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Holidays this winter, I noticed a tweet from France to the broadcast and past guest Mary Robinson CALL and which she asked herself this western. I wonder if I can reference plastic surgery in the nineteen sixty is how early did it start world where one right evident that goes on to express our total astonishment? it was actually much much earlier than that. I was astonished to learn that also, and I meant to make a note of that as something to look into when I got back into the office, but then, of course, with it being holidays, I forgot Fortunately, though, Mary Robinson dropped me a note with a name to look and see you, and that was so shrewder pseudo roads, the is the shrewdest, the meta or soft fruit as compendium, and that's one of the foundational texts of your data, which is India's this new system of medicine, he has also known as the father of Plastic surgery, so shooter lived at least twenty six hundred

years ago, although it might have been even longer, and that means that he was writing about medicine and surgery. At least two hundred years before hypocrisy ease who's the person who usually gets the credit as being the Father of Medicine So the oldest medical tax we know about today are egyptian copyright that date back to between two thousand and fifteen hundred BC ie. But those texts are based on or feed from ones that are much older and have not survived until modern times, at least not that we have ever discovered. Yet perhaps it will be a future unearthed, but these people document, medical information that is at least five thousand years old. One of these is the Edwin Smith Papyron, which is the oldest known, surgical,

document in the world and is named after the antiquities dealer who bought it in eighteen. Sixty two. This virus was written sometime around sixteen hundred BC, but it's like the others believe to be a copy of a work that was at least a thousand years older than Edwin Psmith Papyron includes forty eight case, studies of wounds and trauma than it details the tree since for the use that include things like suturing setting a broken knows and preventing infections with honey, given the types of trauma that it discusses, it was probably written for military use to deal with soldiers who have been injured and battle the old Descriptions of medicine and surgery in what's now India date to just after this, from the verdict period, which spanned from roughly fifteen hundred to five hundred Bc E. This is when the sanskrit, scriptures and hymns known as the vet, as went from being passed down orally to being written down the word vet, it translates to knowledge and the vet, as are the oldest sacred texts in

India, with them they're, not really medical texts on their own, but they do contain a lot of references to medicine and surgery and pharmacology and positions. This includes lists of thousands of drugs and descriptions of midwifery. The rig vetture also includes descriptions of limb, amputations during wartime and the use of an Prostheses in place of the amputated limbs, the shrewd us some heat. I was written in the men too late verdict, period or possibly just after so some time between one thousand and six hundred BC. But we don't have a whole lot of detail about shrewd himself under the culture, and religious traditions of the time. Life was essentially an illusion, so documenting the lives of common people was generally regarded as very Eddie and we don't even know has given name. Sir Shrewder is an roughly translating to famous. Or renowned or well heard. There is assessed rooted

mentioned, and the Mahabharata, which is one of Ancient India's two major epics and also dates back to the verdict period and the Mahabharata he's the son of a sage named vis Mumia among people who believe in triumph migration. This feature was an incarnation of Donovan Tare, whose an avatar vishnu and surgeon to the gods, and that would make the shrewd a descendant of the God of medicine the shrewd I may have been born in South Eastern India, but he worked and taught in Northern India near the Ganges River in what was then known as coffee or benares. Today's the city of irony see environments. He is one of Hinduism. Seven sacred cities are said Arthur Guatemala or the Buddha was born in Nepal. He began teaching in the same region of what is now India, and this part of India very important is also known as the birthplace of iron data or the voting system of medicine, going back to our earlier passion of the vat is ire. Veda translates to knowledge of life. Listeners may have.

Of Iranians, even if they ve never been to India, because its experienced a resurgence of part of complementary and alternative medicine, It is really not possible for us to give a thorough overview of Ivy Day in the context of this podcast especially in the west. It is often distilled down to the idea of using things like herbs and die and lifestyle to promote equilibrium among the three dose a vodka or air pitter or fire, and coffee or water. These three doses back to the hindu idea of proper meeting life force or breasts, and sometimes this is all compared to hypocrisy is idea of preserving the balance among the four humours, and this is not entirely new comparison when this assured us that means I was first translated in, english and early twentieth century. You be entered action contains this note quote by a

