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ended by Link Lincoln the power of Sanctuary Princess of South Beach is part of the migrants outta network. Happy Saturday, everybody it is Christina of Sweden's birthday. She was born on December eighteen, sixteen twenty six! That is the new. style calendar date, which was December aid in the old style. Christina is sometimes called king, Christina both because she was raised as the air to her fathers, throne and also because, when she was born, the mid wives who attended her birth, initially reported that she was a boy. There are lots of different ways story is interpreted today we see is a clear example of somebody who lived outside of society's expectations regarding sex, gender and sexuality, and this pursued originally came out on October twentieth, twenty fourteen enjoy, welcome to stuff you missed in history class, a production of Iheart radio.

Hello had well into the night asked countries leaving welfare not only today we're going back to the world of swedish royalty. This time it is to wean Christina She lived about a hundred years after previous podcast subject. Erik the fourteen and see like him was also part of the house to vote. and her story has a lot of our favorite running. Podcast themes of most of them really started with previous hosts, but they ve carried on. Until today we have a sad royal childhood. We haven't abdication and we eat Had an exclamation all create green, Christina not known for being a particularly great ruler of Sweden, and she abdicated her throne only about a decade into her reign, but she was

dreamily learned. She spoke a lot of languages apart from her native swedish. There is also a greek latin german, french, flemish, italian, spanish and french along with a little hebrew and Arabic and she helped start the first swedish newspaper and sixteen five, as well as Sweden's first public opera house and its first universal public school programme. She amassed a huge collection of art and literature and her collection of books and manuscripts later went on to become part of the Vatican Library and a sort of aside note. Her life became a movie, Sorry Gretta Garbo in nineteen, thirty, three, so her whole life was marked by being was kind of contradictory restless character and that started basically from the moment that she was born. So Christina was born to King Gos, Don Adolph and Maria Eleanora of Brandenburg. Before she was

in her appearance had had to stillborn babies, and they also had a daughter who had died before she reached the age of one. So people were really starting to be concerned about the kingdom having an air Gustaf had an illegitimate son who was named Gustave Gus of sin and he was not eligible for a lot of reasons, including his illegitimacy add to be on the throne, King Gos, dives catholic cousin, see his mind was king of Poland, and he had two sons of his own, and people were quite worried that if something had happened, Gustaf before he produced of legitimate air season, was going to take over and make Sweden which at that point, was a staunchly lutheran country into a catholic country answering since Sikhism and had to say-

It seemed like that. Have the potential to turn into a lasting catholic dynasty. So it would really have up ended. Sweden, Maria Eleanora, so Christina mother also seem seats to have developed some kind of mental or emotional disorder over the course of her previous pregnancies in and the children she had lost. She had We ve been really affectionate with her husband, but she became just desperately attached to him. She would get real agitated and distressed whenever he was away which he had to be away quite a lot, because he was king, her language skills and are handwriting started to deteriorate, and her behaviour became really erratic

people started to worry about her ability to conceive and to carry a healthy child to term. However, despite all of those potential issues, five years into Gustav and Maria Eleanor's marriage, Maria became pregnant with Christina who was born on December eighth of one thousand six hundred and twenty six. That's in the Julian calendar, which would be the for eighteen under the modern gregorian calendar and she was a little early and born in call. So that means her amniotic membrane was still intact and covering her when she was born, and so the midwives remove the membrane and they declared her initially to be a boy and word spread around the castle to a great deal of celebration. However, once the excitement was and they take a longer and more careful look at her. They almost immediately realized. She was actually a girl and everybody was sort of.

