The all numeracy extorted. Would you need to know? Ok, let's start off Roquat class leading standard horsepower; ok, not in the horses or power. How about this? The exterior design? That makes it look like its emotion. This thing was quite literally handcrafted hand, moulded to give it the shape and style that you see on the street and in interior that his crafty within essentials approach, basically trying to give you fewer distraction. So you know you can on the real power which is the driving. So look. If you want more information on Mars to end the new First ever see Ex Thirty go to Mazda, Complex, Iheart or better yet see the entire Mazda vehicle lineup at your local mobility. Like today, will continue stuff. You missed in history class from Housetop works, tat come along when one hot gas, but how we try and I'm crazy with Tracy we're going to keep talking about

you're Mackay today about which excited. I know you are we're going to finish up this talk about the life of this artist and animator, and if you haven't listen to the first part of this, I really, suggest you go back and do that because otherwise, you won't know about Windsor childhood and how he is drawn to art, despite his family's hopes that he would find a more stable career and how he got into newspapers and raining comics. In the first place in nineteen o, five Mackay created his most popular strip, a little memo in slumber land, which they viewed on October. Fifth of that year, and this strip builds on some of the ideas that Windsor Mackay had played with his earlier strips Nemo was Young boy, Hughes dreams were depicted in the strap and a lot of times they were so. Real and bizarre, and there wasn't really a cohesive plot. The strips they were more about the exploration and the visuals yeah He basically was kind of lured into this. This mystical world,

slumber land by various characters, and it's too so spectacularly beautiful, often is drawn in a rich art, nouveau style, and these troops were huge hits so much so that Mackay became a celebrity in the comics were translated into seven languages and almost instantly from that first appearance. Readers were in Thrall with me adventures as the strip went on the world of Slumberland expanded and it became more and more detailed. It was like an altered universe that readers were allowed to explore, under my case guidance because of the nature of the problem for a little memo, these strips were really imaginative. So, for example, at one point for a brief run of a strip

Nemo visited Mars and found it loaded with pollution, and just an over saturation of industry Nemo later found himself in part of slumber land that was populated by copies of himself yeah. That Mars, section is sometimes pointed to is almost prescient because it really does kind of look a lot like what late twentieth century cities look like in terms of being kind of obsessed with, maybe not always the right things, and it really is kind of a take down of greed in corporate entities gaining too much power and in nineteen o six

he's clear, took up another facet, so the focus was still his drawings. A memo is still doing gangbusters, but he also started creating drawings in front a vaudeville audiences as a form of performance. You recall from our first episode he had first sort of performed unofficially for people when he was creating these large billboards and signs, because you just so fabulous to watch work. But at this point it became a more structured act and Mackay was not only incredibly skilled as an artist, but he was also so fast. So he was one of a number of artists who did an act like this on? bill stage in acts that were called lightning sketches or chalk talks, and this undoubtedly drew on the work under his mentor that we also talked about in the first part of this punk ass. We, who was John Citizen, is you recall he perfected, drawing on blackboards very quickly when he was studying with him,

my cave. Initial reactions are being offered a regular performance time at the theater was that he quote: sighed deeply and shuddered faintly at the idea of being paid several hundred dollars, viewing He and the theatre owner advertised as appearances, in contrast to other similar acts, which usually featured the artist talking about their work. While they were trying, but Mackenzie played. Try, he wasn't going to talk. He let the work be the focus and in press interviews before his first appearance. He played up how frightened he was. To work just on his own, with no editor to guide him. This was it made up. Mackay was nervous on the first day of his vaudeville career. According to his diary entry from the day Debbie,

He feels he was working on. The same bill gave him a swig of scotch backstage, try to steady his nerves, but really he just needed to start drawing to stop being nervous. He later wrote quote once I felt the shock in my hand, but tension eaves and after I had made the first mark upon the bored. I was well at ease yeah. He wasn't really nervous about the drawing part it. It was just about being in front of people and he There really scared to not have an editor, because he was very confident that part was kind of play that, but I think even it was a little surprised at how nervous he became when it was actually time to be standing backstage and wait for the man made. A start He was also a really heavy smoker and he mentions in that same

