Give yourself a delicious taste of happy with a Starbucks carnal Riven crunch, Rapid Chino, blended beverage, swirl of ice cold, goodness made for sweet, slow, sipping. Your data serves a treat download a Starbucks after order ahead. This up it has brought. You buy Mazda for most of us, it's been a little bit since you ve been out on the road, but the Good NEWS is the road is still out there and you can say hello again with a monster maza. As the best driving and best performing see you ve line up in the market, and I can say this from experience because they invited the podcast out California absolutely beautiful, derive from palm springs to San Diego, and I completely blown away by how intuitively that car responded to me as a driver for

more information on the most deceive you mine up, including the first ever see Ex Thirty go to Mazda USA Dotcom, Slash, I heart and don't forget to explore their strongest finance options. Welcome to stuff you missed in history glass, a production of I heart, radio, hello and welcome to the body ass time, Tracy bewilderment and I'm Holly frying developments in last week's that without on tear gas, you heard a story that I was trying to find something fun to sack about, and my search for something fun instead me to tear gas, which was not burn. It period. My shirt at the moment Does anyone have like it's got a lot of stuff on it, but not if it is really the tone that I was hoping for, and I did not want to repeat that experience of going to

for something fine and instead finding something, not fun. So this time I just said to myself a case. Stop what you're doing. What's the most absurd historical thing, you can think of this big memory of somebody suggesting something about someone who was trying to prove that the earth was hollow and I went back in our lives. Suggestion list that person's name- with Angela and at some point in the past. Angela responded to a call for suggestions with quote that m spell from Ohio who tried to prove the hollow earth theory and eighteen, hundreds I have no recollection of exactly when Angela made that suggestion it may have been years ago, but I for apparently found that wording of the suggestion so charming that I copied and pasted the whole thing in civil spreadsheet word for word, weird

Talk about. That seems, fellows ideas about the hollow earth Day and they were pretty wacky, but first we need to look at some of the work that he was building on. That work was not quite so wacky, but it was also not come. So the idea that there is some kind of other world or realm beneath us or contained within the earth is, of course as part of religion, mythology and folklore all over the world. In terms of what we are talking about today in the seventeenth century, scientists and philosophers in Europe started theorizing that the planet was at least to some extent hollow and it first didn't really have any data to back this up, though they were just came drawing

inclusions from the existence of things like caverns and canyons, and sink holes and volcanoes in geysers. All of those seem to suggest that the planet wasn't solid all the way through their some sound reasoning mare. Even if its incorrect I mean chair, the first european scientists really build a hypothesis on this subject and one that was based on data more than on kind of a what. If that was stronger and Mathematician Edmund Halley New may also hear his name said Hayley how he lived from sixteen fifty six to say, one thousand nine hundred and forty two, and today he is most famous for calculating the orbit of the comet that is named after him. He did this after comics that have been reported in one thousand five hundred and thirty one. One thousand six hundred and seven and one thousand six hundred and eighty two all had remarkably similar orbits, and he suggests that maybe, instead of three different comments. They were the same comment that it would be back and seven fifty eight he was

about that, although he did not live to see it come up on the show before the eyes, and he did a lot more than just figure out that one comment during his lifetime. He actually calculated the orbits of more than twenty other comments. He d, the first life table that was based on accurate data which started the development of the field of actuarial science, and he made of the world that included the oceans prevailing winds, which was the first meteorological chart pub in Europe. He went a two year voyage of the South Atlantic to chart stars that could not be seen from the northern hemisphere. Steady the earth's magnetic field extensively, including taking other voyages to measure magnetic declination or the difference between the magnetic and graphic North poles, in addition to all of that and other stuff, that we did not even mention Edmund Halley- was a huge part of getting.

