Have you ever been frustrate about your favorite dark closed, losing that deepen rich color like actually I have are your favorite leggings fading too well. Oxy, clean, dark, protect, vermouth, stains, an helps, prevent fading and pillaging and to help keep dark, colors deep and rich and fabrics smooth. So if you have the same kind of concerns, if this has happened to you and I'd be shocked, but haven't you ve gotta? Try ox clean, dark, protect yourself. If you want to work your magic with oxy, clean, good, oxy cleaned up come, this episode has brought you buy. Clorox. These days or is going to the center of the universe at my house were home all the time, so our pets are traipsing around there, like always, but has also become like the indoor, Jim, sometimes as a dance floor in our house care for my floor, but I also want to make sure it is as clean as possible and that's why I've been using clorox disinfecting mopping clause which killed ninety nine point. Nine percent of germs, including covert nineteen virus,

easy there safe to use on multiple floor type. So I don't have to think about a germs. That's when used is directed on hard non poorer services kill Soros Yogi to covet nineteen virus welcome to stuff. You missed in history class, a production of I radio, hello and welcome it about gas, I'm Tracy Wilson and I'm Holly frying Holly, this in a weird year I totally normal, I live in a closet, it's been a weird year in general as been are really weird years of work on this by we recorded an episode back in March, or we talked about some of that and how just strange it was to be working on the show and living in this moment. That was clearly historically significant that moment,

the pandemic at that time. In that sense of strange, this is really continued. It also, I think, escalated with the other things that have also happened since then. Yet Future historians will have quite a lot of layers to peel on this onion, that is, twenty twenty yeah, so, like this whole, sends a very surreal staff. Like that when I'm, through the the widespread protests against policeman, quality and racism started in late spring and summer and now, as we recording this, they truly bizarre after life of the twenty twenty presidential election for most of us here is really felt like either. We just wrote an episode that suddenly not relevant any more or we ve been working on episodes feeling like they're, just going to come out in this black hole. If we don't know what the world is going to be like there is this going to see really tone deaf when it publishes in a week and a half yet so

according to fund December. First, who knows what the world is gonna be like when it actually gets to people speeds In a way with all this, just bizarre, strange, disorienting chaos that we have all been living through, the election has felt uniquely disorienting, because there are clear historical precedent for the pandemic and the protests and the conditions that led to the protests- and we have talked about a lot of these things on the show before But while there have been disputed elections in the United States, we really have a one to one comparison to a sitting president having clearly lost the election, making all kinds of baseless and often verifiable fall claims about having actually won it in all caps.

However, another piece of this very strange post election season is this attempt to this promote the idea that the election was somehow rigged in favour of President Elect Joe Biden, and so if we want thing is more generally and we talk about attempts to create a narrative to re frame, so that it will be more favourable to the losing side. There are definite precedents for that in history. and one of them is the subject of today's episode, which is the myth of the lost cause of the confederacy, which was station of the history of the. U S, civil war that is still affecting the world today, just a heads up that we cannot possibly delve to every conceivable nuance of this at an episode. one of the many books about how the civil war is remembered, is called race and reunion, the civil war in american memory, that's by David Debbie, blight and

counting the notes and the index of that book. It is almost four hundred pages long and the author described that, as I quote, synthetic and selective work on a vast topic, so we are kind looking at the big picture overview of this, and not every conceivable facet of it so the lost cause was part. Ideology, part social movement since its purpose. To promote and a historical interpretation of the: U S, civil war. We got us with a recap of what exactly the lost cause was trying to undermine. Although there were other factors that played a much smaller role, the primary issue that drove the- U S civil war was, of course, slavery. You can certainly make the argument that the north went to war to preserve the union. But under that argument the reason the union was in jeopardy in the first place was still slavery. And this was not a new division. Disagreements

first library and efforts to accommodate slave states for the sake of keeping the union together. Those go all the way back to before the drafting of the. U S: constitution and their represented in the constitution itself, So all the language that we're about to talk about still exists in the constitution today, although the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments supersedes some of it Article one section two sets up the framework for the House of Representatives and how members of that body will be apportioned. It reads in part, quote preventative and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states, which may be pleaded within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including is bound to service for a term of years and exclude. Indians, not taxed sweet. Fifth, of all other persons. So this is known as the three fifths compromise and even

