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your favorite shows welcome to stuff. You missed in history class from how supports that can allow and welcomes the tiny asked that I'm holly prying. Today we are going to talk about someone you, anyone who has ever heard anything about the civil rights movement in the United States probably heard one thing about. This is kind of one of those quick encapsulation people could spit out the name and sort of what its associated with Yes Rosa Parks. Now you go Montgomery Bus boycott right. She refused to give up her seat one day, person that respond Montgomery Bus boycott, which in turn spawned the creation, of them. Gumtree Montgomery improvement, Association of which Martineau

King Jr was elected as its first president since the start of a keystone, when in the american Civil Rights Movement, Consequently, Rosa is known as the mother of the civil rights movement, but as with many of the memorable historical stories, this sort of elementary school version that a lot of people now how one day Rosa did but proceed on a segregated bus, and then the boy had happened like The really simplified version is extremely over simplified in it It misses a lot of the work that she did in her life. Yes, she was way more than that one incident. She was basically amazing, her in extremely I mean that one act of civil disobedience was a monumental act. That was deeply important, but it was a tiny, tiny piece of this whole big story. So this That's why this episode blossom into two parts so tat they were going to talk about Rosa parts,

Early life were to go up to the actual day on the bus and then in part, two. We will talk about the boycott and how unfolded and what happened afterward and what her life was like after the boycott was over, going to start with a little bit about and that we have learned is necessary, other times it in about those overwrite movement in America. Basically, when we ve done episodes that have touched on the civil rights movement, we ve done quite a few hundred messages from listeners outside the United States who felt like they didn't have enough context to really understand what we are talking about and like didn't, really have a sense segregation was all about and all of that kind of stuff. And in the United States, as we just reverence, schools have a pretty sanitized and oversimplified view of the movement and of the four conditions at the time so in well that we're gonna have a very, very brief recap year of this. So every was abolished in the United States in the early eighteen sixties. However, a number of

and social systems continue to really deliver. Subjugate african Americans, even though slavery was technically over amusing, that airports all over the place here, a racism, discrimination and unequal treatment are still things that you will find today. They still exist some of the other things were about to talk about also continue to happen, but the first one hundred years. Followed the end of the civil war A lot of this really unfair treatment was completely legal. It was in fact, encouraged in many cases any was pretty much a constant in terms of the social picture. Yes, though, the laws included among many others things polling and election laws that were explicitly meant to keep african Americans from voting and they're all segregation laws known as Jim Crow lives, which separated white people from people of color in everything, from schools to buses to restrooms. So this

in court had upheld the constitutionality of segregation in eighteen. Ninety six, as law these separate facilities were also equal, so in reality the facilities that were marked colored, were generally inferior than the ones for white people and, as we can about an hour episode on having verses Virginia last year that was actually a to partner, regardless of their quality. The fact that these separate facilities even existed was inherently a form of discrimination and the social partners equation, really wove its way through every facet of life. So we have to couple of examples businesses that would hire only African Americans for service positions, which sort of maintained this atmosphere and certainly a visual sense of slavery. Black people were held two vastly different behavioral standards and white people, especially when speaking two occasions,

African Americans were expected always to be subservient and meets and never talk back or stand up for themselves. And those who broke the social rules really risk some horrible consequences. They could be beaten. The would certainly invite scorn and derision and sometimes death, and sometimes it would give very, very violent and, as treaty said and in their ending, yes, violence specifically by Caucasians against African Americans, was also just frequent and severe and often authorities just chose not to investigate or prosecute what was going on. But on the other hand, African Americans are frequently arrested, tried and convicted for crimes. They absolutely did not commit at all and sometimes which not even happened, a marrow when there was not even an arrest or conviction, they didn't bother with the paper work or the legalities. There

be a mob that took the law into its own hands and lynched. Someone for a crime may or may not have happened, may have been entirely made up, and you told me about how postcards of things were sold in stores until the sixties. Yeah I am. I had a boss it one of my pretty jobs in a library who had happened upon them. At one point, I think in a book collection that we had acquired and their their little postcards of lynchings. They were horrifying, any kind of kept them in his desk in winced students, university library would be, think about it and every time they were like it really wasn't bad was it. He was always ready to pull those out go. Oh, it's really that bad! Yes horrifying! Yes, so this was, the most obvious and notorious, and the Americans out, especially in the states, but I'm still allowed slavery at the start of the civil war by explicit,

his arm and discrimination were really systemic and they existed all over the country. It was not just quote a southern problem: the coup, clan and other white supremacy organizations florists throughout the country so for total clarity, ending Grim was an important part of the civil rights movement, but the civil rights was not just about who sat in what see on the bus and four is it wasn't just about. Giving up her seat that one day it was also a much bigger picture, is a life long part of her and that we can start with the early part of her life now There's parks was born, Rosa MC caully and she grew up in Alabama and in her by she describes herself as having a sense of fairness from a very young age, and she also had, in her own words, quote a life history being rebellious and during her childhood she