Fraid how the king would react. I mean they had had all of its previous strategy tragedies and all this build up, and they had just told him joyfully that he had a son now. So nobody told him about the mistake until the next day. The kind of cracks me up, there's been a great deal of speculation about what may have caused this misidentification on the part of the midwives believed that Christine it was a boy rather than a girl. There have been theories bandied about that she had an intersects condition and some kind of chromosomal disorder and that her external genitalia may have exhibited both male and female, treats another theories that her body was simply ambiguous and that the lighting was or an that there could have been a little wishful thinking in the mix and that the midwife saw initially what they wanted to see, which would have been a male air. There are a lot of family members from this time who portray that the king is being just in

fully and immediately welcoming and accepting the fact that he actually had a daughter, and some of that is kind of glass thing over the initial shock and upset that he did have the having a daughter instead of a son, was a big upset. They had been trying for on time to have a male air and now they didn't, but he did quickly warm to the idea of how a daughter and of raising his daughter like a prince, Christina On the other hand, was devastated that after so many attempts now she had a daughter and not the sun, that she had been no basically tasked with providing for the kingdom

so she basically shoved her daughter for a lot of her early life and Gustav decided that Christina, in spite of being female, would indeed be his heir, and he wanted her as Tracy said just a moment ago, to have a princely upbringing, and this was not just in terms of her education and her intended role is as the leader of the country, but also in terms of her sort of day to day exercise and the past times that that they would kind of. her into as she grew up. This suited her just fine. She was not at all fond of the duties and pastime that genuine that generally fell to women at the time. Her father wanted her to learn to ride into fight and to handle a bow, and she did all that and she did it well

and her demeanour was not at all typically feminine. I think today people would have called her a tomboy and just for clarity, and it really was not unheard of four girls to have the same. Education is boys, especially when they were in line for the throne and so Christina schoolmates for part of her childhood were actually to female cousins. The fighting in the hunting in the Bow Herc, however, were not really typical. Pursuits for girls are women, so the idea of Christina Ass, his air was not just an idle fancy. I'm, U stops part, he started make real plans to confirm her as his successor while she was still a baby. The thirty years war had been going on for about eight years by the time Christina was born, and I knew that it was very possible that he would be killed in battle. So, in addition to officially naming her as his successor, you started looking first suitable candy

it's for her to marry when she got older to cement the hair, the hereditary line to the throne, the primary candidate was a cousin of hers named Carl Gustaf. He also had his chancellor named actual oxen Sienna, along with five regions to rule in his and his daughter stead. However, he didn't really an active part in raising his young ere. He was needed in the war and Christine as mother wanted nothing to do with her. So Christina spent most of her early childhood living with cousins, except for being dropped once when she was a baby, and that was possibly on purpose by someone with catholic leanings. It was mostly a happy few years she was surrounded by other children close to her own age. She had playmates and friends, and

other girls who were studying with her. So this part of her earlier life, in spite of being separated from her parents, was not all that bad, but when she was just five, so still very young, her father was killed in the battle of Loosen and Christine, as mother, of course, completely distraught. We talked about how clingy and sort of almost obsessive she had become with king, so tat. Her mother had the kings, heart removed and placed in a golden casket so that she can keep it with her. Her behaviour continued to become increasingly bizarre and she spent a lot of money on a really elaborate funeral. She also did not bury the kings body right away now. This was not entire,

And heard at the time, especially when it was winter time and the ground was rose at and it was difficult for people to travel for that sort of thing, but Gustaf body wound are being buried nineteen months after his death- and this was over the fierce objections of his wife who had kept it lying and state and spent hours and hours at a time viewing it at some point. She even kept a coffin in her own bedroom, so she could have it close by so, as we said, not a typical for there to be a long delay at this point between when king was when a king died and when the king was buried by it, this is a really long time and Eleanor, as displays of grief were not at all typical afore the time so the king was finally buried, and once that happen, Maria Eleanora took custody of Christina

she took her out of the home where she had been and had friends and play maids, and she moved her into a much more lonely and erratic and just sort of be cold existence. That was largely just the two of them together. and this is where Christine Israel childhood became kind of sad. She started having these really sudden. Illness is, and the general agree The bees are brought on by the stress of the situation. She generally got better pretty quickly, but she got sick over and over again it was a frequent occurrence in part to get some distance from her mother. She really threw herself into her education and into training and into exercise she sort of do even farther into the more