mental oversight. The terms value, pitter, coffee and data have been translated as wind, bile, flim and humour in the first few chapters I dont know I always feel laugh so hard. I guess part of me is lake. Did you realize part way through the chapters that you were doing it wrong and you couldn't walk back or questions for the ages Although progress and the three doses are part of the foundation of our your veda, they really dont sum up the whole thing, and even that explanation of products and the doses is a very simplified one. I your veda is a complex, comprehensive and holistic medical system that incorporates a mind body connection, a focus on proper diet and the protection of a person's health, and it has ray foundational texts. One is the shrewdness compendium. Another is the sharing of data or Chirac, is compendium

it's. A shrew does compendium includes both medicine and surgery, while she rock is built on earlier work by a stage name at Rhea and focuses only on medicine. Thanks to these Compendious to shoot. It is known as the Father of Ayurvedic the jury and Chirac is known as the father of ironic medicine, so shrewder Russia are both believed to have been individual people, but the there too, compendium are more like compilations of entire schools of medicine really doc. Mentoring and codifying the whole theory and practice of these two schools, rather than to just one individual persons. Medical knowledge written down. The third classic aggravated text is the ash tongue,

Cigarette half, which was an attempt to combine and unify the teachings of Chirac and says, should a dash hung a cigar, tries to reconcile the places where Shariah answers, shrewder disagreed and resolve conflicts that had grown out of those disparities over the centuries, and this work dates back to the second century bc. Ie is created by vague bought at the elder. Of course, there are other important as well, but together, the shooter Shaka invoked by the elder, are known as the three agents and the three texts associated Bam, are known as the great trilogy of ironic Medicine or the triad of the ancients and centuries in which all of these works were created is known as the golden age of irish data. Together, these texts cover everything the gym. Principles of medicine, anatomy and physiology, pathology, diagnostics, therapeutics and pharmacology, and they inquired

eight branches of medicine typically described as general medicine, obstetrics in gynecology psychology, eyes, ears, nose and throat, surgery, toxicology and reproductive and sexual health. All of this knowledge grew out of medical traditions that had existed way before These documents were written down, so these were traditions that either been passed down orally or written down in texts that haven't arrived. So, as is true and the rest of the Old irate grew out of folk medical practices that were revised and formalised and systematized through all of these and other texts, and we will talk more about this issue to some. He D. After a brief sponsor break putty, I cleared out my whole database car the whole day, yeah first, we need to study. I have some flashcards here, did old, releasing a vocabulary. Cyclists me costs money factors, disposition is

You do not need to know all this to Liza Car, but I gotta negotiate a good deal carelessly Yes, it's the roadmap. You go through and take the car you want. Then they give you a tailor. Price is Crystal Clear they ve already plied discounts negotiated a low rate and included all taxes and pleased. Then they deliver. Party, your house both, but what about the acquisition? Yes, ryan them to. Do you even know what an acquisition VIII is? No, but I think it's on the next card there welcome to the future of car leasing. With the road map you can choose from hundreds of cars. Writing your area. We give you crystal clear, pray, that includes discounts, taxes in fees and once you decide what cartilage will even drive, it writes your house. It's easy. It's clear its road out.

In his compendium the fruit or rights that beery without practice, as like a bird with only one wing and thus the shoot us, the meta really reflects that believe. It is a comprehensive text documenting both the theory and the practice of iron medicine and surgery, including the origins of iron, beta and guidance on how students should be conducted into its steady required for studying. I, your veda were exact. The caste system had started evolving by this point, and medical students were expected to be of the highest or twice born casts. They were also to be quote possessed of a you're to learn strength, energy of action, contentment, character, self control, a good retentive memory intellect ridge, purity of mind and body, and a simple and clear comprehension command. A clear insight

into the thing studied and should be found to have been further graced with the necessary qualifications of thin lips, seemed teeth and thin tongue and possessed of a straight knows, large, honest intelligent eyes with a benign contour of the mouse and contented frame of mind being pleasant in his speech and dealings and usually painstaking in his efforts, a man possessed of contrary attributes should not be admitted into the sacred precincts of medicine. This tax totals a hundred and eighty four actors documenting more than a thousand medical conditions, along with anatomy and physiology pathology, diagnosis and treatment. It details diseases of the nervous system, including epilepsy, sciatica, portcullis and facial paralysis, along with other things like hemorrhoids urinary, calculi, Fistulae, skin diseases, urinary track diseases.

