh, especially the story of his trial. One really interesting points that you didn't really get to. You stands out for my evidence: class at law school. It's one of the inspiration for the hearsay rule famous from any legal tv show you ve ever seen long story short hearsay is the rule that any statement made out of court can't be admitted into evidence to prove that its true Polly can say. History stuff is the best part.

Ass ever, but that cannot be admitted to prove that history step is the best pod cast ever unless she showed up in court to say at under oath. I like how I'm the one causing the trouble in this letter. Your only that the one causing the trouble that's barometer, who we disagree three year at trial The only evidence against him was carbons. Confession and carbon never appeared testify our evidence, professor love, to give a dramatic reading from the trial transcript where rally states all this is but one accusation of comes. I beseech you, my lord. Let carbon be set for charge him on his soul on his allegiance to the king with a firm it. I am guilty loved. The pod cast, keep up the awesome work Dave. Then he gives them episode suggestions, but he didn't actually give episode, suggestions, which kind of delights me,

So thank you so much for sending this email. That is a fascinating story about hearsay and Sir Walter Raleigh, and it led me to go down the rabbit hole of where the hearsay rule came from this morning before we recorded, and one of the things that I learned is that Walter Raleigh's trial happened. As opinions were shifting about this, it was sort of in the MID one thousand five hundred that in court people started bringing up the idea that may be hearsay evidence was was not ok. Maybe that person should actually be there to speak for themselves and it continued to come up more and more in the sixteen hundreds and then by the late. Sixteen hundreds and early seventeen hundreds it becomes more standard

that hearsay evidence is inadmissible, that may be a sworn testimony that was given under oath outside of the court is admissible, but yet he was sort of part of that arc of how those rules evolves. So thank you so much Dave. Fourth, sending that note. If you would like to write to us about this or any other other podcast, where history podcast the House, the horse dot com, but also Oliver Social media at Miss than history, that's where you ll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram even come to our website, which, as MRS history dot com to find shone out where this episode and the episodes the Hollywood. I have worked on together as well as a searchable archive of every episode ever and you can listen to amplify grab too

podcast on Apple clad casts Google Podcast, the Iheart Radio up in an wherever you like towards them supply gas for more on this, and thousands of other topics visit how stuff works. Dotcom situated on the beautiful cable beach homework is spectacular, numerous or destination in the Bahamas. With your choice of three ocean front hotels, the grand high it s so s rosewood. This is the place to find your perfect London luxury relaxation and a lot of fun whatever you're looking for you can find it at Baja, MAR the Bahamas most exciting, culinary destination. The resorted

to over forty restaurants, bars and lounges, ranging from casual, waterside, uterus too high end chef, driven, dining experiences. Eleven glorious landscape pools, acres of prestige each front and a soothing esper spot offer endless relaxation, while guess fine, thrills, that bomb a casino in a ray of high energy night spots. At the royal blew the most cleaned new offers in the kid just a short life from the. U S and a fifteen minute drive home are isn't easy, get away any time of the year. The book your next vacation have one of the resorts three iconic hotels and tourists or what you specials, including up to thirty five percent savings on your stay. Yes, thirty five percent visit, Baja Marduk, that's by Hamas Dhaka Ba each a it may are dot com