masculine parts of her upbringing and before we move into when she actually ascended to thrown Holly, would you like to take a minute for a brief word from a sponsor sounds like a capital idea. This episode is brought by racket in relative. Is the smartest way to show and save this holiday and rackets and is gonna help. You win the holidays. You can stack the savings with cash back on top of the seasons. Best deals, teaching racket and gives you cash back in over thirty five hundred stores across every category fashion, beauty, electronics, homosexual, travel, dining so much more and you're gonna get your cash back in the form of a check or paid directly to your Paypal, account racket in his rewarded, its members with nearly two billion dollars in cash back in its companies history, and they have over fifteen million members. Membership is free super easy to sign up so the holidays. Are worse to win when you shop at racket- and it starts with a sound that is clear as a bell teaching yup, you heard it.

and you know it well, but teaching is more than dollars in your wallet, its feeling like your winning the holiday. Whatever you call it, it is generosity and smarts, it is excitement and heart. It's the good feels you give sent right to your door because helping shoppers when the holidays is would racket in here for honey. What are you doing here? Mom we're going to the story. I remember how are we to about this yesterday. When I call I'm sorry, I don't remember that time. It's ok! I just need to find laborers. Ok, but before we go, can we talk? I'm worried about you? it's time we learn to recognise the difference between a senior moment and a maybe we should talk to the doktor moments. Time. We know more about mild, cognitive impairment or m C. I it's the earlier clinical stage of Alzheimer's and can be easy to mistake for normal aging. Maybe you ve noticed this. You're someone you care about forgets simple task

more than usual repeatedly asked the same questions or struggles to complete routine chores like line, If you are someone you love, has symptoms like these talk to a doctor and consider asking about cognitive screening You can also learn more about in CIA and its most common cause at its timely, no dad come by belgian and Asia. This episode of stuff, you missed in history classes, brought to you by Armand Hammer Slide litter two things nobody likes to do around the house. For example, I hate cleaning the bathtub. I love having about a bit like cleaning it there's too much top to try to keep clean. Everybody who has a cat, can add scooping up cat letter to that list and look everyone loves

their little Faribault. One of mine is in my lap right now, but the smell of the box and the scooping and scraping when there's a stuck on mess. That is not great. The answer is Armand Hammer Slide litter the litter that floods right out, leaving nothing behind. You may not love cleaning the letter Box Manichean just slide out the funk, and let me tell you like that stuck on bid is my least favorite part of dealing with the letter box. Armand hammer slide litter more power to you, and now, let's get back to Christina of Sweden, and now, when she's going to actually become queen,

and becoming queen and her essentially to the throne, really was not as simple as just being the kings daughter and surviving to adulthood to be crowned. Sweden was in elective monarchy, so even if some one had inherited the throne, they still had to be accepted by the wreak star, which was Sweden's parliament, as well as the swedish senators. This meant that the four estates of the riksdag, which were the de the nobles, the burghers and the peasants all had to be in favour of Christine as presence on the ground. In order for her to actually become the queen.

The hand they were and personal, became the queen of the Swedes Goths and vandals great princess of Finland, duchess of Estonia and Corelia and Lady of India, and she basically carried herself, has a ruler right from the beginning. The chancellor began to allow her to attend council meetings and participate as early as the age of fourteen. She was officially crowned at the age of eighteen, since she was a kind of doing the work of this job for several years before it was made official. She was at that point simultaneously. A diminutive young woman should very fine hands and beautiful blue eyes, but

She was also a very masculine for she walk the walk. She talk the talk and she swore like a soldier Christina and Chancellor actual oxen sternly. I did not see eye to eye. The chancellor had been a really good job of ruling between the death of her father and her age of majority, and even when the king was still alive, the two men had really worked together to run the kingdom and a plan and make decisions actual had been and efficient and pragmatic diplomat, and he was well respected among the wreak stock and among Sweden's military leaders. But Christina was but a proud and arrogant Eighteen year old and she really felt like it was her time to shine and so she and actual budded heads they did so repeatedly and often if this were a modern day film, you would maybe expect them to end up falling in love somehow, but think I didn't work out that way in real life. Yes, that would

but it will be the romantic comedy bearing than a better studying I've. Sweden may also started to have financial problems The kingdom pretty early in her reign, see tried to continue her fathers generosity with the royal coffers spent. She wasn't merely as careful about it as he had been. She got into this cycle of, giving away too much and then selling noble titles to try to earn some our money and then raising taxes on the people she had just promoted. It did not work out. Well, it was they who was not an efficient way of bridging the gap kind of like a cascading circle of bad decisions,