Globular and a whole lot of eye diseases, including cataracts, and descriptions for their surgical removal. This a shrewd, Meta also details practical midwifery, including using Forceps during difficult births, performing syrian sections and removing fetuses that have died in the womb, it also discusses reality and fatal development, along with guidance about when conception is most likely and how to encourage conception of a child of a particular sex. The text also includes information about the circulatory system, including descriptions of the heart, hypertension and Angela, which you may also say angina. It describes diabetes connecting it's a frequent urination that passes large amounts of sugar and is frequently associated with a patient's weight. There are also pages and pages of treatments for fevers diarrhoea, heart disease, tuberculosis, jaundice, fainting, but how is I'm vomiting, asthma and worms so these trees?

are more religious or spiritual, and there are chapters on treating ailments brought on by demons and superhuman influences, but many are also practical and the compendium includes a farmer cobia of six hundred fifty drugs, including nearly four hundred plants, substances nearly sixty of animal origin and sixty four minerals. That's the shooter Samantha also describes. How did and whether an illness as medical or surgical. So should I believe that surgery was critical to Irish ADA that it was not something that should be reserved as a last resort and in some cases was the best and most efficient way to bring relief to a patient. He describes three hundred different surgical procedures, divided up into eight categories, which are incision exigent scarf occasion, puncture ring exploration, extraction, evacuation and suturing

text, also lists a hundred and thirty different surgical instruments, most of them name for the birds and other animals that they ve physically resemble. The techniques include using created wine and cannabis is anesthesia using the mandibles of black ants to suit your wounds, applying leeches after surgery to prevent clotting and correctly dressing and bandaging surgical sites to prevent infection. Birth is also a teaching book and sisters. Student spent six years studying before the good practice on their own and their surgical practice included. Really extensive use of what you might describe as skills lapse. Some of their practice used cadavers or animal carcasses. They also used a lot of non animal substitutes for practice, include practising incisions on gourds and practising probing using pieces of worm, eaten or Rawdon would they pray,

this bladder surgeries on animal bladders or leather bags filled with water and they practiced Venice, section using water lily stocks. Stew It also studied anatomy through dissection, although due to culture taboos. This wasn't generally performed with knives so shrewder. Instead reckoning submerging cadavers in water and examining the layers of the body as the tissues decomposed, so shrewdest supplemented the anatomical knowledge from these kids studies with what he learned while performing surgery, the shooters, most famous surgical cat, worry and the one that earned him the name. The father of Plastic surgery was rhino plastic in this period of indian history, People lost their noses for a lot of different reasons, including battlefield. Reason late stage syphilis, but cutting off a person's news was also used as a punishment, especially in cases of adultery sex crimes and which

after women were particularly affected by this, as they were often punished for adultery, regardless of whether or not they were ultimate found guilty. We mention the Mahabharata earlier India's other major epic. The Romana describes Prince Lecture Mona, cutting off the nose of Lady, Sir Panada as punishment and then arranging its reconstruction by royal physicians. Having one knows cut off was, of course, an embarrassing and disfiguring form, cement and made it really obvious to everyone that you had been punished for a crime or at least suspected of one and a very public way, and this is also tied up and cultural ideas about the face and the nose and what they expressed about a person's worth. And renown. May we read that whole thing earlier in which people who were going to study Are your beta we're supposed to have straight noses, so also think about the whole concept of losing face. So there was a lot of demand for away to reconstruct a person's knows after

had lost it. Shrewd, a documented, a method of rhino plastic that involved using a flap of skin from the cheek keeping a small attachment the cheek during healing here's how it is described in this assured us some heater. First, the leaf of deeper long and broad enough to fully cover the whole of the severed or clipped off part should be gathered and a patch of living flesh, equal India. And to the preceding leaf, should be sliced off from down upward from the region off the cheek and after scarifying it with a knife swiftly adhering to the severed knows then Cool headed physician should steadily tie it up with a bandage decent to look at and perfectly suited to the end for which it has been employed. The physician should make sure that the adhesion of the severed parts has been fully effective and then insert two small pipes into the nostrils to facilitate respiration and to prevent the adhesion