It doesn't specifically mention slavery everywhere, understood that other persons here met enslaved Africans. Southern states wanted their enslaved population to count for the purpose of apportionment, and that would give those states more legislative power and help protect. The institution of slavery, they did not want their tax burden to increase by that amount, though so this solution. The count three fifths of the enslaved population article, one section, nine address the international slave trade, though again without using that language, the reeds quote the migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year. One thousand eight hundred and eight but attack or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

In other words, while the government could impose a tax or a duty on enslaved people brought into the country, it couldn't Bambi international slave trade before eighteen, o eight, I'm an article four came to be known as the fugitive slave clause quote no person held to service or labour in one state under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law, regulation therein be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labour me Do delegates from the slaveholding states would not have accepted the constitution without these provisions, each of which protected slavery and the interests of slavery and slave states and over time the growth of anti slavery, sentiments and abolition movements in the northern states became increasingly threatening to the slave states of the south to be

there were also abolitionists in the south, including enslaved people advocating for their own liberation and breeding themselves, but the net. A balance of power between north and south is what we're really focused on here singing about one thousand. Eight hundred and twelve, the United States started intentionally admitting new states into the union in pairs. One slave and one free state to maintain this purported balance, and this continued until one thousand eight hundred and fifty when California became the first free state admitted without a corresponding slaves. The compromise of eighteen. Fifty was a collection of laws meant to defuse some of the tension from this shift, one of theirs being a much stronger fugitive slave act. Eighteen. Fifty four, the Republican Party was established to try to resist the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States by election of eighteen sixty. It was widely believed that the election of a republican president would spell the

and of slavery, and would prompt slave states to secede from the union. This came to pass after Republican Abraham Lincoln, was elected as president on November sixth, eighteen sixty after Lincoln election Senator John J Crittenden of Kentucky proposed the collection of constitutional amendments and Senate resolution, some of which would make slavery permanent in part of the country to try to head off a secession crisis. Unsurprisingly, this proposal was supported by the slave states, but then the ounce by the free states, so it failed and then on December 20th, one thousand eight hundred and sixty south a line I became the first states. You announced that it was the ceding from the union. South Carolina issued a declaration of the immediate causes which induce and justify the secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union. This d He read in part quote an increasing hostility on the part of the non slaveholding states to the institution of slavery has led to it

to regard of their obligations the laws of the general government have ceased to effect the objects of the constitution. Other states issued similar documents when they succeeded. We're gonna have a couple of examples. This one's from George quote for the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non slaveholding confederate states. With reference to the subject of african slavery, they have endeavoured to weaken our security to disturb our domestic peace and tranquillity and persistently refused to comply with their express constitutional obligations to us in reference to that. property and by the use of their power in the federal government have striven to deprive. of an equal enjoyment of the carbon territories of the republic. This is from Mississippi quote our position. Thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery, the greatest matter

real interest in the world. Its labour supplies the product which constitutes by are the largest and most important portions of commerce on the earth. These products, peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions and by imperious law of nature, none but the Greece, can bear exposure to the tropical son. These products have become societies of the world and a blow at slavery is a blow commerce and civilization taxes and Virginia issued similar documents containing similar sentiments as well, and while some of these documents, it also spend a significant amount of space discussing states rights in June? the rights that were being discussed all circle back to slavery. They included things like the right to take enslaved people into free states without there being freed as a consequence. So these documents supported the slave states rights to maintain slavery, but not really the four

states rights to outlaw or restrict it. A constitution of the Confederate states was adopted on March eleven nineteen sixty one unlikely who s constitution. This one made several direct specific references to slavery and enslaved people too later Alexander Stevens, vice president of the Confederate states of Amerika delivered what, to be known as the cornerstone speech. It said that this new constitution had quote put at rest or ever all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution after Slavery as it exists amongst us, the proper state. Of the negro in our form of civilization. This as the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution so yeah? There were, of course, cultural and economic differences between the north and south and other issues that you could cite as contributing factors and all of this, but there is overwhelming doc,