Everley encounters in which she was threatened by a white person, actually stood out for herself. In spite of all of the social expectations that she would do exactly not that in wine, a white boy threatened to punch her and she picked up a brick and threatened to hit him back, which is startling. In which she was threatened by a white person and diminutive we lady. Yes, she always is characterized as being just this very gentle kind. Wonderful but which is also very here, was a spit fire in there. That was not going to stand for unfair treatment and in another that white boy accused her in one of her friends of taking berries from the bushes outside this house, and she and her friends said: if you over here will give you a good beating, which is very brave and there were many similar incidents throughout her childhood as well. So in all

cases when Rosa told an adult what had happened, she would be scolded before speaking that way to a white person. The adults in her life told her directly that she should never ever defend. Herself were easily even raise her voice against a white person because of the very real risks that were involved in the case of the berries her I told her that if the White boy told anybody else about it, they could be launched and roses simply did not agree with this and as she grew up and get married. Neither did her husband, Raymond Parks, who she met, spring of nineteen thirty one. They were married, number of nineteen, thirty two and everyone, to him has just parks and so that reason, as we go forward telling the story, we will call him parks and Rosa will go by the name of Rosa. I have this whole conversation with myself. Every time we talk about a person had a name that person about their gear, and so that's why we have parts of parts and roses raising,

so, parts was an activist when he met Rosa. He was working extensively on behalf of the group of people known as the Scots Bro Boys, one nine black teenagers, who had been falsely accused of the gang rape of two white women. This was an incident which had not even happened, and they had been sentenced to death. So this work was extremely dangerous because of the threat. Retaliation and violence from the white community so All of the meetings took place completely in secret and parks

even tell Rosa the names of the other men who were working with him because of the danger that was involved for all of them. This episode of stuff, you missed in history classes, Murat to you by Katy, keen I love Riverdale. So I M excited that the creator of Riverdale has a new show, a sparkling adventure in the big apple, full of fashion, drama and dreams colliding with real life, Thursday February six at eight seven central. It is the new suitable series, Katy Keen we have singer songwriter, Josie, Jorge with his eye on Broadway. It girl, pepper and fashion Easter Legend to be Katy. They are in New York, city of eight million and they are for of a kind, their friends who would give everything for their dreams and do anything for each other, so the big apple, better watch out, because no matter who or what gets in the way they are about to take a big ol by these four determine dreamers. Take on the runway, the recording studio, Broadway and the New York City Social scene, where they find it more than just careers and the big city they find forever friendships. High style has a new name Katy.

Keen the fashionable new series, premiers February sixth on the sea, w or stream spree the next day. Only on the seat of you. At this episode of stuff, you mustn't history classes brought to you by W W formerly wait waters they have, a new might be to be programme as their most groundbreaking and customize programme. Ever I joined Debbie W because I was really looking for something that was going to help encourage me to make healthier eating choices. They have really done that when you joined them W W program, you will take a personal assessment. It asking questions you're eating habits in your behaviors minute, scientifically matches you up with which plan is going to be the best for you, I'm a blue plan and it has made such a big difference or me in terms of encouraging Meis eat. Healthy foods join W W, formerly wait. Watchers unlock your customer

weight loss plan that can make losing weight easier for you had on over to Debbie Debbie dot com. That's w w dot com to joint Debbie Debbie today, with the limited time offer so far Many many years before Rosa became an activist. She been observing parks, his own political work and he and I wanted her to be involved because his own involvement with so incredibly dangerous- and this was that this was not an exaggerated threat. Dangerous activists houses were bombed, frequently so in nineteen forty three rose, rejoined the National Association for the advancement of colored people or the MW c p, and this was an organisation that started out too. Make sure that African Americans were getting the protections that were granted to them by the Lee amendments to the constitution that had followed the civil war. So parts had a member when they had met, but eventually he'd become disillusioned with the Montgomery chapter. At the time.

