By her Mars, the newest resort in the Bahamas, a short flight from the? U s: fifteen minutes from the airport for an easy family vacation kids will be entertained at the explorers kids club, while parents explore the casino golf course spot in over forty restaurants, pours enlarges kids under five eat, free and select restaurants to book winter specials, including up to thirty five percent savings on your stay visit, Baja more Dotcom, that's Ba, H, H, M! A are dotcom, continue, stuff, you missed in history class from how stuff works, tat come and welcome to depart gas, I'm crazy. We will. I am how we find so we doubt typically on so try to tackle something really complicated span like a century. Is Turkey

if the do normally, what we do is choose an isolated peace, sort of emblematic of the larger story and put that smaller peace into the context of the bigger story that is really hard to deal with today's subject, which is the highland clearances, because the highly Europe is where a long and very complicated and really messy series of evictions. In the highlands and western islands of Scotland tenant farmers were forced from their homes to make way for a sheep pastures and the clear answers were at their peak from seventeen eighty two eighteen, fifty five, but they were really part of ongoing changes in the highlands and elsewhere relay that started long for that and ended along after that, and there are also subjects, but a lot of people, especially Scots and people of Scottish, as that already have their minds made up about. Even There continues to be really extensive debate among historians about how to exactly interpret what happened,

in a lot of retailing, the highland clearance. Are presented basically as nothing more than the really greedy skimmings of wealthy landlords. Through Kallas, strong arm to their tenants off their land in an effort to just eradicate highland culture. From that not quite accurate, and overall it's just. Complicated in the mad and any a little isolated peace that we might pick to try to talk out and make it be more emblematic of the whole? We must reinforce that oversimplified story in this case. So as the reality is a lot more complicated than that and so be clear. There are definitely tragic and unjust aspects to the clearances. They were really a lot more complicated than a little p ever even more complicated than our are thirty minute issue: podcast survey: we're. Gonna try to give a better sense of of the committee three, the what happened organism

are with a bit about what life was like in the scottish highlands before the start of the clearances by their its amid seventeen hundreds, the highlands and Islands of Scotland were dramatically different in terms of how people lived and worked. The highlands are the northwestern portion of the country and are sometimes also grouped in with the islands off the western coast. Scottish highlands were mostly rural The lowlands or south eastern portion of the country were far more urban. In a very general sense, people in the lower limbs of Scotland often spoke English and were culturally more similar to England, well people in the highlands of Scotland, typically spoke Scots Gaelic and had their own unique gaelic culture. Scottish islands. I followed the clam system, which was a semi futile militaristic system in which each clan was ruled by a chief, the chief, it's a largely agricultural society and that society was really intensely connected through through both fan.

The ties and a sense of clam loyalty and to be cool. There are also lowland clans, but the walloons had become so much more urban. They work really following the whole economic and social system. That whereabouts talk about highly society was highly stratified at the top. Where the clan chiefs in their aristocratic family connections and then below that was an affluent middle class made up of tax men who managed tax. We? we're subdivided piece of land that were worked by tenant farmers. These Farmers were essentially the peasant class referred to as cutters or small holders. He paid ran to the tax men either in farm labour, goods from that farm, or sometimes even money, and then the tax man then pass that revenue up to the chief is really not a lot of social or economic mobility in this system, the clan

thieves and other members of the upper class were often living in castles, while the cutters were living in turf or Cleon. What'll huts that had back rooms and particularly for the peasantry. This is a really difficult life most tenant are are living at a subsistence level. The highland soil also was not great for growing crops and the Highlands of Scotland, such serious food sorted is, and famines over and over in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, even when wasn't a huge famine going on a lot of times, individual families and more isolated regions faced a series of hardships thanks to everything, from crop failures to disease on average. Cops failed in the highlands every third year. It's a really high rate of failure. That's rough gatt! especially when you're not know, you're, not producing enough to be able to preserve things for later