minted evidence that the biggest issue and the one that was the most important with slavery It seems unlikely that the confederate states would have shied away from that stance. Had they won the war, slavery was I bear and the Confederate States constitution, including the clause, quote no bill. Attainder ex post facto law or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed, but instead the confederacy suffered a humiliating defeat that left the quest, and how the nation could possibly be whole again and how this

how could envision itself. After this turn of events and we're going to talk about that after we pause for a sponsor Break Ashley. This is something that, when sometimes before the podcast starts. All of us are talking about life. In about frustrations and whatever else comes up and in this excerpt would have been of great Bend bitches segment, but I really dislike how often like my favorite shirt, who it's like a Navy blue golf shirt. It it's now faith.

Out after washing it like it just a few times early. That is so forget, and I now I have one of my favorite Cerchi sweatshirts, that if I had oxy clean beforehand before I got it and I was using it in the laundry I would have been able to preserve this sweatshirt. But now it's like the Sarah Hughes has gone so have you ever been frustrate about your favorite dark clothes losing that deepen rich color like actually I have the worst will oxy clean, dark, protect, vermouth, stains, an helps, prevent fading and pillaging and to help keep dark, colors deep and rich and fabrics smooth. It works with your laundry detergent to hope, extend the life of your clothes and keep things looking newer longer. The arctic clean dark project also contains oxy clean stain fighters. Germ move stains and extend the life of your clothes, while keeping dark, colors deep, enrich and fabrics smooth. So this is something the ash care, but really intimately.

So if you have the same kind of concerns, if this has happened to you and I'd be shocked, but haven't you ve gotta, try OX clean, dark protect for yourself. If you want to work your magic with oxy, clean, good, oxy, cleaned outcome, this episode is brought by Clorox. Wasn't at our house, we ve been be no hanging out inside a lot, maybe getting a little bit you're crazy. Now and again. So one of the things I started to do is just go out: for a long, walk now and again through our neighbourhood, and that means they like. I love it and I get some fresh air. Am I get to see the world, although is pretty quiet out there for us? By,

It also means that when I come home, I'm trailing in whatever I have trip through in the great out of doors and on the sidewalks where I live, and I don't want any germs to be no get trapped in your house, and I certainly do not want them to be tracked onto our floors. Were our pets can have access to them and so to combat these things, I have been counting on clorox disinfecting mopping clause. These loving clause kill ninety nine point, nine percent of germs that includes the covert nineteen virus and their easy and their safety use on multiple floor types. It don't don't have to worry about damaging anything and, moreover, I don't have to worry about germs. The clause work when used it erected on hard non poorer surfaces, kill sarcey AVI to covet nineteen virus. After the? U S civil war. There were a lot of questions

about how to reunite the country like what would states have to do to be re admitted into the union. What would former confederates have to do to earn some kind of pardon how could the places that had suffered material damage as a result of the war be rebuilt and how could the social, economic and political injustice that had both enabled and grown from the existence of slavery be addressed and rectified. We have talked about a lot of this in previous episodes of the show that relate to the period of U S, history known as reconstruction, and those episodes include our two partner on Robert small Sum that we put out as a Saturday classic the summer and our two partner the Wilmington coup that came out in twenty eighteen. A lot of these questions were practical. Like would former confederate leaders have to stand trial Kind of services would be provided for, formerly enslaved people. Where would the Honey come from to pay for those services facilities

shoes were a little bit more abstract lake. What does this mean for white southern identity? How could the southern states and themselves from mockery, shame and accusations of treason from the white southern point of view. Answers to a lot of these more nebulous questions rested on a set of ideas that came to be known as the lost cause. A term that was popular caused by the eighteen sixty six book of the same name by Edward Pollard of Virginia the biggest and most important piece of the lost cause. Myth was that the Sis war had not been about slavery. Southern states had succeeded over the issue of states rights and that had been the cause of the war. According to this idea, still here asian I don't know if on occasionally even strong and being super polite, either no, the lost cause narrative claimed that the civil war was not about slavery. It also re imagined slavery itself,

according to lost cause proponents. Slavery was not an evil institution in slavers. In this version of the story are benevolent. They looked after in slaved workforce, providing housing, clothing and food and generally giving enslaved people a better life then they would have had otherwise, also According to this, narrative, enslaved people were happy. Grateful loyal dedicated to therein slavers folded, to all of this- was the idea that people of african descent weren't capable of handling their own affairs that they somehow needed the guidance and supervision of therein slavers even though the lost cause took great pains to minimize the documented horrors of slavery, it also contended that slavery was well on its way to dying out on its own authority.