Isaac the groundbreaking work, Principia mathematical, written and printed. We thought bad in our previous episode on Newton, as well as in our previous episode on Samuel Peeps, who was that works and perimeter, Polly, encourage Newton to write it and then Halley edited it corrected. The proofs wrote a preface and paid for the printing. He so mediated various conflicts and rivalries within the royal society, many of whose members had also been working on trying to answer some of the same questions on planetary motion that Newton addressed in this work. How he's here All this about the earth being hollow pulled together, multiple parts of his work, One piece was his study of the earth's magnetic field. It had clear for reasons that nobody really understood that the Smith, Netteke Poles moved around and that the planet's magnetic field should did in a way that seemed erratic

having studied all this data, how he concluded quote that the glow of the earth, must be supposed to be one great magnet having for magnetic poles or points of attraction near. Each pool of the equator too that in those parts of the world which lie near adjacent to any one of those magnetic poles. The needles is chiefly governed, thereby the near pull always being always more prominent over the more remote third problem. With this conclusion, which Halley knew was the quote: no did, I have ever seen or heard of had more than two opposite poles, whereas the earth had visibly for and perhaps more so how he had never seen or heard of a magnet whose poles shifted around and yet the earth's for pole rules, and perhaps even more of them did see I wonder how he found his solution to these problems through his work with Newton and the Principia mathematical in

Newton, describes the moon as being far more dense than the earth, and he had come to this conclusion by peering the sons and the moons affects our tides and during the idea that the sun was about a quarter, is dances. The earth and how these words quote, sir. Newton has demonstrated the moon to be more solid them our earth as ninety five, which may we not then suppose, four nights of our globe to be cavity so collation. Fear words is not correct. This specific area has been described as possibly the most glaring one and the entire principe. A mathematical. How it was working with what he had and he came to the conclusion that earth was made up of four concentric nested layers with space and between them. He described them, as quote subterraneous, orbs capable

of being inhabited. Although we didn't really know exactly what type of wife they might support, these worlds. You thought were about the sizes of Venus Mars and Mercury, they were each held in play by gravity they all take it on their own access and at least some of them had there. Magnetic poles So all of those variations that Halle and others had seen in the wandering around the magnetic North pole and the shifts in irregularities of the earth's magnetic field were because of the movement of the poles of those inner layers. How, presented these ideas to the royal society in sixteen ninety one in it. One thousand five hundred and ninety two. He published an account of the cause of the change of the variation of the magnetic needle with an I. Offices of the structure of the internal parts of the earth may public. That in philosophical transactions, Halley thought

this nesting doll version of the earth could explain some other phenomena as well. For example, for these enter worlds to be habitable, as he thought they were, they would need to have white. That was something he thought might come from some kind of a luminous material with then, if some Luminous material escaped through cracks in the earth's outer shell. That could explain Aurora Borealis. He also knows the rings of Saturn, which were at the time, believed to be solid and separated by gaps, and he noted that, an example of a similar concentric system that people already knew about and how he seems to have understood that this whole idea was a little bit fanciful and in one writing he noted their readers should quote, lay no more stress upon this conceit than it will bear but he also seem to be really rather fond of this hypothesis in his life official portrait painted by Michael Doll in seventeen thirty six Howie,

holding a reproduction of the nested earth diagram that had been printed and philosophical transactions in sixty nine two? So, while how the ideas about the structure of the earth work corrects they were based on data I'm clean firms, on the other hand, had his own ideas and they came from. Nobody is quite sure where, more on that, after a sponsor break. This episode is brought to you by Mazda, and we ve been a picture for you drive a mountain. You don't really know the Turin thou. Well and instead of it being a harrowing and frightening experience, it's an absolute delight. That is basically what it was like when we had the opportunity to test drive the all new miles to see Ex thirty at the end of last year out in California, I loved driving that car, and it is part of their best driving best performing see you ve line up in the market. It has credible handling, it is intuitive and there

carefully crafted you kind of feeling you're almost in a bespoke vehicle, that's made just for you MA has more. I hs top safety pick plus models than any other carmaker That sounds amazing to you. It is far more information on the MOSS deceive you mine up, including that first ever see Ex Thirty go to Mazda. Usa, dot com, Slash Iheart, indulge to explore their strongest financing options. This episode is brought. You buy apartments, dot, com, apartments, doc. Is the number one rental search website with the most listings of apartments, condos and town homes and the best tools to find a new space without leaving your place with three deeper. It will tours and hd videos and photos, including interiors neighbourhood images and even drone footage of exterior views. You can explore floor. Ends and amenities offered in thousands of units all from the comfort of your couch. It's that easy