Added to exclude blue collar members and the most powerful African Americans and Montgomery were kind of reluctance to make waves, because a lot of them had gotten to where they were by getting favours from the communities they sort of felt like trying to to go away Lacy P, and this was an that started out to make sure that African Americans were getting the being a picture of a former schoolmate at an end of lacy p, meaning one day and realising that they weren't for men. Only Rosa decided to attend. Herself and she went of being the only woman at the meeting that night. I'm sure she asked to take notes the keys. Lady, why don't you do secretary think that that is a theme of her life actually, and this was also action day, so she actually was elected the group secretary. So she described herself as being too I need to say no that night that if she'd been alone

where she might have said that you know she declined the nomination, but this sort of sparked a change and in her she wound up working extensively with the end of a lazy p. For many many years she dedicated herself to grassroots organization and progress for African Americans. She attended leadership, conferences and annual meetings. She chaired committees, gave addresses at conferences, and she worked with other social movement organizations and other organizations that were there working towards some specific civil rights and as well, including the brotherhood of sleeping car porters, among others, and one of roses duties. Secretary of the endeavour. Lacy P, was to document crimes and discrimination against African Americans. She travel to record the testimonies of black people, who had been the victims of crimes on the

the white people, including beatings and gang rapes, and she also talked to the families of people who had been lynched. I can't imagine how difficult that had to have been at times I now She also look for new homes and work in Montgomery when victims were facing retaliation in their own communities in the instances where they spoke up and she advocated for african Americans who were wrongfully imprisoned. As well as corresponding with them and offering aid and comfort when she could, along with parks. She worked extent Thirdly, on getting African Americans registered devote so today in most places in the United States, you can register to vote by sending a postcard yeah or sometimes have people like outside of stores or yeah and other public areas This is not how it was noted, some effort- yes So around this time there were set

thousand african Americans living in Montgomery Alabama, but only about thirty were registered to vote, and this is because for us and Americans in this part of the United States, registration was a huge tangle of bureaucracy and discrimination applications required. People to identify their employers in their backgrounds. There were tests and pull taxes that were more difficult and more expensive for black people and African Americans in Montgomery. I had to have a white person to vouch for them to be able to do it at all and Rosa. Try, the times over the course of two years to register and she was actually denied every time and this continued Obama, but only about thirty were registered to vote and this registration exam. So she could file suit against the registration states, registration

registrar caught onto what she was doing. She was finally told that she had passed the test and then she was allowed to register so in that instance, making waves kind of helped a little bit yeah. Actually tried to register for many many years and he was told no over and over and over, Not you not registered devout until they actually left Montgomery Way farther down the road in a story. Rosa resigned, her position as enabling cp secretary in nineteen, forty nine, because her mother was ill and although she scaled her work back with them at the time she did continued to be active and she returned to the post in nineteen fifty two when this Supreme Court, verdict of brown verses, border education, overturned school segregation in nineteen fifty four. She also worked on the integration of schools before we get to the next piece of her life. Do you wanna pause for a moment chair word from our,

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Roses famous refusal to give up her best seat took place in nineteen. Fifty five, but this was not the first time she had been removed from a Montgomery bus, were breaking segregation roles reversal. Actually. On her second attempt to register to vote, black people were supposed to board the bus at the front, pay their fair and the bus and then walked through the back door of the bus to get on so that they would not walk through the white people section at the front. Incredibly degrading sort of ridiculous so on that day the back of the bus was just packed with people vote, illustration hours, worse, just very limited and they were extremely sporadic, and this was a deliberate attempts to discourage black people from registering say was soon. A voter registration day would be announced. Word would spread through the unity and the buses would fill up with people who were going to try to register so rather than try to push. Through this crowd of people trying to registered avowed Rosa paid her,

and she walked straight back as a driver domain. Did she get off and enter her section of the bus through the back door and she refused and the driver, She grabbed her sleeve to pull her off of the bus, and I love the thing seated next so much, which is that when she got to the front of the bus she dropped her purse. Instead of bending down to just pick it up, she sat on the front seat and then reach down. I've got enough for and then left the bus friend of often I love her Twelve years later, she was removed from another Montgomery Bus and the active civil disobedience that people know about because it in many ways, catalyze the civil Rights Movement By this point, the Mw Cp had been looking for a test case for getting bus segregation overturned for several years, both Jason was particularly demoralising and the grating, even though lots and lots of places where segregated the buses, in particular, they were extra upsetting.

More african Americans than Caucasians Road, the bus. So the black community made up the majority of the customers, and everyone is paid same fair, but african Americans were treated very badly than they were often forced to give up their seats for white passengers. Over the years many people had been arrested for violating segregation laws on Montgomery's buses, but for various reasons none of them had worked out to be a good plaintive in a test case. One important Their named Clodagh Colvin had been consider until it was discovered that she was pregnant, which was problematic because she was an unmarried teeny so Rosa knew all this. She was working with the Emily CP at the time, but she went trying to get herself arrested when she got on the bus that day. In fact, was being driven by the same man who had taken her off the bus twelve years earlier, and she had at point decided to never ever get on. One of his buses again