And, at the same time, prior to the eighteenth century, clam leaders tended to take a paternalistic attitude toward the clans tenants The clan chief could expect loyalty for the rest of the clan, including when it came to mustering a military force. The clan members could expect help if they met some kind of hardship in time famine or these crop failures. The chief might defer the tenants. And or provide food from a common store. Naturally, in the face of such a difficult and uncertain life, people who The means often moved out of the highlands of Scotland, and this was taken we true among the middle class use that their sons outside the highlands further education and their future work. Families are emigrated to the lowlands or to other countries, including the american colonies in Australia. If they were able to scrape up the financial means to do so in

We are times that might have been possible to do this through and indenture, but by this point in history and the seventy than it, venture eel, and that was not so much an afternoon anymore. Sometimes wealthier. Lands would also by land in the colonies, are in other parts of the british Empire and then persuade groups of tenants to emigrate there to work that newly acquired land. This exit, got much worse after the end of the Jacobite rising of seventeen. Forty five and we ve done. But the rebellion in a prior episode of the show, but briefly a nun. Scottish clans backed Charles Edward Stuart known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, in a rebellion intended to supplant the House of Hanover. In return, the House of Stewart to the british throne. The rebellion ended on April. Sixteen seventeen forty six with the Jacobite rebels defeat at the battle of collusion.

After the end of the rebellion, british troops move through Scotland in a really brutal effort to rouse out all the rebels and anyone else who had been supporting the Jacobites cause and the result was devastating. More than a thousand Highland Scots were killed and, in some cases, entire crew and were decimated or forced into exile, There were already disarming acts and place forbidding the ownership of firearms among Highland, Scots and new legislation incorporated the dress ACT of seventeen. Forty six, the dress act forbade men's aware, highland dress outside the context of military service a lot of times this is in Turkey. It is not being allowed to wear tartan at all, and that is not quite accurate. There. Irritable jurisdictions act of seventeen. Forty seven also stripped clam chiefs of their already waning judicial and military power. These actions were motivated by both pragmatism and prejudice. Multiple scottish clams had

I mounted an armed rebellion against the House of Hanover in the british crown. This was clearly read the monarchy and the stability of the kingdom, Simon, these the fact that the highlands were so rural, so remote and home to their own unique semi. Feudal society They were viewed as uncivilized, archaic, backward and in need of modernization and assimilation with a more english way of life. Afterward thing got a lot harder for everyday people left in the highlands. The clans still exist it is family and social units, but not nearly so much as an economic and political system. The system that reply it had a lot of similarities, though former clan chiefs became private landowners and even though they no longer have the same judicial and military power that they had before and a lot of places we're still the most powerful people in terms of their social and political positions? Paxman were replaced by factors suited

similar job managing subdivided parcels of land and then the peasant trees lived on small rented holdings which were commonly known as crofts. They became more often known as crofter send their rented farms as they had before. Combined ink whose areas for growing crops and common grazing land. No longer bound by loyalty to the clan landlords, raising rents and having less of a paternalistic attitude towards their tenants. Some became increasingly focused on profits, regardless of how that affected people living and working on their land. As this happening among former Highland Cleon leadership. English and well in scottish landlords, with holdings in the highlands were similarly becoming more and more focused on using their land for the most profit as well happen,

in tandem with all of this were efforts to reform and modernize the highlands, even when these efforts were well intended, they tended to bring more chaos and displacement than actual improvement is included. An expansion in cattle farming which cause tenant families to be displaced, at least as far back as the seventeen. There. People who had survived collated and its aftermath started leaving Scotland in bigger numbers. Looking for a better life elsewhere those reasons and how much autonomy they had in this was really all over the spectrum. Every from landlords who decided to sell what was left of their estates in immigrate with their families, leaving their tenants to make their own way to desperately poor farmers agreeing to work on their landlords, new venture in Australia, because they were coerced into it or felt like they simply had. No other choice and said

team. Seventy three James, Boswell and Samuel Johnson toward the highlands and the western islands of Scotland, and they wrote about the dissolution of clan loyalties, increasingly scenario, landlords and a crumbling social system that was threaded three with abject poverty, the clearance started a little less than a decade later and we're gonna talk about those after we first have a sponsor break. This episode of Steffy myth in history classes brought to you by blinking blink, as does my favorite new app on my phone. It works on your phone or your tablet or your web browser, and it takes the key take away from thousands of nonfiction books and condensers them down to just fifteen minutes that you can read or listen to. I love to immersed myself with the details of our really long book

