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Welcome to stuff you missed in history class from Housetop works now come on arms trade and on how we are having a little bit of an unplanned many theories on historical events that are tied directly to ongoing bees. So previously it was our recent to partner on the attic. A prison rivalling which came up over and over and coverage of a United States. Prison strike that started in set Burke, and today it is history, that's connected to the standing Rock Sue and other indigenous peoples and the ongoing protests against the Dakota Access pipeline. Two nights before we recorded this episode, events in North Dakota once again

headlines and what the authority is described as an ongoing riot and water protectors, described as a peaceful effort to dismantle a barricade. That's been blocking access to a highway for several weeks. Law enforcement use, tear gas and other less then lethal weapons to try to disperse the crowd, as well as water from a fire Those are a water cannon, even though the temperature at that point was below freezing line Originally claim that the water was only being used to put out fires, which the protesters had said had been lit only to stay warm and not the cause image but later alarm enforcement acknowledged that it had use water to quote repel some of their protest activities. So, given this episodes relevance to what is happening right now, we decided to move it up for me. Originally scheduled time later in November to the next episode. We haven't our calendar, this history that we're talking about today.

At the same time the United States, civil war, and it was a series of Brute Bridge oh and violent clashes between North America's indigenous population and the United States Army and while the first of the EU started after murders were committed by a group of young. Aid of american man what followed became a multi year campaign against the reasons indigenous population at the hands of? U S military forces. So parts of the history that retelling today are truly horrific. Although the history that we are talking about in this episode ends in the Dakotas it actually starts in Minnesota. Minnesota territory was established in eighteen. Forty largely from land that had been part of the Louisiana purchase and when the territory was established. It was almost twice as big as the state of Minnesota is today and that its founding about five thousand produce lately, white settlers and thirty one thousand indigenous people lived there

Many of the indigenous people Word Dakota. The Dakota are part of the subsidies. The Kohen, which I have also heard speakers of various Dakota Dialects and languages pronounced more like a teddy. She, cohesion that translates into the seven council fires the Teddy Chicago in, are made up of several divisions, which each have their own unique linguistic, social, political and cultural distinction. As well as their own histories and original territories. These indigenous peoples are often collectively called the Sioux or the great soon nation, The term sue actually comes from a french translation of an ojibways word for snake, rather than a Dakota word, and for that reason some people prefer not to use the word sue, but others do any number of tribal governments do use it to refer to themselves, as is so often the case in the history of the United States. The relief

shit between the, U S, government and the Dakota people, as well as the indigenous peoples of the region was primarily governed by a series of treaties, and many of these treaties were questionable. At best, the indigenous people She signed many of them under duress or without me, Given a clear understanding of what the documents actually said. On top of that many of the treaty's actual terms which use heavily favoured the United States over the native population relate undermined and even completely ignored. So that what view protections the native nations had Then eroded or stripped away entirely the sphere of treaties between the Dakota and the United States, started in eighteen, o five and in most of them the Dakota seated land to the United States in exchange for money off a lot less money than that land was actually worth.

Negotiation that included everything from coercion to threats of military force on the part of the United States in eighteen, fifty wine to different treaties, and over thirty five million acres of land, primarily in ro in southern Minnesota to the United States. This was basically all of the Dakotas remaining territory in Minnesota. One treaty, the treaty of traverse the Sioux, was in exchange for more than one point. Six million dollars where's, the other. The treaty of Mendoza, was unchanged, for it was in exchange for a little more than one point: four million dollars. However, and neither treaty where the Dakota actually getting that money itself. They were to be paid the interest on it periodically. For fifty years, the traversed issue, signing also included what came to be known as a quote. Traders paper, which diverted payments from the Dakota traders, most of whom are white or par indigenous, to pay off debts,

Has the traders paper had not been read aloud or translated? Many who signed it believed it was just another copy of the maybe not a separate document and have no idea. That it involved diverting money out of their payments, because the traders them elsewhere the ones who kept the records of how much money they were owed. This also creed did ongoing questions about whether the traders were patting the bill. In addition to all of that,. The treaty has called for land along both the north and south sides of the Minnesota River to be set aside as a reservation for the Dakota to live on. However, once the treaty, were actually approved by the? U S, Senate the provisions for the reservation were removed. This left the Dakota with nowhere to go. Eventually, President Millard Filmore agreed that the Dakota could live on that reservation land, but only until white settlers needed it. The United States decided it