in Stockholm also has super detailed property description, see you can find out more about apartment communities and the range of amenities, as well as read, reviews from other renters in just a few clicks so it doesn't matter whether you're, upgrading downsizing, settling down bachelor, padding or empty nesting apartments. Dot com makes the search experience more intuitive and easier than ever So many choices and virtual tools waiting for you. You always know you're, seeing the very best of what's available, if not surprising, if put more renters in new homes than any other website visit apartments dot com to find a new space without leaving your place apartments, dot com, the most popular placed the place. Edmund. How are hollow earth hypothesis rubber to be a little bit of our previous episode on Alfred Ventnor and his eye. Is on continental drift vagueness

inclusion was pretty close to write, but he did not really have a solid explanation for why it was to back them up. How we, on the other hand, some solid work on the analysis and the explanation, although it did rest on Newton's incorrect calculation of the earth density. How are you the conclusions. On the other hand, word wrong, howling work on those, though, did find some support, for example, Puritan Minister cotton, Mather of Massachusetts Bay, colony, Peter Howie's ideas in the christian philosopher in seventeen, twenty nine eighteen century, swiss mathematician Leonardo Euler proposed his own variation on it, suggesting that the earth was hollow with a sun at the centre and the plane Interior might have its own civilization

similarly, scottish physicist and Mathematician Sir John Leslie suggested that the earth was hollow with two sons inside? I love this sort of fanciful one upmanship freight like yeah you're onto something, but it's really two sons, two of them, and then there was John Cleves Symmes, sometimes called John cleaves Simms Junior to distinguish him from his uncle and namesake. Elder John, both fought in and help to finance the Revolutionary WAR is also served as a delegate mental Congress. He bought a large ACT of land in the northwest territory from the government, and that was known as the Sims purchase or the Miami purchase one of the settlements. There eventually became the city of Cincinnati this protest, though, also led the government to change how it dealt with this kind of land deal because the elder John Sims SALT Lake, but he did not actually own and the buyers

HU. We buy it from the government if they wanted to keep it. This is part of what the Alexander Hamilton creation of the office of the survey or general, and seventy nine be like brother Timothy Sims had also fought in the revolutionary WAR afterward. He became judge of the court of common, please in Sussex County New Jersey, and he married a woman named Mercy Harker and one of their children was the younger John Cleves Symmes, who was born on November. Fifth, one thousand seven hundred and eighty. Not a whole lot is known about the younger Johns early life or his education, although in the words of his son America's he had quote, good common english education, which, in after life he greatly improved through his great fondness for reading and an insatiable desire for knowledge the younger John cleaves stems entered the: U S army as an ensign on March, twenty six of eighteen o too, and he started working his way up through the ranks in eighteen, o, seven

He was injured in a dual with a fellow officer has over a kind of petty dispute. That stretched, to an altercation with a different officer overcome sensation. During my second officers, furlough eyebrow, whole account of this that he wrote in a letter, and I was like man. This is just annoying and hot to follow, but I'll probably cleared it without building firms was struck in the risk. This dual. He never recovered his full range of motion afterward. He bid apparently, though later become friends with his opponent. Talking. I would never work in Tina way. Eight sims married Missus, Mary Ann Poletti Lockwood, who was the widow of another fellow officer, Captain Benjamin Lockwood, Mary, I'm already had six children and she and John had four more together by it.

Twelve since I've been promoted to captain, he served in the war of one thousand, eight hundred and twelve before being given an honorable discharge in one thousand. Eight hundred and fifteen from air he and his family moved to Saint Louis, where he worked as a trader both with the military outposts along the Mississippi River and with the indigenous people of the area. We re you, don't have a lot of detail about exactly what he traded or what is relationships were alike with all the people involved like that. Entire topic can be very fraught, and I just don't have any information. Then in a letter to his steps that was written in eighteen. Seventeen sims mention that, because the curious formation of Saturn and its rings. He thought that all planets and globes were hollow. Eight did not explain in this how exactly he came to that conclusion. Based on that information did not say what it

about the rings of Saturn that led to his conclusions. The earth was hollow to be specific, but in one thousand eight hundred and eighteen sims published an announcement on this subject. It began quote light gives light to light cover ad infinitum: Saint Louis Missouri Territory, North America April, tenth, eighty eighteen, eighteen and then an Capital, letters to all world exclamation point. I declare the earth His hollow and habitable within containing a number of solid concentric spheres, one within the other and is open at the polls. Twelve or sixteen degree eve. I pledge my life in support of this truth and am ready to explore the hollow the world will support and aid me in the undertaking. John cleave them Ohio late captain of Infantry This makes me wonder what sort of grand announcement I would put under all