corollary to this re. Imagining of slavery was the myth of the black confederate, which became way more popular later on in the nineteen seventies and particular like it had kind of a heyday. This was the idea that, in sleep black people were so loyal and cared for that they willingly volunteered to fight for the confederacy. An enormous numbers estimates for how many black confederates their supposedly were are all over the place. They are anywhere from five hundred to a hundred thousand such soldier. depending on who you read, the reality is that enslaved Africans were a massive source of labour within the Confederate Army. They work as body servants, cooks and manual laborers, but they weren't soldiers and they were not volunteers. They were enslaved. Can It forces also captured and enslaved free black people in the places they moved through or occupied during the war historian.

Heaven M Levin, has written a whole book about this called searching for black confederates the civil war, where's, most persistent myth people like to use photos of soldiers posing with their enslaved servants as like some kind of evidence that that there were a whole lot of soldiers and that the person the picture is really depicting is enslaving, the person next to them like that is not a volunteer soldier, who went with him. So the loss caused ideology also framed the south defeats as something that was inevitable. Under this ideology, can The generals were brilliant. They were gifted in their strategy in their tactics and the south. was defeated only because the north had superior numbers and resources so ideas, the south was just overwhelmed, so it was a Robert E Lee and other confederate leaders failed to develop an effective strategy to offset the fact that the northern states were more industrialized, more densely populated it was.

but there was no strategy that ever would have been enough. This idea that the Confederate WAR effort was doomed from the beginning is the source of that lost cause moniker within this re. Framing confederate generals were universally gentlemen. all of the soldiers were noble and gallant white Men were also perfect examples of southern femininity. They had sacrificed for the Cause of freedom and had borne up under immense struggle, More broadly, Anti bellum life in the south was described is universally genteel and refined with tations romanticized as idyllic expansive homes in fields- rather than the reality, which was that they were slave labour camps, as I want to take a minute really More personal note, I understand that for a lot of people, this with history is very personally important to them in their families. If you're about to

it an angry email about your second or third great grandfather who served for the south. I have second and third great grandfathers too, so I get it like. You want to think Your ancestors were on the right side of history, but they really just were not in this case. Eventually, proponents of a lost cause ideology started to read. frame the period of reconstruction as well and under the idea. Reconstruction was not an attempt to repair the damage of the war and to address injustice that, with an effort to just punished, the south and exact retribution and Northerners who came to the south to assist with this whole process were not according to lost cause. Proponents motivated by altruism or philanthropy The last cause they were unscrupulous corrupt carpet baggers, who were only in it for the money, that they were going to get a legitimately so

the reference to Edward Pollard Book, the lost cause earlier and wild. That book did popularized this term the move, it self is not something that just started and ended with one book. It was much bigger glimmer of the lost cause ideology were present, at least as early as general. Robert E Lee Farewell address. Also general order number nine delivered the data or he surrendered to Ulysses. Mrs S, grant that began quote four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude. The me of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers in resources. I need not EL, the brave survivors of so many hard fought battles who have remained steadfast to the last that I have cancer did to this result from no distrust of them, but feeling MID, valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that would compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuance of the contest. I determine to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past

services have endeared them to their countrymen after the war over white southern women's groups that had been focused on providing aid during the war started instead. thing on memorialize the fallen and honouring returning soldiers, and some of this certainly included absolutely legitimate work burying the dead and holding funerals and helping to care for women and children who had lost their husbands and fathers, but run Alongside all of that work were efforts to reinforce the idea of the southern war effort. As this noble, doomed million. That was not about slavery The late eighteen sixties, men's veterans groups became part of this effort as well. The southern Historical society was established in April of eighteen sixty nine to ensure that this version of civil war history would be remembered former. Can