Naturally, in the midst of all of this, everyone wanted her to marry. In addition to Carl Gustaf, another suitor was Friedrich Wilhelm Home of Brandenburg, who ended up marrying someone else. An Christina had not all that clandestine affair, with one of the ladys of her courts, which led do some speculation about her sexual orientation, her sex and her gender, which, of course tied back into that initial mistake in identifying her sex. In the midst of all of this popular opinion started to turn against her and when she was twenty, a man armed with daggers tried to kill her. While she was at prayer, her life being apparently legitimately at risk, but a lot more pressure on her

they get married, which was an idea that she continued to resist and about the same time, the thirty years war was drawing to a close, which was something she herself was greatly in favour of. But not everyone felt the same. Many protestant clergy wanted the war to continue until there could be a decisive protestant victory over Catholicism. Others wanted it to continue just so that Sweden could continue to collect it. in a war booty to potentially supplement their their money situation? The thirty years war was a massive and obviously very lengthy, conflict and different nations had different motivations were being involved in it. We haven't really talked about that part of it, because it's kind of ancillary to the spot cast, but yeah powers. In particular, there were people who felt like ending the war at that point was too soon, but to Christine

as long as the whirlwind arm. She could never really be in charge while she had been accepted as Sweden's queen and she was making lots of decisions for herself. Is the rule She really had no authority over military matters war ways pretty much exceed. simply a man's game, especially when it came to running the show, so is is the war went. I'm the chancellor and the regions continue to have a major hand and making decisions that Christina could have no control over ending the war. Whoop and did put an end to one of their sources of power and gave Christina more direct control over pretty much everything that was going on in the kingdom

So the thirty years war did indeed end with the piece of Westphalia. In sixteen forty eight and once the war had concluded, Christina turned her attention to her own court and she began inviting artists, writers and thinkers to the swedish court. The most famous among all of these was mathematician and philosopher, renewed a cart. You see invited to stay in the palace at Stockholm. He did not really want to go. Sweden was too cold and it was too far. away and he really doubted that the Lutheran court was going to welcome him with open arms, since he was catholic, but in the end he was convinced to come, and he and a translator went to Sweden in September of sixteen forty nine has misgivings about going and about state once he got. There were unfortunately prescient. He got the flu the following January and died. Some people blamed Christina both for bringing him there and for putting huge demands on his time.

effort while he was visiting court. Yet another source of pressure for Christina to Mary came in sixteen forty nine when her cousin Yon chasm years ascended to the throne in Poland. This was the second of citizens to sons who had so worried people before Christina was born. Yon succeeded his late brother and married his late brothers widow, who was still young enough have children. So once again, people were threatened by the idea that the monarchy in Poland was going to come to power over Sweden instead of marrying, though Christina did something completely different. She went to the riksdag and said that she wanted her cousin count. Palatine Carl Gustaf, the one that she had been intended to marry to be named as her successor stand pretty much scoffed at that entire idea. They were like you're gonna marry him anyway. So what's the point that you like? That's the guy you're gonna get married to you and

babies with so naming him as your successor now seems silly. They thought this, even though she was still having sudden illnesses, even even though she was sick. Pretty often people still thought she was young and healthy enough to have a baby Christina, not delighted by this reaction, and she went back to them and she said it was going to be impossible for her to marry. In her words quote, I am absolutely certain about it. I do not intend to give you reasons. My character is simply not suited to marriage. I have prayed God fervently that my inclination might change, but I simply cannot marry. this once again was a completely foreign and kind of silly idea to the riksdag, and they refused her suggestion again. They basically thought she'd she's gonna agree to marry him. Eventually, they ve been friends since their childhood they get along fine. Of course, they should be merry receive so clear data

Where were you really like will obviously you're just gonna marry him, so wise rises the big day? Why are you being fussy, so the thing that ended up changing the rock stars? Mines on this issue was the execution of Charles, the first of England. When that happened. Leaders and a fear rebellion on multiple fronts, so they wanted to ensure that the line of succession was not going to be interrupted. So in March of sixteen forty nine, they finally agreed to officially name Carl Gustave, Christina successor, although at that point they really still thought she would end up marrying him and make it all a sort of a moot gesture.