as to all the world and then came the notation and be or notably, nay, which means take note, I have read for the press a treatise on the principles of the matter wearying. I show proofs of the above positions, account for the phenomena and disclosed Doktor Darwin's golden secret terms- are the patronage of this and new worlds. I did it to my wife and ten children, I selected TAT S, L Mitchell, Sir eight Davy and Barren Alex the Humboldt, as my protect, course I one hundred brave companions well equipped to from Siberia in the fall. Seize him with reindeer and slaves on the ice of the frozen sea. I engage. We will find warm enrich land stocked with thrifty, vegetables and the animals, if not men, on reaching one degree northward of latitude. Eighty two we,

return in the succeeding spring J C S, my favorite part of a passage, the highly just read, which is not evident to listening that's play you with reindeer slave spelled SL a Y S it makes me think of like by people reindeer armed with knives in their front heaves is that how reindeer normally stroll about her? Now I mean they said Philip, I believe these names that he drops as his protectors. These were doctors. I'm your lap a Mitchell, Sir Humphrey Davy, and Alexander VON Humboldt. All three of these were so contemporaries and for just a glimpse of each of their work Mitchell, with a doctor and a naturalist to conduct a geological surveys and founded the New York Academy of Sciences. Davy was a chemist who discovered several l

Hence and invented a minors safety lamp either. Actually some for answers to that lamp in Sims other work, Bonham was a naturalist. Polly Matthew undertake a scientific expedition to South America and in the years after the events that we're talking about here, published Cosmos, a sketch of a physical description of the year, Of course. We should also note that the idea that the earth was open somehow at the polls was not knew just the opposite in terms of european thought. It goes back at least to the sixteenth century. Gerardi Mercator, for example, promoted the idea that the earth's waters entered the globe through the North pole and then pay through the centre and were expelled from the south pole. He went about in fifteen sixty nine the same year that he made the map projection. There really distorts the sizes of things. The farther From the equator, but that also pretty much became the standard map for both classrooms and navigation. It isn't

clear if more caters writing, or this sixteenth century line of thought in general may have informed. Sims is ideas, though, that he just never really said here. That idea came from. I also didn't realize that the Mercator Projection of MAPS was quite that all things printed five hundred copy. If this announcement and infirm accounts, when you send it out, it was accompanied by a certificate that proclaimed him to be same. Feel like when you send out you're announcement and you also have to get a sanity certificate like maybe you should just kiss check all your data yeah yeah, I'm a word if his son America's he sent, it quote two every learned institution and to every considerable town and village, as well as to numerous distinguished individuals throughout the United States, and sent several to the learned societies of Europe Femmes. Also,

was a series of what he called memoirs in Cincinnati NEWS. Where that was called the western sky, these detailed all kinds of phenomena that he saw as proof of his ideas. These included visible circles around the, poles of Mars, the rings of Saturn the phases of Venus, the belts of Jupiter, and the way iron filings makes circles under paper. Sometimes if you put a magnet under their so again in his sons, words soon, his message was quote overwhelmed with ridicule as the production of a distempered imagination. It For many years of fruitful source of jest with the newspapers sources of ridicule, included two of the three protectors that he named huh old and Davy each dismissed, Susan's hypothesis entirely, but Mitchell, who was described as being in general, very generous with his time and energy, with scientific and curious people seems a letter saying that he deserved quote great credit

four ingenuity and originality while also stressing in that letter that citizens idea was a hypothesis and that high disease could be correct or incorrect in, Reply, Mitchell also included some other examples of hollow things from nature, Annie, seems out in the years that followed, making introductions and generally opening doors for him in his traveling and lecturing us. I've read this letter and that of it came off to me as, like the pace. In Belgium that someone might responds to a letter from a child whom I I can't really say whether you bought he was corresponding with a child. You know that announcement did mention that sums have been in the army, but they have this imagines area. In my head, we're, like you, thought he was writing to an eight year old and then

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Apparently, life is a trader and faintly with didn't really work out for John Leaps SAM's. He and his family moved to Newport Kentucky in eighteen. Ninety, and that same year the book syn. Zonia, a voyage of discovery, was published under the pseudonym of captain. Adam seaborne, fictional travelogue the details of voyage, in which seaborne meets a society of people living within a hollow earth. It is sometimes described as the first american work of utopian fiction. It makes several direct references to sims and his theories and there are two competing term rotations for this book either. It is an absolutely completely earnest book that was written by John cleaves Sims to promote his ideas or is a fat ire.