or at General Jubilee early was these southern historical societies first president, and was major proponent of the lost cause. Although many confederate memorials were built much later, but we will talk about. Some were right. If, in the years immediately after the war was over in April of eighteen, sixty six Jefferson Davis, who had been president of the Confederate states when, on a too to dedicate memorials and multiple cities, including Montgomery, Alabama and Atlanta and Savannah Georgia prominent confederate figures were also lionize after their death did as noble, merely flawless heroes in eulogies and early biographies. This who died, Robert E Lee, who died on October, twelfth eighteen, seventy biography written shortly after his death. Characterize him as a devout Christian who hated every, even though his crew key to his own enslaved workforce, including breaking of their families and either ordering or carrying out

whipping of people who escaped was documented, opinions on the supremacy of the White race were also very well documented, yet he was definitely a Christian, but that did not somehow undo the other part. Jefferson Davis was similarly eulogized after his death number six, one thousand, eight hundred and eighty nine more than a hundred thousand mourners pay their respects, as his body lay in state in New Orleans Louisiana and then from there remains or taken by train to their final resting place in Richmond Virginia, and this train made stops along the way with the crowds honouring has passing by laying magnolia blossoms on the tracks and firing. There into the air at. Sometimes these crowds were so large. The train had to stop. They could be cleared away not, every former confederate figure was similarly treated, though

for example, after the war former Confederate General, William Hone became one of the leaders of the readjust our party in Virginia this part, was a coalition of black and white political leaders that dominated Virginia politics from eighteen, seventy nine to eighteen, eighty, three with many As members of the coalition being elected into state and federal office Mohunes present at confederate reunions had to be sort of explained away with organizer, stressing that everyone should remember his wartime service rather than guessing on his political career by Eighteen. Ninety a lost cause ideology was immensely popular in the south and it was gaining traction elsewhere. The magazine, confederate veteran, was launched in eighteen. Ninety three and by nineteen hundred it had more than twenty thousand subscribers, and it was by far the most popular and widely read journal in the south, the United Daughters of the confederacy was established in eighteen, ninety four

and was heavily involved in promoting the lost cause myth in eighteen. Ninety six that confirm or it museum, which was initially focused on a lost cause. Interpretation of the war was opened in Richmond Virginia story ends and commentators criticized the lost cause ideology throughout all of this. Their work of truth to it, such as that there were white women who had made huge sacrifices during the war and soldiers who had volunteered out of a sense of patriotic duty. But a lot of was just flatly false. Critics pointed that the lost cause narrative tried to erase all kinds of horrors, including the existence of the complex clan and the practice of lynching while also leaning on racist depictions of black people that allowed the clam and lynching to flourish black leader and their white allies, also noted that accepting the false tenets of the lost cause meant a ban.

Black Americans in the work of reconstruction and erasing the horrors and ongoing destructive legacy of slavery. abolitionists and other reformers called for the rejection of this entire narrative at this time, though, in a lot of the north and at the federal level, there was also this sense that accepting the lost cause narrative or at least not pushing back against it too hard might hope unify the nation and allow it to heal from the war. However, this purported unification, but the emotional healing of white people ahead of everyone else, particularly black Americans,. So, in terms of national politics, the northern states were complicit in allowing this fiction to stand for the sake of the union at the expense of some of the union's most marginalized citizens. I see this as it can innovation of all those earlier concessions and appeasement that go all the way back to the drafting of the constitution

and the last cause was still being reinforced well into the twentieth century and we're gonna get into that after a sponsor break a river tossed his shirt because it is staying you just gotta get out, no matter what yeah I mean, he has very few things: stain harder than cranberry sauce cranberry. Sauce really does some damage on your nice clothes, but you were for the holidays, but if that is a problem that you have had in your life during the holidays are really anytime. Icy, clean, versatile stain remover is the go to product for tough stains on laundry and almost me other surface in your arctic. Clean can save items that you thought were ruined in heading four, the trash, and it could also be added to every laundry load for extra stain fighting power. I and the person that gets food on every thing. So I