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one in five percent off, but only when you sign up a blinkered to dot com, slash history, glass levels in seven days, it was clear that the highlands and Islands of Scotland had a range of very real economic and social problems, and there was huge does We met among the ruling class over exactly what to do about it traditionalist stock. The highlands could continue to function system of landlords and tenants with a few changes and improvements like, for example, cutting out the middlemen and having tenants work directly with their landlords rather than going through factors, but other a lot of traditional as thought the Highlands society had been working, the way that it was virtually unchanged for centuries. There was no reason to expect that could not just continue indefinitely.

Their side where the improvers who's out the highland way of life was obviously doomed and needed to be replaced with some other system entirely. A pin were all over the map about exactly what that other system should be, and all of this happening during both the industrial revolution and the enlightenment, which were bringing huge changes to Europe and other parts of the world and when actually influencing all of these opinions by the seventeen Seventys. The price of wool started to run. And by seventeen. Eighty, the highland landlords realise that their land could be put so much more profitable use through sheep farming, then through using other livestock or crops being home to collective tenant. Farmers who lived on and worked the land the estates would become mostly pasture land. The homes of the other associated buildings would be destroyed to make way for grazing sheep.

Aftermath of the Jacobite rising and the events that followed it. Some of these states were already vacant or merely so in these case The clearances proceeded very quietly without attracting much attention or landlords waited until their last few tenants leases were up and then, went on from there, but allow of landlords still had hundreds or thousands of tenants and starting around Seventeen eighty, they started systematically evicting them as they converted their tenant farms to sheep farms at first allow these landlords expected that their tenants would relocate elsewhere in the highlands and islands, the most popular destination with the scottish coast, where people could work in the fishing or kelp industry Of course, fishing was a lot more dangerous than working on a farm and killed processing was hard and it was unpleasant work in the cap.

The seaweed was process through burning to produce things. Like iodine and an alkaline product that was used in the manufacture of things like glass and soap, kelp process had a pretty short working season, but it required a lot of labour during that time. So to me, Tenants this move to the coast was a huge step down, on top of me, of rooted from land that their families had often been on for generations?. From landlords, also helped to resettle their tenants, especially those we're old or thick others offered paper passage out of Scotland to other parts of the british empire. Some four, if any rent that their tenants still owed or bought any livestock or saleable goods that the tenants had to offer from their farms so while being displaced to another point, the country or another country entirely to work in a different industry would have been difficult and unpleasant.

And leaving the land that you and your ancestors had worked for. Generations could be emotionally devastating, but these early, clear those were really not a matter of just turning people out of their homes, with new resources and no thought about what they should do. Even in these earlier years, though, there was significant resistance to the clearing of tenant farms and the introduction of sheep seventeen ninety two families who had been evicted from farms in Ross, Shire and Sutherland, rose up What came to be known as the brochure sheep riots, which include rounding up, thousands of sheep in trying to do of them out of the area. The forty second region, also known, as the black watch was deployed, to restore order. Seventeen He too was nicknamed the year of the sheep of the clearance of breast landlords, generally put less and less thought and fewer resources into what to do with their evicted, tenants one

see you was, but even though there were these evictions going on and people had been leaving the highlands and long before the Jacobites rising the total Highland pie, Mason was actually increasing, even the early years of the clearance of the population was rising faster than the economy was growing said. A labour pull was getting bigger as the need for labor was getting smaller. This started trickle down the landlords having few resources and less money available to try to resettle or redistribute their tenants. Specially some of them didn't feel like they could evict their excess labour pool what is the largest clearances started in one thousand, eight hundred and seven, and it actually lasted until one thousand eight hundred and twenty one the Sutherland clearance, this displaced about fifteen thousand people from the esteem, of english landowner. George Granville Levison, Gower Marchesa Stafford, who, later become the first Duke of Sutherland. His estates were