notice that he was the one behind the wheel when she was on her way home from work on December. First, nineteen, fifty five, and once she made that connection, she had already paid her fair. So she stayed on board at the next stop white passengers boarded the bus and they filled the land of the seats in the white only section of France and the driver all back for people sitting in roses road to give up their seats. If one white person in a row that there can be no black people in it, even if there were empty seats right. So it wasn't that wasn't enough for just the sea to be empty. It had to be the whole rail, so at first, nobody moved, but then the three Their people, who were sitting in roses rose, stood up and went to stand at the back Rosa. Aid, where she was a kind of moved her legs to let the man who was in the window seat get passed her. She wrote in her autobiography people always say that I didn't give up my seat, because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired, fist

we all know more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old others. Some people have an image of me as being old. Then I was forty to know The only tired I was was tired of giving in. When the driver saw that Rosa was still sitting there. He said he was going to have her arrested and she answered you may do that. I love her really do she was taken it custody by two policemen and driven to study hall where she was jailed and she was eventually allowed to make a phone call and she called home to ask parks become bail out. She really It was gonna take a long time because parks did not have a car use can have to. You know either take a bus or ride along or walk along way to get there but word had already spread that she had been arrested and a friend who heard about it went to the parts home to give him a ride. Eating Dixon, was someone that Rosa in parts had worked with for many years at the end of a lazy p, and he got

that's for the lawyer in Clifford Der and get Rosa out of jail, and the trial was set for the following Monday. At this point, eighty Nixon, who he did a lot in Montgomery with Zimbabwe, he asked Rosa whether she would be willing to be the plaintiff in a test case to try to return bus segregation. He really thought she would be an ideal candidate, he had known her for years. He considered her reputation and her demeanour to be impeccable. As a devout Christian and a member of an African Methodist, a pistol church, she was also married and she had a job, and there were no skeletons in her closet that we're gonna come out during the trial in and throw everything off the rails. And so after talking it over with parks and with her mother mother, Rosa agreed not to swear we're going to pause the inefficient one. I think I will read some listener. Male member, we sign off, for this episode, sounds like a capital idea. This one

from our listener Amelia and is actually to our members verses, Westminster episode, which was about creation of Mexican away children in southern California schools, so it's it fits a little with what we're talking about today Www says high, Tracy and Holly. I just listen to the Mendez versus Westminster Podcast and was reminded of one of my favorite undergraduate history classes, african american history, eighteen sixty five to present, which covered many many times ex related to segregation, desegregation and legalised discrimination. It was the first class I took the hired me to memorize Supreme court cases. There was an art. Major four embracing history and getting a masters in it. At any rate, this podcast and me of one of the cases we had to memorize lung verses, rice, nineteen, twenty seven It clearly influence Mendez Verses, Westminster and not in a good way chinese American Father seemed to have his daughter attend the local white School in Mississippi by the logic that some

weren't black. She shouldn't have to attend the boy school, which was poorly funded, unfortunate, wait for the lump family. They lost with the court saying that fence Martha love was not white. She couldn't attend the White School. I've always been curious about the background of the case in the family. She has where this is part of the chinese american family end up in Mississippi emanating twenties and what became of them. Perhaps a suggestion for a future podcast keep up the good work, and then she said that she listens to our podcast. While we having our home and weep distracted, her from the crummy jobs like pulling carpet staples from the wood floors and fixing windows dashing, I hate pulling carpets staples windows dashes when I should have said vetches. Thank you so much Amelia. There were so many cases that were present there's two windows verses Westminster. Yet I kept having tilling trimmed some of them out and and selectively figure out which ones to talk about is that there were law

yeah. I know that myself. I lose that sense of how many of these types of incidents were going on, leading up to desegregation, that there were lots of these little pockets of individuals that were trying to figure out. The best way to you know, raise their family and live their lives in the kind of get lost in the bigger picture, kind of wake version that you often gets yeah. Well, that's a good Zimbabwe to where we can leave off very next episode, because one of the one of that things before the civil rights movement was that there were a lot of people who were working on civil rights issues, most of them before the Montgomery Bus boycott did not think they were going to see a whole lot of action I in their lifetimes. So we'll talk more about that in our next episode.

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but more on this and thousands of other topics has it has have works, but that the vote of stuff you missed in Israel ass is brought to you by Katy Keen I love Riverdale. So I'm really excited that the creator of Riverdale has a sparkling adventure in the big apple coming out, full of fashion drama in dreams colliding with real life, Thursday February six at eight seven central, it's the new Sea, W serious Katy, keen the big apple, better watch out, no matter who or what gets in the way. The four friends we were part of the show are about to take a big old bite they take on the runway, the recording studio, Broadway and the social seen there's so much high style has a new name Katy, keen that

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