That somebody did to make fun of him. I have read the whole book, but I did read part of it before recording this pod gasped and I read papers arguing each of these points of view and, honestly, I do not know I am a cynical person and there's part of me when this gets introduced. That thinks he's just an epic flim flam man, but that's again pro wages me making things up in eighteen, twenty two in eighteen, twenty three sims petitioned Congress for funding for a polar expedition that he hoped would prove him right. He also lectures to drum up support in or Ohio in eighteen. Twenty three: he encountered an expedition headed by major Stephen Long petition. Geographer, William Keating wrote down some very strong opinions about sims calling him quote a man whose eccentric views on the nature of the globe have acquired for him. Not only in America, but also in England, a temporary reputation,

partial insanity of this man is of a singular nature. It has caused him to pervert to the support of an evidently absurd doktor him all the facts which, by close study, he has been enable who collect from a vast number of authorities. He appeared there's conversant with every work of travels from Hearns to Humboldt, and there is not a to be found in these which he does not manage with considerable ingenuity, to bring to the support of his favorite doctrine. On the other hand, apparently got along quite well with major long, two of them became friends and that just seems to be a pattern with ham people either found ideas to be totally ridiculous and questioned whether he was in his right mind, or they found him just so affable and earnest that they became brands and even supporters of his ideas in it Twenty four, the Sims family moved again this time to Hamilton Ohio to a farm that he had inherited from his uncle.

That same year seems went on tour with his stepson, Anthony Lockwood and Supporter Jeremiah and Reynolds Susan Reynolds parted ways pretty quickly, though essentially right? thought he might have better success, getting an expedition together on his own, and he was more interested in going to the south pole than the north pole. Simms, approval to join a russian Polar Expedition in eighteen, twenty five. He could not have to go. Get making like a little money through donations, things amused tours and it was barely enough to cover expenses are not enough for any thing else. A book detailing sims theories came out in eighteen, twenty six. It is entitled Sims theory of concentric spears d stating that the earth is hollow habitable within and widely open about. The poles by a citizen of the United States

look was really written by another of them supporters, James Mcbride, who hope that the proceeds from the book might fund an expedition. If you go for this book and you thought it by the title you may find another book, but have the exact same name, although it is not by a citizen of the United States. This second book is by Joms Son America's. It came out at eighteen. Twenty eight in addition to having an identical title. Some of the content of this later is also identical. That's reportedly because eighteen, seventy eight Mcbride book was no longer in print and there were many copies left, so America's them just copy, out of it himself into his own book? I, like the laws around ass. If things were a lot their people were way more chill about about things being plagiarized them, but I didn't know like I didn't it was in the order of things, but I am sure that I read things was like

another one of them, since he was like TAT. My brother copy this book, because this other book was and there were many more copies and, like I came, information very late and the game after I had already read Mcbride since high her back and I had started reading America this book and I got to the programmes like I've, this book and my mind had already been so bad by reading. So much of the part that was not identical that I was like hell. I read this proof rates in the words of Mc Brides Book quote a court to simpsons theory the earth, as well as all the celestial or regular bodies existing in the universe, visible And invisible which partake in any degree of a planetary nature, from the greatest to the smallest from the sun, down to the most minute, blazing meteor or falling star are all

constituted in a greater or lesser degree of a collection of spheres, more or less solid concentric, with each other and more or less open at their poles eat fear being separated from its adjoining compeers by space rip with aerial fluids So you're not only was the earth, this kind of nesting doll with open poles. So with everything else that was roughly shaped like a planet. This book went on to say well. The planet which has been designated the earth is composed of at least five hollow concentric spears, with spaces between each an atmosphere surrounding each and habitable as well on the con cave as the convicts surface. Each of these spear there are widely open up their poles, the North pole, Opening of the sphere we inhabit is believed to be about four thousand miles in diameter and the southern above six thousand,