at that time, likely the wealthiest in all of Scotland, while his money funded the clearance, it was his wife, Elizabeth, Gordon who was Willie the one pushing for sheep farming, Patrick seller was the estates factor and was the one in charge of converting the estate and dealing with the tenants, although the seller, and clearance did include resettling people to the coast to work, help feller because notorious for his callous and brutal treatment of the tenants. This treaty Worse. Ass time went on when the tenant, that moving. He and his men to threaten them, destroyed their possession and burned down their homes and crops. While clearing and sperm land instruct neighbour he allegedly had a house burn down with somebody still inside seller was arrested and charged with a number of crimes, including arson and culpable homicide, but was ultimately found not guilty. The sun,

and clearances overlapped a major event that influenced how the later clearances progressed, and that was the end of the napoleonic wars. The image in which sellers men reportedly burn down a house with someone inside it, took place in eighteen fourteen, eighteen fifteen, the Napoleonic wars ended which had a huge effect on the highland economy. The price of fish started to drop and they kelp industry completely collapsed, did it better and better products from elsewhere in Europe, and the price of oil I started to drop as well. With all their money. Making industry is no longer making so much money, even the landlords who had intended to help resettle their tenants or to invest in coastal industries didn't have the money to do it any more and the kelp industry does no longer existed for them to invest in at all. Evictions became Astor and more aggressive, with far less help offered to the affected tenets in eighteen. Fourteen.

The treatment of the Sutherland tenants had been pretty well outside the norm. But after eighteen fifteen, the clearances in general started to look a lot more like what had happened and Sutherland by the aid, in thirty's, the wool industry had become so powerful in the highlands that sheep far had leverage over their landlords doing things refusing to sign a new lease unless the landlord evicted the remaining tenants and converted. Her former acreage into sheep pasture, even The price of wool was following: wool was still more profitable than anything else. They might use that land for slave couldn't afford to lose their sheep farmers and ultimately gave in to their demands. Eighteen. Thirty were also marked by food shortages and famine in the highlands and islands as a result of the displaced and changes in land use. Some of the most infamous clearances took place in eighteen, forty with some of that

and for me, stemming from newspapers, publishing stories that were very sympathetic to the affected, tenants, England, Kilvey in eighteen. Forty five massive clearances were publicized by free church ministers who were critical of what was happening. These articles really focused on the plight of the families and the idea that they ve been living in farming there for generations. The Glen Kilvey story was, but by the Times law Finally, in connection to debates that were going on in parliament over assistance programmes for the poor in Scotland, another clearance and strapped Conan played out it with similar sympathy in the press and eighteen forties as well with the evicted tenants portrayed as destitute devastated and meekly compliant with their landlords. So when I came, that meekly compliant with their landlords part. Wasn't exactly true tenants resisted being evicted all through the highland clearances, including stress Conan, usually

who's followed a predictable pattern some would show up to serve in order of removal. Tenants, usually the women would say they re used to go marking? in serving the order and sometime tearing that order up in front of his face things. Would leave from there with the sheriff arriving with a posse and very early in the morning to evict everyone by force. If peoples refused to go. The sheriff would seek military help. Usually the threat of troops being deployed would prompt people to leave, but in at least ten cases so really did arrive on the scene to force people to go. The last of them. These are clearances, moreover, by about eighteen fifty, although people continue to be a victim to make way for other uses of the land that they release Until at least eighteen, eighty is, from these removals were still quite sizeable. We need fifty one and eighty fifty seven about five thousand Highland Scots