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Much of the national dialogue following the? U S, civil war had been about reunification and reconciliation and coming together, and eventually the included soldiers who have been on opposite sides of the war. Although there has been smaller events earlier on the first major civil war reunion involving soldiers from both sides was the monastic peace Juba in July of nineteen eleven. This happened at the start of a series of food the anniversary remembrances that would go on until nineteen fifteen about ten thousand people attended this event, including about three hundred confederate and about a hundred and twenty five United States veterans, a much larger event took place in nineteen thirteen, with more than fifty three thousand veterans assembling at gettysburg. This was a

of event, with states and the federal government providing funding for everything from getting veterans to Gettysburg too, feeding them and providing emergency medical care. While they were there, so, the veterans attending this were very elderly and there was there was brutally hot so that medical care was a vital part of the plan. I am even with that there were. There were people who died on the scene at the reunion because they were in their advanced years, and the weather was just punishing. and the thing with all this was reconciliation and healing, but again for white people at the expense of black people, who had been here by slavery in the war and their descendants, who were still being harmed by ongoing racism and violence and the words Washington, be, which is a newspaper with a predominantly black readership, based in Washington DC quote. The occasion is to be called a reunion, a reunion of whom only those who fought for the present

some of the union and the extinction of human slavery. Is it to be an assemblage of those who fought to destroy the union and purple to wait, slavery and who are now employing every artifice, an argument known to deceit and sofa Street to propagate a national sentiment in favour of their nefarious contention that emancipation, reconstruction and enfranchisement are does failures, some of the most visible remnants of the lost cause ideology came about during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. He came into prison one. Nineteen thirteen film, screaming at the White House, happen during his presidency. It was the film of a originally known as the clansmen, which included It's from one of Wilson's history books, a hissed. The american people will was a proponent of the lost cause and the Dunning school name for historian, William, a Dunning who interpreted construction is a failure

birth of a nation, embraced a lost cause ideology using racist depictions of black Americans to frame reconstruction as deeply damaging to white people. It is also it with a resurgence in the coup Klux clan, which is depicted in the film say this house from the horrors of reconstruction and by the time Wilson, in president. Reconstruction was long over and many the games and civil rights for black Americans that had been implemented during that time had already been lost. Wilson was the first southern president elected since reconstruction, and he continued trends of rolling back civil rights, including figure dating or allowing his cabinet to segregate a number of federal bureau and offices as well as the? U S navy. Will and ran for a second term as president on a platform that included keeping the United States Of world one but after he was Elect

he began preparing to go to war, including constructing new camps for training, newly recruited military personnel. This is when as military bases started to be named after confederate leaders. Even though those leaders fought against the: U S military during the civil war. So after the end of the civil war, the? U S, army had occupied eleven son states with troops being removed after the state had met with requirements to rejoin the union. The last of these troops were removed after the eighteen. Seventy six presidential election- that was one of the disputed elections that we nodded to. You at the start of the show the candidates in this election were Democrat, Samuel, Tilden and Republican Rutherford behave Tilden had won the popular vote, but didn't have enough votes to be declared the winner and the electoral college, and then the electoral college votes from three states word disputed

result was the compromise of eighteen. Seventy seven haze would become president. and in exchange, among other concessions, he agreed to place a d, grant in his cabinet and to withdraw the federal troops it we're still occupying part of the south Is generally seen as the end of reconstruction and for decades there wasn't a large military presence in the south because, legacy of reconstruction. The idea of sending troops to the south had become some of a taboo but less than forty years later, the expansion of the military in preparation for world, where one meant that camp had to be built in the south, We needed a lot of camps. We had to put them somewhere so as part of the effort to make these encampments more palatable in the places where they were being built we're name for formal confederate generals and other confederate military figures, including camps name for Robert E Lee and Pierre G. T Beauregard

which, along with others, were built in nineteen. Seventeen encampments name for General Braxton Brag General Henry Louis Bening followed and nineteen eighteen, it really became a standard practice were new encampments and forts built in the south to be named after confederate military leaders, Even though again, please the enemy of the: U S: army during the civil war, as these is were being built. Another trick was developing that every statute to honour confederate soldiers, many of which were arranged and funded by the EU daughter said the confederacy although, as we said earlier, some memorials were built just after the civil war, there, really started to grow after about eighteen. Ninety with the first surgeon statues, peeking between nineteen in nineteen thirty, as we ve talked about