In addition to the spaces between the nested spheres seems also thought that quote each fear has an intermediate cavity or mid plain space of considerable extent situated between the convicts and concave services of the sphere filled with a very light inelastic fluid where five in proportion to the gravity or condensing power of the exposed surfaces of their respective spheres. And also various other, less cavities or spaces between the larger or principle one and the outer and inner surfaces of the spheres, filled with a similar, fluid or gas, most probably taking much of the nature of hydrogen. So, unlike in Edmond Holly's model, which is mentioned repeatedly and Mcbride books. That's clearly something that seems did know about since four these inner layers of the planet were illuminated not by luminous material but by the same son as the exterior he described

the edges of these circular openings at the Poles, as verges, and he wrote They were angled in such a way that the funds reflections off of polar ice could reach very deep down into the interior any outlined we're on the globe. These verges worm places they overlapped parts of the world that have been mapped or were inhabited apparently without anyone noticing that they were really inside and opening into the planet. Seems also suggested these interior nested worlds had their own. Whether systems brought on by water and wind being sucked in through one pole and expelled out the other, as we said earlier, it's really unclear exactly how sims came up with any of this. There it was just his own imaginative flights of fancy or whether he had based on some kind of specific information, the survive,

summaries of what he was talking about are not really based on data or measurements, but they do use sims ideas to try to explain a lot of phenomena to use other phenomena to back up his ideas. So, for example, the magellanic clouds, as described in America's them but they are due to the quote great refractive power of the atmosphere about the polar openings causing opposite side of the verge to appear pictured in the sky. To be clear. They met then clouds are really galaxies that are visible in the southern hemisphere. He also used meteors in meteorites. In this way, Mc Brides Book explain Sims opinion on meteors as being sort of spontaneously accumulated in space as hollow spheres It talks about several specific recovered meteorites is proof

For example, one scene in Connecticut in eighteen, o seven which broke apart in three stages. Some recovered pieces were concave and somewhere convicts, and so concluded that the meteorite had originally been made up of three consent ex like a miniature version of his model of the earth themselves, pulled in all kinds of other phenomena that were not play Terry bodies or objects from space as evidence of what he was talking about like sun spots, which that is in space. Maybe sun spots are the sun's versions of all the earth Poles also have you noticed that stocks of wheat and bird feathers and the large bones of animals are hollow that maybe that backed up his ideas, also migratory fish other animals that over winter in the Arctic, maybe they were really overwintering in a temperate zone within the interior of the earth

for example, musk oxen weren't just migrate. To where it was less snowy to survive the winter. They were really going somewhere. War balmie and secretly hanging out there and then turning back the cold or parts of the earth in the spring, although assumes first announcement of his theory, seems to have been almost universally laughed at him. Develop something of a following during his lecture tours his life Tour made its way into Canada in eighteen. Twenty seven cold weather worsen, his existing health issues, something that one of his sons described as an aggravated case of dyspepsia, brought on by eating bad food. While he was in the army he back to New York, men were covered with relatives in New Jersey until he was well enough to travel back home to Ohio, HE d there at home, in Ohio on May twenty, ninth, eighteen, twenty nine at the age of forty eight,

one of his sons erected a monument at his grave site, which is an inscribed arbalist with a hollow sphere. On top femmes was pretty deep, in that when he died, although most of his creditors or family members, his eldest son, America's the same when he wrote that book was only sixteen. At that time he took over the fire He felt some of the families land to get them on better financial footing. It does seem like they. They pulled themselves out of the financial situation. They were an in spite of All of this, it seems as though, at least farmer We even all of his family were really genuinely devoted the ham and it since you America's themselves book another of jobs, children, Elmore Sims, also wrote an account of his life and work, which was published in three parts in the magazine. Southern bivouac in eighteen. Eighty, seven four Jeremiah Reynolds. He trying to get funding for a polar expedition, including meeting with President John Quincy Adams in aid, Twenty eight, this didn't

were gout and he turned to the private sector any wound up duck in Chile, after a mutiny in eighteen. Twenty nine while he was there, he heard a story about a white whale which led him to write mode Dick or white wail of the Pacific, one of the inspiration for Herman Melville Moby Dick. Finally Reynolds was part of the Great United States exploring Expedition or the x x, which could its own episode at some point. They didn't find evidence of zooms holes, but many of the specimens they returned with helped the collections at the newly established Smithsonian Institution get that their expedition. The whole story separate from this obviously Reynolds Exe This and themes theories also helped inspire EDGAR, Allan POE, only complete novel, which is narrative of Arthur Gordon Pimm of Nantucket and Simms.