Two of them living in severe poverty were relocated to Australia. To try to address the labour shortage during the gold rush, there throughout all of this food shortages and famine continued in the highlands, including a famine that started around eighteen forty six and was caused by the same potato, Blake had struck Ireland the year before the aftermath of the cliff This is actually went on much longer. We're gonna get him the after. We first pause for another sponsor break. Does that result of stuff you missed in history classes brought to you by W W previously wait. Watchers did you know that most people have already given up on their resolution thirteen days and the new year,

reducing the thumb. Ie does not have to be you either. I first Joint Debbie W, because I really wanted a plan that was going to encourage me to make healthier eating choices and W W, formerly watchers has really done that great thing about the new. My deputy we programme is that it really encourage you to stick with it. It is their most groundbreaking and customize proven weight loss plan. When you join the my debit every programme, you'll take an assessment about you're eating habits and your behaviors, and that will find civilly match you up to a customize weight loss plan, one that can make it easier for you to stick to head on over to W debbie dot com. That's w w dot com to joint Debbie Debbie. Today, with a limited time offer, after clearing the highlands of Scotland has to make way for sheep Bessie themselves did not last for very long. The price of wool continued to fall after it had started falling in eighteen, fifteen

eventually see farmers in Australia and New Zealand, where producing much higher quality goods for much less money and, in some cases, these sheep or even being raised by people who have been displaced in favour of sheep during the highland clearances as well became less and less profitable land in the highlands changed once again with dear Forest used for hunting replacing. Mister land use for raising sheep. There are still plenty of sheep farms in the highlands, but overall landlords who invested all their money into sheep production didn't altered, We see many returns on that investment, although the population in the highlands had been increasing in the early years of the clearance is, as the evictions became larger and more aggressive. The highland population finally did start to decline. Sue

there were more highland, Scots living outside of Scotland than living in the highlands and by eighteen. Fifty, the highlands of Scotland had one of the lowest population densities in all of Europe. Entire communities, some of which had been there for centuries, were gone at this time. It's a bit of a misconception that most of the people who emigrated from Scotland during the clearances where people who had been evicted there were definitely crofter whose landlords either pay their way or offered other systems to emigrate out of a country most people who made their voyage, where people with more financial means an historic the documents from the time people gave reasons for emigrating, that included increasing grants or the idea that life would be better somewhere else. The clearance were definitely part of the idea of a better life elsewhere, but most people question about their reasons for emigrating. Didn't say it was because they had been evicted by the end of the cliff

overall the highlands had no more factors no more mid sized tenancy we're sub letting their lands to other farmers. Most of the armor highland clan leaders were also gone from the country and what was left were predominantly seep farms, dear parks, and a much much smaller population of Crofter Sue continued to work on small parcels of did farmland. Meanwhile, Highland Scots, who emigrated from Scotland, often face discrimination and prejudice wherever they settled, which tends to be case. Any time a large population of people, immigrate to a new place same time as fiction, poetry, music, news reporting and historical writing began to take a more started view of highland culture and present its end is a tragic laws. The general section of Highland Scots started to shift outside the Highlands no longer where the highlands viewed as uncouth and backward claim culture and highland traditions.

Came heavily romanticized, the highlands and Islands Scots became emblematic of all of Scotland and traditions from the highlands became a core part of scottish national identity. I care exaggerate. There are lots and lots, and lots and lots of novels about Scotland before and during the clearances overwhelmingly. They prevent the Highland clan lay a way of life in a really romanticize way. The thing that people probably would come to mind most is outlay under, but mean that that pose honour, it goes back. You know more than a hundred years easily, and this is often written to provoke a sense of injustice and outrage over What had happened? Also bird Heart where the highlands of Scotland became emblematic of all of Scotland reminds me of an we when I was in college, and we had a visiting professor from Scotland and in the first day of clay,

he. I dont remember where precisely he was from bet, but he told us where he was from and showed us a picture of it which looks like you to a major so and he was like when I, when I say Scotland, you are probably thinking the Highlands of Scotland. I am from low winds of Scotland, and it looks like this. We were all I really where the pasture there have been intentional efforts to preserve the highland culture that existed before. The clearances include songs, customs and languages and although there has been a revival in Scots Gaelic in the twentieth and twenty four centuries, sir dialects of Scots Gaelic that existed before the clearances have been lost, eighteen. Eighty is the Roma in crofter is in the highlands and islands started, protesting, increasing rents, evictions and just a general lack of civil and land rights like a lack of tenant protections had been part of this whole process.