did that lambs north of the river in eighteen, fifty eight leading to another treaty. However, why? Settlers rushed into the area before that treaty was ratified, including abortion but that was supposed to be set aside for the Dakota and many refused to leave. Once again. The payment for this piece of land was a fraction of what it was actually worth following the series of treaties and eighteen sixty two about six thousand five hundred Dakota we're living in a narrow strip of land south of the Minnesota River, which was divided into an upper and lower agency, and many of them, especially in the lower agency were starving. The previous winter had been and even though it was now late summer, the seasons harvests had not been enough to really support the population and they definitely not enough to prepare for the coming winter. There was

we'll game to hunt on the reservation itself and the white population of Minnesota had increased dramatically to more than one hundred and seventy thousand people. This was thanks in part to government. Incentives like the homestead. ACT, so competition for hunting around the reservation which the decode, We're really supposed to be doing was fierce, should note that it wasn't literally a hundred percent white population, but in terms of newcomers that was much much bigger population than it had been even a decade before but this huge shortage of food in August of eighteen sixty two, the annuity payment from the government that was due to the Dakota from those eighteen. Fifty one treaties had been delayed, so that meant that people being on the reservation. Didn't have money to buy food, either Dakota Leader, little Crow, went to Thomas Galbraith, the indian agent responsible for the lower agency to ask for help. In his words,

We have waited a long time. The money is ours, but we do not get it. We have no food, but these stores are filled with food. We ask that you, the agent some arrangement, so we can get food from the stores, or else we may take our own way to keep ourselves from starving when manner hungry. They help themselves, Galbraith declines to order distributions on credit, and words of trader Andrew. My rig quote so far as I am concerned. If they are hungry, let them eat grass. Things, came to a head on August, seventeenth, eighteen, sixty two: when for Young Dakota men killed five white settlers not exactly clear what led to these murders. The story, TAT, most often, is that they were stealing eggs from outside the house where the settlers were in an argument started that escalated into violence after returning to their

Their village, the for young men, convinced little crow to declare war, and this is something that little Crow was really reluctant to do. But he also recognize that they were sure to face retribution, especially since some of the white people who had been killed where women he assembled. Adding force and raids, many of them against civilian Communities and not military targets, started the next day. Soon, the death toll from these attacks roads to about two white settlers killed and more than two hundred more taken hostage, the fighting spread from there, the estimated that about one thousand of the Dakota people participated and some of them under duress. There is, however, organised an active resistance, leading evaluations of settlers from the area and forming the Dakota Peace Party to appeal the war and try to negotiate for the release of the hostages when Minnesota

Mr Alexander Ramsay heard of what was going on. He Commission Henry Apes simply to lead a military force to Western Minnesota. Try to take care simply had no military experience. He was a fur traders, so he did have connections to some of the Dakota through that trade, but a lack of strategic experience meant that he wasn't really able to efficiently pursue the Dakota fighting force or to protect the white population by this point. The areas white settlers or just a complete panic Dakota raids on civilian settlements and attacks on forts and other military outposts continued until September twenty third, when similes force defeated little crows little Crow and his force fled westward the following.

Day, although little crow, would eventually returned to the Dakotas where he would be shot and killed in eighteen, sixty three on September, twenty fourth, the Dakota Peace Party surrendered the hostages in the war came to an end by then it had gone on for six weeks and it was horrible in that time, more than six hundred white people had been killed, overwhelmingly civilians with a huge number of those being children under the age of ten between seventy five and a hundred, the coda soldiers have died. And more than seventy white soldiers. However, what happened after this heaped one

city after another onto multiple native american peoples, including some who had absolutely nothing to do with any of this. We will talk about it and what happened after the Dakota people move to South Dakota after we pause for a sponsor break. This Christmas, give the gift of Carnivora Club Carnivore Club as a monthly subscription to premium artisanal meet like italian salami spanish Teresa duck breast prosciutto and delicious pan shadow. It is the secret going from oh thank you, Two woe! Thank you. I'm not kidding. We just got one of these boxes at our house and it was full of a number of humanely raised delicious cured pork products. I ate prosciutto and she's for breakfast today with great so

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between the Dakota and the? U S, army had ended, government forces captured a of Dakota men suspected of being involved and put them on trial, these trials or speedy, and they were heavily biased with nearly four hundred of them happening in only six weeks and the accused having no legal representation. Three hundred three men were sentenced to death and sixteen were sentenced to prison. President Abraham Lincoln intervened to prevent all three hundred and three from being summarily executed after Henry WHIP. All the episcopal bishop of Minnesota went to him too wait. What had led up to the violence Lincoln recommended a punishment that would deter further violence but without, so much severity as to be real cruelty. He narrowed the x.