We have a promotion of this idea of the earth being hollow and something that was inhabited. They could travel into that helped make sense. Aims: worlds and the earth Interior, a common setting for works of science fiction and fantasy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Craft, owes him a debt of gratitude today, our knowledge of the interior structure of the earth comes from. The study of seismic waves In nineteen, thirty, six, Daimler, seismologists Inga Lemon published work describing in inner core an outer core and a mantle beneath the earth's crust, the Prince in theory, for the earth's magnetic field and its variants is that it comes from the dynamo effect, which is the result of fluid motion in the earth, our core Inga Lehman also seems to have a really interesting work. I was thinking about whether to try to do an episode on her as well, but at a glance I was not able to find quite enough information, so shall be on, like my future,

with traffic have her more info on over time? That sounds. Do me, a that is John cleaves firms. Is ideas were just kind of black I mean what flee imaginative. That's also true, I wanna. I want to celebrate the good at the moment. Yeah, you have good listener mail to celebrate. I do this is from Lena and I answered this email, but I also thought that other folks, listening to the show, might be interested as well. In order to say hi, Holly and Tracy. Thank you so much for your informative podcast. I've been listening for years, and this is my first time writing and thank you for introducing to bomb Bay a couple of months ago, I've been doing it as well listening to too much, and some of your shows that deal with the history of slavery got me thinking. How did the idea of slavery first come about understand that

I'll slavery in the U S and other settler colonies was the most extreme and ugly manifestation of the practice. But I also know that slavery as thousands of years old, without it being an accepted practice in the first place. The Atlantic slave trade couldn't have come about I vaguely understand that slavery originated with the victors of warming prisoners of war work for them. But I wonder how became a widespread accepted practice. It still seems like a huge moral jump from forcing prisoners of war to work, to families can, really owning, buying and selling their household staff as property and farmers owning the workers and their feet. Would you consider doing an episode about the history of how the concept of slavery came about and became widely accepted? How did humans decide? It was okay to own other humans. Thank you again, for all you do best wishes Lena. So thank you. So much Lena for this email. I did answer it and the basic answer that I gave I'm not sure if the question of where

slavery, originally came from his really answerable since cynicism president's form for so many societies around the world, probably going back to before. There was written record of any thing to go back to, but there are two other pod casts that have looked at this whole: question its way more than one episode worth of staff of the that I mentioned when I wrote back to Lena Wise, slates history of Eric and Slavery podcast, which used to be payable only first slate plus subscribers, but now is available to anybody, is hosted by Mobility and Rebecca Onion- and it looks step by step at this evolution of every specifically in the United States and how it went from something that looked more like the way slavery has been practised in lots of other parts of the world to something that became like that

hereditary racial roar raised based slavery that we have talked so much about on the show the other one, is a season of the podcast. See on radio, and that season is called seeing white. I feel like it's. The second season show, but I might be wrong that is hosted by John View in and ginger I come Anita and it looks at the idea of of like white people and how that idea evolved, and especially the earlier episodes talk about that a lot in the way that flavour transformed and like how, in a lot of ways, these racist ideas were created to support the institution of slavery. So, though, both of those pod casts

excellence. I highly recommend them to everyone. They like they see me work really well together, along with also like the one thousand six hundred and nineteen podcast, also Some of the same information, but all of it is like for angles on the same, the same stuff, and so all of that I think, is absolutely where the listen. So thank you so much for that question as other asked again are all great and they should all be available on any podcast platform, but you like, if you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast, were at history, podcast, that I hurt radio dot com and then we're all over social media missed in history and that's real, find our facebook and Twitter and Pinterest Instagram and you ve been subscribed. Arson on the ice, radio, app and apple podcast and anywhere else

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