May still did not really have a lot of protection as tenants this on, became really violent at times and as a rule the Napier Commission, more formerly known as the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the condition of crofter than quarters in the highlands and islands, was established in eighteen. Eighty, three after studying the issue, the commission published a report on the situation in eighteen. Eighty four and then same year. The Highlanders established the Highland Land LAW Reform Association. The crofter is party, was established soon stir and in eighteen. Eighty six for men of that party were elected to parliament in eighteen. Eighty six parliament pass the Crofter Holdings ACT, which was the first of several pieces of legislation meant to make the crafting system more fair and to offer crofter protections from thing like unreasonable evictions and unfair rents.

By the eight teen, historians had also started to write about what had happened during the clearances and historians interpret nations of what happened have varied wildly since then. This story, aggravate the file and clear and those of its own intriguing subject, and if you're not familiar with that term historian, Murphy generally means the writing of history, but it also more broadly includes the theory and history of that writing itself. There are fixed sensitive documents from the highland clearances that still survive today far far more than any. One historian could really read through said the size and analyze in a lifetime, but at this why there's even more historical writing about the clearances in the words of historian Eric Richards, who has written numerous books on the clearances, quote the historic Murphy of the clearances and the way it has been constructed has become a subject with its own fascination noted

for historians of the public memory with opposed modernist bent, for a long time, and really maybe even still, the most popular book on the Highland clearances was written by popular historian. John Pebble- and that was first published in nineteen sixty three previously written a book called colliding, which was about the Jacobite rising of seventeen. Forty five, so privileged interpretation of both the Jacobite rising and the Highland clearances was that they were emblematic of scottish or highland nationalism and in the book the highland clearances. He focuses primarily on greedy scheming, calloused landlords really on any of the other factors that were involved in the clearance is in the chair, gave them to these books came out. Organizations like the Communist Party of Great Britain and a range of working class organizations were starting to focus their efforts related labour rights and social issues in Scotland in the morning, no direction these books fit right into that said,

any social influences and John Pebbles works worked together to cement the idea that both ACCA by rising, Amber Highland clearances were part of ongoing systemic oppression of Scotland and helped inspires scottish nationalism. So I'm I'm glad that popular histories exist and that Hitler. Historians are writing these histories because for a lot of people, that's their introduction into historical thought. But professional historians have been strongly critical of pebbles work, pointing out instant of cherry picking the source material and presenting a lot of historical events without their proper context, for example, that when clearances largely ignores the fact that the landlords themselves were existing in and responding to a whole range of other social and economic factors. It had just come up with obtaining their land over to sleep out of nowhere and events that made the clear

so much worse, like the end of the napoleonic wars and the collapse of the kelp industry and the falling while prices were a sort of outside, border control, but also had a huge effect on how things progressed and there are so many questions that historians don't agree on how to answer regarding the highland clearances. Are the clearing is their own unique event, or are they just part of a pattern of clearances happening all over Europe during the industrial revolution? how much was really influenced by Anti Highland prejudice and how much was a matter of simple economics Did the overall under development of the scottish islands and the fundamental problems that really did exist in the highland economy, influenced the programme so the clearances and their outcome the oral history, is full of burned down cottages and farms. But does the archaeological evidence really support that, and how did earlier and later clearances, some of which extended into the lowlands compared

the famous ones, did the clearances We play a role in scottish nationalism, or did that really, from fictional interpretations and later historical writing and these kinds of question. Just go on and on and continue to be deleted. He can read ten different books and find ten different cancun. And about how to interpret all of this regardless That, though, historians generally do agree that, in the end, the highland clearances didn't really do anyone. In again, they forcibly displaced Thailand, Scots out of the hole sometimes moving them into other industries. Most of those, We wait or collapse thing and then those who emigrated out of the country usually endured appalling conditions aboard ship and then prejudice, and sometimes poverty at their new destination as well, And then the motivation for doing all of this didn't even turn out to be profitable for the people who ordered the land to be cleared in the first place, so