in our previous episodes on the Harlem Hell fighters and red summer, there was an intense backlash against the great migration of black Americans to more northern states and against black Americans can see for equal rights newly erected, statues were part of that backlash by the White Majority and another smaller surge in their installations happened during civil rights, movement of the nineteen fifties and nineteen sixties, and they are some part. reminder of who is in charge here and part ongoing whitewashing of the civil war. Although some cities could afford to hide a professional sculptor to create the monument alive. These were mass produced and ordered through the male one, major Supplier was monumental Brahms Company of Bridgeport Connecticut, whose U S and confederate soldiers statues, were almost identical.

For whether they had a? U S or a c s on the belt buckle mean Now. One of the most widely popular pieces of lost cause fiction came into print and then to the screen gone with. The wind the witch debuted in nineteen, thirty nine and was based on the novel by Margaret Mitchell. That came out three years earlier. So as we you have alluded to, we still think glimpses of the city, but in the First world war, two era more historian started returning to the subject of the civil war and the lost cause which, by this point, had made its way into history, textbooks all over the country, historical sites and music, comes also started, reexamining their collections and their missions after the war, as these institutions started trying to more accurately represent the war and its repercussions says really. an ongoing

Many here effort the Museum of the confederacy, which we mentioned earlier merged with the American Civil WAR Centre and twenty thirteen to form the American Civil WAR Museum. The museum it tries to give a more honest, look at the civil war, but you can still Glimpses of the lost cause narrative all over the place, and this decade long failure to honestly reckon with the civil war has done so much damage. pulls about how many Americans no or don't know that the civil war was about slavery by regular occurrence, but it's not just their people know a particular fact about history, the law, Cause ideology contributed to racist violence and discrimination all over the United States and, as we have already mentioned, it put the emotional healing of the idea of the nation and of white people in the south, ahead of justice for formerly enslaved people and their descendants. So this is

a great example about how this kind of false narrative is not just about whether people know a particular intangible truth. so has real and ongoing consequences that we still feel today that we still see them and our inbox it was thanks to episode from time to time. I have gotten in arguments with friends, about that whole states rates, business, yeah and I'm like to own slaves said I can't tell you There's a weird to me. I will say this weird romanticism of that is

seems to me because I dont as much as I love history. I dont tender romanticize it in that way. You don't. I mean like it's not part of my cultural identity, that I am from lines of this or that, and I you know, I don't have that investments. So it's a little hard, sometimes for me to understand the attachment to it tat I am pretty sure like. I have not let that every single person in the entire family tree, but pretty sure on Both sides of my family and eighteen sixties, every one in the family tree was living North Carolina. There are definitely people my family tree, indirect ancestors of mine, who served for the confederacy unlike I totally understand. As I said earlier, that lake people, I want to imagine bad things about their ancestors rate, but,

me, regardless of any of those individual people's reasons for serving they were still serving as part of a group of states that had established them of as a slave nation in an army That was fighting a war to extend and protect slavery, like whatever your personal reasons for that that, still aside, that you were on yeah Well, it's one of those things. I don't know if it will help people reconcile it right that the new on of the individual versus the individual's part in a larger group, how much they influenced by what they grew up with and how that is, probably, you know had probably warped their perception of right and wrong particularly in regard to this issue. I mean it still, as you said it comes down to. That is the side you were on me. I don't and so little it's it's hard for people to to accept. Even now

and I dont know the way through that. think there are a lot of groups doing a lot of good effort in some of the stuff we talk about right there at the end of like trying to really take an honest look at things in an reckon with. It is a big part of that, but yeah, it's a weird. It's a weird thing there's a lot of psychology to it to be unravelled, that you- and I were talking about totally different earlier this week, and I was saying how a lot of times when we look at things, we have to sort of hold multiple contradictory truth about things in our heads at the same time- and I think that's the case for a lot of folks here yet in its it's difficult but doable and important, to add some important skill to learn to be able to see multiple facets. Fish are not always comfortable right. I mean it's