You should order to cover only two men who had been found guilty of rape plus thirty, seven, who had participated not just in battles against military forces, but in the massacre of civilians. One man was given a last minute reprieve and the other thirty eight were executed in a public mass hanging on December, twenty sixth eighteen. Sixty two was the are just mass execution and United States history. All the bodies were buried in a mass grave, but they were shortly dug up to be use of medical cadavers too, of the man it was later discovered were hanged. Error, and one of theirs was just a case of mistaken identity. The following April, the candy prisoners who had not been executed were sent to a military prison in Davenport Iowa, where one hundred and twenty of them died due to disease and poor living conditions,

Andrew Johnson would order the release of the survivors on March twenty. Second eighteen, sixty six, after which point they were moved to a reservation in Nebraska. Are the consequences of the war were not just confined to the men who had been found guilty of participating in it on November? Seventh, one thousand eight hundred and sixty two about one thousand seven hundred Dakota, most of them an elderly people were removed via forced March to Fort snowing on the Mississippi River along the way they were attacked by a mob of white settlers where many of them were beaten and one of the baby's was killed. The survive Dakota were then held in internment camps in February and March of eighteen. Sixty three conquers revoked all of the treaties between the United States and the Dakota and pass the Dakota Expulsion ACT which made it illegal for Dakota to live in Minnesota. It wasn't the expulsion act that was passed at around this time, away

They go. Removal act was also passed in February of eighteen, sixty three so in May of eighteen, sixty three Minnesota surviving Dakota along with about two thousand. How chunk, who had not been part of this work at all, were forcibly expelled from the state and moved West into Dakota Territory in what's now South Dakota, the Dakota Expulsion ACT has never been repealed. The- U S, government and local authorities were concerned that the Dakota would retaliate, especially after smaller raids and skirmishes crossed back over the border into Minnesota and, in spite of the executions, the expulsion from Minnesota, the internment camps and all of that. There were still people who had lost family members in the decoder war who wanted further revenge and retribution. As a result, two different expeditions moved into Dakota territory in eighteen, sixty three one was led by general simply who crossed into Dakota territory.

Four Minnesota and the other was led by general, Alfred Sally who followed the Missouri River up from the south. The plan was for the two forces to catch the remaining dakota in a pencil from two different directions. But this plan did not work out, though The river was drier than normal, which caused a delay in general sallies river boot journey northward. By the time he got, the upper Missouri area in, what's now North Dakota General ITALY has already moved through the area and then gone on. However, on September third, eighteen sixty three three hundred men led by Colonel Albert E House, who were part of sallies force, spotted uninhabited of native Americans at Stone Hill. This was a really large multi tribal gathering of people who were hunting trading celebrating and preparing for winter. They had about four hundred thousand pounds of bison meet drawing on racks when about her

of the man when he spotted them were away from the encampment hunting. Although some of people there were refugees from the Dakota WAR? None of them had actually participated in the fighting there Instead, they were predominantly yanked today, as well as whom Papa Lakota and see how Super Lakota also on his Blackfeet, like the Dakota, All of these are part of the seven council fires house, sensitivities trader named Frank, from laws and another man back to Sally. To get reinforcements. While they were gone, House told the assembled camp that he wanted to talk and he asked them to surrender all of their chiefs, although they did offer to send some of the chiefs they didn't offered us and all of them and house not sure whether these particularly to these particular chiefs were actually important or not, refuse that offer this lead to about three hours of negotiations ending standoff during all this

many in the encampment were packing up and preparing to leave. It was toward the end of it during anyway, and it just seemed safer to go. Preparations, Came even more hurried when they spotted Sully and his force approaching from about a mile away when he got there, which was, as the sun was setting Sally, found house attempting to surround the camp it, although he didn't really enough men to do it. Even though a man named betancur or big head was waving, a white flag Sully and his force charged through the middle of the encampment, most of the people who were killed in his first where women, children and elderly man and his companies split up and then tried to surround the fleeing people, including many who to escape down a near a nearby ravine efforts to cut off encircled circle, the fleeing people included, cavalry and artillery, and while some manage gather in other directions. Many fled in ravine. That then became the scene of a massacre estimates.