the overall did not go well for pretty much anyone involved. We mention the high and clearance is really briefly at the end of our episode on the jack about rising and after that we got an email from a listener. You said that her grandmother, who was from Scotland, had described the Europe is as basically the English rolling through the highlands and murdering everyone, and I like that, still a common perception and its that's part is not accurate, other things that really completely leaves out is that a lot of the landlords in question and some of the facts yours and some the incoming sheep farmers were themselves Scots Nada, the necessarily Highland Scots, but somewhere Highlands conflict. They were Highland, Scots Lowland, Scots, an English landlords, all part of all of this sale. It's definite not something that can be presented as simply as England did this, which is We have heard in airmail related this issue before

Mayo do have some value, is some Bethany better, he wrote about an episode that Holly actually researched, but of a thing I said in it and we ve got a couple. Emails must subject Enzo Bethany says high Holly Tracy talks about a relatively new listener and loving podcast than and he says I just listen to your most recent episodes, miniscule science of and uneven Levin hook. I found it interesting entertaining, especially when one of you I think it was Tracy mentioned the book. He used to have the kid that so goose neck barnacles growing into flying geese. I laughed a lot and then proceeded to consult the Google in hopes of finding the book or something like it. My search with semi successful. I found it. It'll copy of the herbal or general history of plants, Imagine that with some delightful sixteenth century spelling because it that's what it has by John, Gerard from fifteen. Forty five to sixteen twelve

There is a link to that. I also found a couple: a blog posts and an article on a website wired, which is weird because isn't that, like a tech magazine, the talks about early thoughts on geese, from the articles, wild article. They talk about another writer from seventeen fifty one he was criticised in the Royal society of London for allowing one of their members to publish something that back the idea of barnacle geese included a few links and read more for yourselves if you would like, though they may not be the best of the best resources, the visual cop, of the herbal is pretty cool by the way, the description and of the barnacle uses in the very last chapter is a little difficult to read, but still pretty rad Particles are one of my favorite marine organisms because of how they feed their so beautiful waving. Their quote legs around trying to catch a meal thanks again Julie These are great. Bethany Bethany also notes that there's a species of goose called the barnacle goose that made the third process a little more time.

Thank you Bethany. So we got a couple emails about the story and so to clarify the book that I was looking at. I I am not sure whether it was an old science textbook, because in our family bookshelf we had a few old textbook. I think, have been bought at a yard, sale or something or if it, the science book for kids that we bought it like a scholastic books or something similar either way it was they books intended for Kids, that was a science and science history book, and this whole Article gives thing within a section on people used to think it worked this way and it talked about the idea that the maggots spontaneous we generated out of meat, which I could understand why people would think that, because you you'd, necessarily, you don't really see the eggs that flies lay on things before the maggots come so

To me I was like ok, I can. I can see how people would think that. But then I had this picture of barnacle. Coming a goose than I was like that. How would you get power? Would you work that map out in your head lit barnacles and geese or not. One thing at all? These are obviously barnacle that what kind of like geese have you ever been bitten by a goose? No, because the lead you to associate with the scratchy horror of barnacle. Ok, a goose bite is mean in a hard and they have surrounded little tiny teeth. So I could see what I mean it's still a long walk or something Ozma external events, but, like me we see where that might be the connective tissue linking that's all areas I generally give geese a wide berth, because especially when their nesting they can be really kind of aggressive and, and so not so much with the geese. But yet it was battling to me is

So thanks to all those who have sent us various links about barnacles becoming geese, which is not a thing that they actually do. If you would like to write to us about this, thirty, eight or pod gas, where a history gas that has to work start com, and we are also Oliver Social media, Missin history, so that is our Facebook and our twitter and our Pinterest and our instagram. You can to our website, which is amiss than history, dot com where you will find shone out, Sprawly said the Holly and I have ever done any searchable archive of all of the episodes that have ever existed on the show and can find our part cast iron apple pie, gas, way wherever else you might get. Podcast, though, could envisage a Porsche

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