If what we are working on all the time right, like no one person is simple and easily some aided, they all had problems. We all do yeah they're, all humans and fallible. So before I read listener mail, I just want to shout out to all of the people. all that have set really really lovely emails after our episodes on Vivian, Thomas and Helen? Tells it yeah? I did this episodes in part, because I'd I'd just needed an episode about giving babies. We have talked before about how a lot of times, although I have a point in working on Sir, like time to save some babies, so I kind of four that every time we do that, we then hear from people who either they were saved or their babies were saved, and I just I kind of I forgot about that pattern. so anyway, we got a ton of really lie.

Lovely emails from heart, moms and other parents, and then p who were born with a congenital heart. Can you had one of these procedures or who had other relatives who affected and whose lives were saved or extended. Thanks to surgeries that were pioneered by by Thomas Intelligent Blaylock. So I I need to send. Thank you noticed and replies, always folks, I think still so thank you so much to Jan Kelsey, Kyle Timmy, Sarah Saki, a different Sarah and Nepal, Jen also asked us to remember. Her aunt, Barbara, Linda, who died from a congenital heart condition, is a baby in the 1950s. Thank you so much everybody who is sent all those email. What if I had, I had a hard time figuring out, which of them to read, and so I just wanted to thank everyone for sending them, and then I'm going to read an episode on

related topic, but slightly different because about the listener mail that was on our Vivian Thomas episode. This is from carry and carry says. I have a possible solution to what your listener shot. I was referring to you at the end of your own. Levin eighteen, twenty twenty episode on Vivian Thomas concerning how she had heard of he bade her babies, but couldn't find anything in your archive and your fortune. Indian school basketball champions part two podcast from eleven fifteen twenty seventeen you gave. It is ten of the Saint Louis Worlds, fair in which you mentioned that babies and incubators were on display their in response route to you on eleven slash, twenty nine, two thousand and seventeen with information from an article I had written about the incubator, baby custody case that made national news on and off for ten years, beginning of one thousand nine hundred and four, you read my email, the bureau, twelve eleven twenty seventeen podcast, perhaps your reference to the Saint Louis, fair and my email, or at least part of what China remembered. In addition, you had

They can only refer to me as she I wrote to you on one thousand, two hundred and twelve, two thousand and seventeen pointing this out. You wrote back and apologized, but the show's production already wrapped until MID January, and you were not able to make a public action. Anyway, I thought that's my help clear things up, keep up the good work, Mr Care, I'll leave out the last name for privacy. I, let's talk about mistakes. I made three years oh and still remember, That is exactly what happened. We had gotten this email may carry immediately after we did our last recording session for twenty seventeen because of the way, our time off. Schedule whisper and then immediately after I came back from being away you Hollywood and to be away recording drawn, and so we had something like a month of epoch. It's already in the can- and we were not gonna- be in studio again for three or four weeks- and I was very embarrassed.

very bad about it and also like. I don't know how to fix this. So I'm glad carry that you sent this email carrying out even noted that he was amiss. In the email that you're richly centimetres are reluctant. So I am sorry for that. I am sorry that three years ago I did not find a way to publicly correct that. Thank you again for sending this note. We have done a few hypotheses about what folks might be wrong, bring some of them are related to different podcast, and some of them are related. that we're on the radio or television periods not really sure. If you would like to write to us about this or any other podcast write history pot gas that I hurt, radio

Come were also Oliver Social Media, Mr History, and that's where you find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show on the I hurt radio app and apple plot gas than anywhere else. You get your broadcast stuff. You missed in history class. I heard radio for more planned for my heart. Radio busy by her radio have added mankind's or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. This episode is brought you buy Clorox. So one of the things that I've been doing in pandemic is one of my best friends and I we occasionally needed to borrow things back and forth or loan things, and so one of us will occasionally go stand outside the other ones house, while the other stabs inside and we drop the thing in the driveway, and sometimes we have a little chat, but going out into the world means that I know that I'm tracking germs into the house when I come Home- and I wanna worry about. What's on the bottom, my shoes- I just wanna, enjoy my time in the house, so I did

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