And from one hundred to four hundred native Americans killed and about one hundred and fifty surrendered. The It was dark by the time the shooting was over many, wounded wound up being left untended overnight, the? U S me saw about twenty fatalities, many of whom had been caught in crossfire, then under sallies command. The soldiers gathered up everything that was useful for the encampment wagons, food tools, teepees and all of that drawing bison meat, and they said it on fire, in the words of soldier, Effie, Caldwell, quote, Sully, ordered all the property destroyed, teepees, Buffalo skins and all their things, including tons and tons of dried buffalo meat and talent it was gathered and wagons piled in a hollow and burned in the melted tallow ray

on the valley into a stream hatchets camp kettles and all things that would sink were thrown into a small lake. The family, We left everyone who had been gathered there completely destitute and on the next day, Sally sent scouts to round up people who had escaped. He took all the prisoners he found to Crow Creek, which essentially appear w camp turned into a reservation conditions at Crow Creek word deplorable, with the primary source of food being a maxim, a mix of in trails, flower beans and meat of questionable quality cooked together in a cottonwood vat, which became known as Cottonwood soup, a lot of people died there from starvation. And digestive diseases. On September, fifth, the fighting continued at Apple Creek, with the surviving native force, pushing the: U S Cavalry back until they could cross the world.

Getting women and children to safety. Ongoing skirmishes continued until July of eighteen, sixty four, which saw an increase. These similar encounter between the? U S army under silly and the native american forces in the Kildare mountains. On July. Twenty third, with the aid of artillery. The army killed about a hundred indigenous people and then once again burned all of their food equipment and supplies. Treaties signed in October of eighteen. Sixty five officially ended the fighting all the events also eventually led into the Treaty of Fort Laramie in eighteen, sixty eight, which we talk about in more detail in our podcast on calamity Jane. That treaty established the Great Sea reservation, which included territorial known as the black hills, but

gold was found in the black hills. The United States went back on that agreement. This eventually went to the Supreme Court in the United States versus soon nation of Indians, in which the court ordered that the United States financially compensate the Sioux nation. But the nation refused that payment, saying what it wanted was the originally promised land and we're going to talk about how perspectives on this incident changed over the next one hundred years. The first we're gonna take a little break and hear from one of our fantastic sponsors, in some ways were all losers. I know how difficult it ear, but it's maybe now you're thinking. What I'm saying is that we all have a tendency to misplaced things. Newsweek reports, the average american wastes fifty five minutes a day, looking for things that they own, but they came up that's me for your just scrabbling around I do it all the time I have the key problem. We ve all discuss

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In the immediate aftermath of the White Stone Hill Massacre, the? U S army s position was that it was an important and decisive victory over the Dakota. Which, as a reminder, was not even the people who were really there. Sally and his men were praised for their efforts and in sallies word quote. It is to be regretted, but I could not have had an our or two more of daylight, for I feel sure if I had I could have annihilated the enemy as it was. I believe I can If we say I gave them one of the most severe punishments that the Indian have ever received. But in November of eighteen, sixty three Sambre who was working as an interpreter, Crow Creek wrote a letter, his father, in which he said quote, I hope will not believe all that is said of Sully Successful Expedition against the Sioux. I dont think he ought to be

of it at all, because it was what no decent man would have done. He pitched into their camp and just slaughtered them were a great deal than what the Indians did in eighteen, sixty two he killed few men and no hostile ones, prisoners amount. Return saying that we need fear, no more, for he has wiped out. Hostile Indians from Dakota if he had killed men instead of women and children than it would have been a success and the worst of it, they had no hostile intention, whatever the Nebraska second pitched into them, without orders, while the Iowa Sixth were shaking, and with them on the other side they even their own men, then, and nineteen fourteen or nineteen fifteen, a man named, takes his shield, who had survived the massacre directed Richard Cottonwood in creating a picked a graph

this was the first real documentation of the native Americans perspective on what had happened, although most interpretations of it today are based on the writing of Reverend Erin Maggotty Bead, who was an episcopal missionary which was done in nineteen thirty, two, Beat acknowledged that his ability to interpret it was not merely as robust as an actual member of the tribes would be the picture graph. What, willing to in a show notes, depicts a large camp of two groups of Sue, one typically fought with spears and the other who fought with arrows all camp together in one circle, beside a small lake them, a large

army of mounted soldiers sweeps through the camp most tried to flee with a woman hitching a trade war to a horse and using it to pull children away. The pictographs continues to share the soldiers sweeping through and surrounding targets who in turn are not trying to fight back. They are trying to flee and get women and children to safety. The pictographs definitely shows the event as a massacre, not a battle with none of the indigenous people depicted as fighting according to be the interpretation. The pictographs only shows the portions of the since that happened in daylight since after dark, the events could be heard and not seen in more recent times, Le Donna, brave bull, allergy, standing Rock sue tribal historian, whose land is home to the sacred Stone Camp, protesting that Dakota Access by line has researched, written and spoken extensively about the history of this battle and how it fits into the grid, History of the standing Rock Sue Ann