Yeah they thought they were humoring her. She, on the other hand, thought she was getting exactly what she wanted. She was still going to get to rule, but she was not gonna have to get married and produce an air Carl was gonna have to do that. She was off the hook and before we talk about getting further off the hook, let's take another brief moment for a word from a sponsor sounds grand. I heart: radios night before Christmas. Podcast is here just in the Saint Nick of Time and in immersive Threed, audio featuring and John Kerry, Underwood John Bond Jovian more twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house, not a creature was stirring and even a mouse was the night before

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and now its return to the story of how Queen Christina having fought so long and so hard to get total control over the throne. Abdicated So, although she had started to rule officially at eighteen, and that was after she already been kind of involved in some government duties. She still wasn't actually crown until she was twenty three, so it really took quite a long time for her to kind of get all of the dust settled on her official ascension. By the time she was actually planning her coronation, which was scheduled for October of one thousand six hundred and fifty was already thinking, abdicate

might sound like a good plan before she told anyone about this plan. She started trying to convince the riksdag not just to make Carl Gustave her successor if she died, but to make him the actual next hereditary king of Sweden, not just some once a sort of run. things in the event of her untimely death. Until another real king could be found in elected, and they said no see how she pulled a series of political strings until they finally agreed based Lee pitied all of the different classes against one another and like played up the you know, the new will spear of the common people taking over and the common people's fear of the nobles until they all agreed that, if, if you would just give them a break, but they would do what she asked in August of one thousand six hundred and fifty one to less than a year after her

extravagant coronation. She informed the Senate that she planned to abdicate and she spent the next several months trying to convince the riksdag to allow it feel like she spent her entire time, trying to convince the restart of things. that is pretty accurate. There was a lot of her trying to get the riksdag to do what she wanted. They not buying this at all, and so after this couple of months of really trying to convince them, she dropped the matter for a couple of years. But during the interim she started meeting with Jesuits and talking about converting to Catholicism. So we have talked about up to this point. You know some pretty deep, seated discord between the religions and so for her to want to convert it. That's big stuff in the Catholicism was a religion that had really appealed to her, since she was quite young and when she was nine, a tutor had told her that

Catholicism did not allow lay people to read the Bible. It encouraged, celibacy and believed in purgatory and her reaction to all of that was what a lovely religion and early one thousand six hundred and fifty four whenever, when thought, this whole matter of abdicating had just been dropped, Christina announced once again that she was going to abdicate. She negotiated a settlement that granted her some lands and some money abbot kept her as the sovereign of Sweden so she didn't have to handle any of her royal responsibilities, but she was still queen, regardless of how you feel about her. Her various ways of running the canoe met were not all that great. This was kind of a masterful string pulling to get exactly the best possible situation, bird to be it yeah, like all of the benefits, none other responsibilities. So she abdicated that may leaving the palace before midnight on the night of Karl Gustave Coronel,

she was like a person that with leaves the wedding reception early shares like, however, I'm out of here. So there are, Oh, why of theories about exactly why she was so set on abdicating. Her explanation was that she thought that they re We needed a man to rule the country in particular to leave the army. So if you know there were another future war that the country was going to protect participate and they would be better off with a male king than with female queen. She also said that the pressures of ruling had been too much for her and she needed to rest and, as we ve made pretty clear, she was really deeply. as to the idea of marrying- and she was under immense pressure to do so- is Queen Ann