flesh from hanging down this issue does to meet a then describes dusting the area with powders made from licorice red, sandal, wood and barbary and then wrapping it in cotton soaked with sesame oil and also describes what to do if the skin from the cheek. Doesn't it here properly to the nose and how to handle various other complications during the healing process, including what to do if the reconstructed knows is not the right length after healing- and this was not so shrewd is only technique that would be described as plastic surgery, as one example. He also wrote about using skin flaps to reconstruct missing or damaged ear lobes, but this method of right Lastly, lasted for malaria, after so shrewd his death and it's. Why he's known the Father of plastic surgery, we will talk about his legacy and the world of plastic surgery after another, quick, sponsor break ok class. Welcome to car leasing, one o one. Today's lesson is price negotiations. First, take out your phone,

and go on the road o k pick a car and you'll see the price. Although discounts, taxes and fees are included Crystal clear, no surprises. Ok, that's the end of a lesson in the questions. Yes, Jackson, that's it! That's it next! Yes, Sir Way, so we don't have to negotiate a price nope Roto takes care of it all. Ok, you! In the back has to be our. What do we do now? That's the second lesson. Roto makes leasing a car so easy and can be need. You can have all your free time back so with joy at a class dismissed welcome to the future of car leasing, wrote it you choose from hundreds of cars in your area right online or on the road a lap. We give you crystal clear pricing that includes discounts. Taxes in fees to top it off. We bring the I read your house rode out now that leasing,

restrictive method of rhino. Lastly, continued to be practised in India for centuries after his death, but because this this fruit, us the meta, was written and sanskrit on things like birch, bark and palm leaves the knowledge of how, do it didn't really move out of India and into the rest of the world really quickly? It does appear that indian physicians travelled to other parts of the world, though, for example Alexander the great had indian physicians at his court and also attempted to conquer India. It is possible that indian physicians influenced the later work of people like hypocrisy, ease and Galen. That's the shrewdest, the meat that was also translated into Arabic. In the eighth century, after the arab conquest of the indian province of in Europeans got there first glimpse of indian rhino plastic during the third Anglo my sore wore a porter named

was, she was working for the British and he and for others, had been taken prisoner by cheap who sultan soldiers, while imprisoned all five men had their noses and one hand cut off. They were eventually freed and later granted pensions by the British EAST India Company for the curious. Yes, that is the same Ciccu Sultan, whose rocket stash we talked about in unearthed earlier A couple weeks ago, about a year later, a british officer was in a market and met a merchant with a scar on his nose and the officer asked that scar and the merchant said that he'd had his nose cut off as a punishment for adultery. He set his nose had been repaired by someone who did this procedure all the time And we don't know anything about the person who do this reconstruction other than that he was described as a potter or a brick maker. When the officer came back with this story, the British decided to pay for the

I've men to have their noses reconstructed and there might have been some benevolence at work here, but it was almost certainly also to demonstrate the British EAST in the accompanies generosity answer reinforce. The idea that people Sultans Army was using brutal methods against the british to british officers observe The procedure at least once and they documented what they saw, this description of the procedure was printed in the Madras Gazette in one thousand seven hundred and ninety three quote a thin plate is fitted to the stump of the nose so as to make it was a good appearance, then it is flattened and lead on the forehead alive is drawn around the wax, which is then of no further use at the opera then dissects off as much skin as it covered, leaving undivided a small slip between the eyes. This slip preserves the circle

nation till an union has taken place between the new and old parts. The sick of tricks of the stump of the nose is not paid off and immediately behind this raw parted through the skin, which passes round both land goes along. The upper lip the skin has now brought down from the forehead and being twisted half round its edge is inserted into the incision. A little Tara Japonica is softened with water and being spread on slips of claw,

five or six of these are placed over each other to secure the joining no other dressing. But this cement is used for four days. It is then removed and the clause dipped in G, a kind of butter are applied. The connecting slip of skin is divided about the twenty fifth days, when a little more dissection is necessary to improve the appearance of the nose for five or six days after the operation. The patient is made to lie on his back and on the tenth day, bits of soft cloth are put into the nostrils to keep them sufficiently open this operation is always successful. The artificial noses secure and looks nearly as well as the natural one, nor is the scar visit on the forehead very observable after a length of time. So there are some tweaks, but this is really similar to the shooters method of rhino blasting from thousands of years before, except that it uses the flap of skin from the fire,