divisions of the Sioux nation in the sea the video? She notes that at least three years of salaries. Expedition were people who had family members who had been killed in Dakota Uprising and were seeking revenge. Another thing that she notes is how much effort was put into trying to get women and children to safety, tying them two horses and dogs and trying to get the animals to simply flee the camp with them alerted descended from Mary, big moccasin, was nine during the whites down massacre and was shot in the leg or hip but survive. So that's not the most fun episode was ever done. I feel almost guilty going: hey, let's talk about listener. Male our list or mail is also a little more on the serious side. Today it is from summary to marry, says your Holly and Tracy many aims to marine and a keen stuff. You missed in history class listener

thought about writing in with episode suggestions, in spite of the fact that you have a long enough list as it is today. My letter takes a different note. I know this is a dark time for anyone who believes in truth and justice in the face of oppression, beer and hatred. I wanted to thank both of you for providing myself and other podcast listeners with knowledge and perspective on historical injustice. Is if I hadn't heard your episodes about the Tulsa Norland, the race riots, in the ongoing mistreatment of activists, should have been seen as heroes in their time like fired, rested and Sylvia Rivera. I doubt very much would have realised the strength and support people need to overcome ignorance, the most acceptable story, format of linear progress, overcoming evil is not a simple reality. What history has shown us that

retired humanity makes a social achievement. It can also counter this changed with Paypal backlash driven by what people are most afraid of. Yet, in the face of this, it is a dedication to carrying on spreading truth and generating thought and empathy for other humans will always triumph. Thank you for making us stronger and wiser by the dedication you show to the subjects of your podcast and for always being a big, a bright beacon of education to show us the way out of darkness, see she thinks of them, and such is always looking forward to our next episode and then suggests a couple of episode suggestion. So, first of all, thank you too I am trying to pull myself together to say: that's what happened. Sustained someone's ever said to be me, too, fell tomorrow, centres of mail on a day. I will candidly say you and I were both haven't a real hard time,

So thank you tomorrow for sending us the kind of message that that makes us feel like the work we are doing is important, but the other reason that I wanted to read this message today. Is the fake candidly, something that we have been doing since Holly and I came onto the show in two thousand and thirteen which we haven't really talk, specifically about, which is selecting episodes that are either tied to things that are specifically happening right now, which today's episode

obviously does, but also episodes that shine more light onto the bigger arc of what's happening in the world and especially in the United States, which is is where we live the first time. I think we ever did that's why we came on the show in March of twenty thirteen and the first episode, but that fit into this was in April, said the following months. We did our two part series Unloving Verses Virginia, which was a story about injustice and income of overcoming injustice that we talked about because it kept a being cited. As a precedent in Supreme Court cases about same sex, marriage.

I just want to say we are going to continue to do episodes like this. We are going to continue to talk about the things that shed light onto why the world is the way it is and the things that we as a nation are struggling with. We are still gonna. Do we silly episodes like margarine. Also, you know we will

we have all of our unearthed episodes at the end of the year. We will still have stuff that we think is just goofy and cool, but we are also definitely going to continue to talk about things that are related to universal human rights that everyone deserves and to the idea that justice is important and is something that the United States as a nation should be standing for. So, thank you again so much to marry again. This was so now we got on on a real hard day and it it made that real hard day a little bit better. If you're like the right to us about this or any other podcast, our history, pod gas, it how stuff works, dot, com rules on Facebook at Facebook, dotcom slashing than history and run twitter, it missed in history, Tumblr business in history to tumblr com from Pinterest centres that complements the history and Instagram missed in history. You can come to our parent companies website, which is how to work such com and learn about just about anything. Your heart

Iris even come to our website missed in history to come. We will put a link to that paragraph. Monsieur notes, Oliver other research on a third and shown there will, of course, in those sources being the links to the videos we're talking about toward the end of that. So did you all that and a whole lot more at how support Stockholm? the history of thousands of other topics, because it has some works, how low bunnies this is our marine. You may know me from Chelsea lately or as Regina Sinclair on insatiable. I want to tell you about my comedy podcast: will you accept this rose, which is new to the eye heart radio podcast network? We

we kept every season at the bachelor franchise, including the bachelor, the bachelor at an bachelor in Paradise. We bring in bachelor superfine, including last bass, Nicky, Glaser, Debbie, Ryan and more catch. Our first episode on January eighth and listen to will you accept this rose on the icon, radio, app apple podcast or wherever you get your part cast.