soon as she was out of Sweden. She adopted a more masculine dress, more masculine mannerisms animal masculine demeanor and she converted to Catholicism. She took the names Maria and Alexandra after Alexander the great, when I wanna make clear she was not living as a man. She tended to wear trousers and that of dresses and to behave in a more course way than women were expected to, but she did not prevent herself ass, a man she was still apart

from a couple of times, as he was traveling in disguise. She was still Christina. Her conversion took a thousand of them, was an enormous deal. Sweden was a lutheran nation and, as Queen, Christina was the head of the church, and even though she had abdicated her rule as the still pretty monumental launch, she was still sovereign, so they still had a lot of stock in her religion. So Christina travelled to Rome where she was a guest at the Vatican, something women were not generally allowed to do, and she later moved into a palace in Rome which was her permanent home until her death, although it

Freeze time she was away from that palace in Sweden, in Hamburg and elsewhere, while in Rome, she fell in love with cardinal dety0 at the lino who was the Pope's representative and the priest, and the seems to have been more like a romantic friendship than a physical relationship, but he said basically break up with her in a letter later in their relationship when he quote freed her and one thousand six hundred and fifty seven while traveling she became embroiled in an Auntie Habsburg plot to seize control of Naples. This plot had abandoned when she learned that one of her officers had revealed her plans, so she had last rites administered to him and then had him executed in her presence. This was a lie. in gory execution and the Pope did not approve of it, and so, when she returned to Rome

she was no longer allowed in the Pope's presents. Get her. Conversion had basically been viewed as this giant coup among the catholic church. They may. She was out of their golden example of of awesomeness for a while, but not any more after this later in her life. She also sort of wanted to rule again she had hoped to. the throne of Poland, Lithuania, another elective monarchy after Yon Chasm years abdicated We really did not have any time to that thrown apart from being a cousin of the previous king. She was, you know a vodka, and now she was catholic, and that was really all that she had to show herself on the matter, and so that attempt failed. She also hope

for a while, in her sort of mercurial desires that she would become queen of Sweden again after Carl, Gustaf, sudden death at the age of thirty. Eight, his own successor at the time was only five, but she did not get her wish in this case did not become queen the ruler of Sweden. Again she spent on last year's mostly keeping to herself, and she was basically broke when she died in sixteen eighty. Nine at the age of sixty two all of her possessions past said deco at Selina. Although there wasn't enough money to pay off her death or to set up legacies for some people who had worked with her a deserved than which normally would have been part of what a rulers state would have done. Her too is in Saint Peters Basilica in Her body was exuded. Nineteen sixty five to try to determine whether she had an intersects condition or

there. There was some other explanation for the midwives early confusion about what her sex was and then, whether that might explain her more masculine behaviour later on the results of that were totally inconclusive. In Christine his description of herself, she said she had quote an ineradicable prejudice against everything that women like to talk about, or do in women's words and occupations. I showed myself to be quite incapable and I saw no possibility of improvement in this respect, and that is Christina, she's, quite a fascinating character. She has quite a fascinating character, one of the papers that I read about her that which not a lot from it made its way into this outlined, because Zella became very long was

bout, the erotic, art in her artwork and how her art collection and how a lot of the people who had previously been owners of this artwork had kind of kept that off in the corner not really wanted to be associated with the fact that this more erotic, art was part of their collection. She their hand hung it all in her grand salon, which is right outside her bedroom with great visitor with these erotic needs hanging all around her. Yes, she just was a whole pile of contradictions. Her whole her whole life can see, on the one hand, did not seem super interested in having relationships of romantic sort with people. She initially had a few, but they didn't really last, but you know then she's greeting visitors in a room with hung with these erotic, nude pain,

there. There are some fascinating juxtapositions ere many made them for joining us on a Saturday, since this episode is out of the archive and he heard an email address or facebook url or something similar over the course of the show that could be obsolete. Now our current email address is history. Podcast at I heart, radio dot com are old, helstone, firstly, militarist, no longer works. You can find us all over social media at missed in history, and you can subscribe to our shared. apple podcast, Google Podcast, the Iheart Radio APP, and wherever else he listened, the fog casts Stop you miss than history class

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