head rather than the cheek, and we don't really know how or wind surgeons and India made this shift from a cheek flap to a forehead flap and the centuries leading up to the late eighteenth century rhino plastic had become a really closely guarded family secret being handed down orally, rather than written down an account of this reconstruction most identical to the one that I just read ran in the gentleman's magazine of London in October of seventeen. Ninety four, in the years after that, british surgeon, Joseph Constantine car pew began trying the same procedure. He actually carried out London's first Rhine, a plastic using a forehead flap in eighteen. Sixteen, the word Reiner plastic first appeared in writing in English in eighteen, twenty eight and plastic surgery

followed in eighteen. Thirty, seven that year, North America's first forehead flap rhino Classy, was performed in Boston. The use of a forehead flap to reconstruct a nose has continued to be known as the indian method. There is also an italian method, refined by Gaspard Tangley Cosy in the sixteenth century. They attack the method used a flap of skin from the upper arm requiring the patient to have their armed bandaged up above their heads for about twenty days until their arms skin had attached from the nose and could be detached from arm. So you can have your elbow out in front of your head, like a big beak, honestly, the seems very cumbersome. And inconvenient and uncomfortable through me. He, but that, with the italian method of right of lasting I wonder if the idea was that there were some benefit to using that skin that maybe or fail skin not have offered,

to me, and I'm completely lay person. I have no knowledge but to me going with the forehead skin, which on most points as much thinner and has less subcutaneous. Fat versus cheek seems like a weird transition, but but I know what the requirements are, so if anyone out there is a plastic surgeon school me, because I want to know they may also have been wanting to avoid the potential of having to scars on a person's face. But I did not look into it in detail, because the picture of the person with their arm bandaged, with their elbow like a big old beat, is just so comical that I can get past it kind of love. It will design clothes just for that, it'll be great in the late 19th century, the shrewdest, and he was also translated into Latin between one thousand nine hundred and seven and one thousand nine hundred and sixteen it was translated into English by Savatage to Angela. By should you consolidate

works original five volumes down to three and those are all online at archive dot org and get rid of my yourself and see lots of diagrams of thirty constraints that do you have listener mail red yourself, do I have a quick follow up to the army saga of Charles Dickens, multiple households. This is from our Facebook from Kristen and Christian, says: hey. Oh, I just listen to the first Sojourner Truth episode and have an alternate answer to the listener: mail question, in this pass December, I read the man who invented Christmas by Leah Standard and learned that Dickens was constantly having to send his parents money to keep them afloat due to their terrible financial management. This could have been the multiple households answer as well. Keep up the fantastic work. Ladies thing

Kristen, barely Charles Dickens was, is paying for a whole lot of people to keep their lives afloat busy, fizzy guy. Fortunately, by that boy, he was making more money than immediately after that american tour that we talked about back at Christmas time. So thank you. For let me guess that no don't facebook! If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast we're a history. Plod gas, Housetop works, dot com and then we're Oliver Social Media Miss in history that is real, find our facebook and Twitter and Instagram and Pinterest. You can come to our website that is missed in history, dot com and find a suitable archive. All the episodes of ever done show notes of all the episode Polly and I have done together. The show notes for this episode will include links to all of those sorts of documents that you can read detailing the origins of aggravated. You can also find that our website link to find out about our troops at Paris that we're taking this June, and you can also

and subscribes, who are pod cast on applied, cast thy heart radio out and wherever else you get your PA cast for more on this and thousands of other topics. Visit Housetop works, dot com. Class. Welcome to car leasing, one o one first take your phones and go on the road or app next big car. Now you'll, see simple, Crystal clear pricing. Ok, that's it any questions. Yes, Jackson! We so that's it! That's it so enjoy. Today. So. We welcome to the future of leasing rode away. You choose from hundreds of cars the lease the pricing is Crystal clear and will deliver the car right to your house so download the roadmap or gotta roto dotcom. Today,