diary entry that what he really wanted was to just start chain smoking. But there is a sign in the dressing room said no smoking allowed, so Adobe Seafield showed up and offered him a little nip. It was sort of huge bit of good fortune. I suppose the first part of his act was called seven ages of man, and this is really fascinating because he would start it by drawing to infants. One was a boy, and one was a girl and then he ate them by adding to the drawings he never raised, but he just used existing lines as the basis for entirely new features, and this was really fascinating to watch this transition take place. He also withdraw popular characters from his strips and the whole show got just wave reviews his bookings increased and he found himself more taxed than ever in terms of his time, because you,

still producing his comics while he was on the road memo, was so popular that it was options early on for a musical adaptation. Several playwrights attempted to adapt, Mackay Surreal work and they didn't succeed. It wasn't until mid one thousand nine hundred and seven that the effort really got. The momentum was mounted by producers, Marcus Claw and a l, air lounger, and it was an expensive spectacle, laden piece that focused on the viz all right script. The play ran in New York for fifteen weeks, and then it went onto tour for two seasons: Windsor Son Robert on whom the character of Nemo was modeled would dressed up as the character and would offer fans a chance. See Nemo in the lobby of the theatre. Yet this point Sir Mackay, has so many successful things going on at once, and this was by most accounts are really successful. Show

it's sold out regularly. It got incredibly good reviews everywhere it went, but it was a money pit. It cost so much to stage because they really focused on creating surreal sets and costumes. That would veto accurately carry sense from the comics onto the stage that there was just no way this show could be profitable throughout its role no Mackay would arrange, as often as he could to book his own vaudeville act at theatres nearby to each of the venues where the play was being staged, so he was simultaneously giving these lightning, talks on vaudeville touring went the play, and sometimes you know, overseeing his son being kind actor in the theatre in the lobby and then keeping up his comics work and he was making really nice living, but obviously this was burning the candle at both ends. I feel like it's got additional. It's got more than two ends at this point. I hate me It's like the ends and the middle and may be. Could we just rapid weak around it

That, too, though, wasn't even without this, going on before Mackay also ventured into animation. His first film little Nemo was. Pleaded in nineteen eleven. It's ten minutes, long Remember our lot awry Nigger episode. We mentioned that she was making animation and the twenties ten minutes seem really long for a cartoon. Bouquets film is really less than two minutes of actual animation. The majority of it is the lead up story of him telling us brands is going to make moving drawings and then them mocking him in disbelief. The opening card on the film Red Windsor Mackay, the famous cartoonist for the New York Herald and his moving comics, the first artists to attempt drawing pictures that will move produced by the Vita Graph Company of America and the film opens, as we said, with Mackay telling his friends he's going to draw moving pictures and they are completely incorrect,

set this idea, so he walks over to a page, that's mounted on a wall and he draws the static image of three characters, and then he pulls that paper off and rolls it up, and then he draws another character and he pulls up page off and shut up and all the while his friends are kind of chuckling to each other, and he promises them. That he's going to make one thousand drawings and a month that will move, and then the film cuts to delivery men bringing him a massive amount of paper and other supplies to do just that. The last two minutes are where we see has to class punish figures, a little memo dancing, And then memo draws a beautiful lady who comes to life and the pair of them are I'd away in the mouth of an alligator, even by today's standards, the animated segment as smooth and impressive. It really is, it's quite beautiful.

That I can't say enough about it. I'm always sort of awe struck when I think about how early on and animation that was and we're gonna talk a little bit more about me. Most transition from comic Strip to innovation, but first we're gonna pause for a little sponsor break. Burma is the newest resort destination in the Bahamas, comprises three luxurious front, hotels, green high as the in rosewood the resort over looks sparkling turquoise wanted, and- It sounds of cable beach, it's just a short flight from the: U S in a fifteen minute derived from the airport, making it in credibly easy getaway any time of year. There's something everyone at by Hamas. Eleven gorgeous landscape, pools and miles of caribbean beachfront offer endless, relaxation guess can play Blue Baja, Moors, Jack, Nicholas Design Golf or on nine prestige, tennis court.

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There were, of course, other artists that we're making animation in the: U S at this time, one of them John Stewart, Black them, who also did vaudeville lightning sketches and was a little ahead of Mackay in terms of starting to draw motion, pictures oversaw the photography on my case little memo short. But what made me case animation unique was that it took characters that were already really popular and then committed them to the new media. So it basically started a new avenue of exploration and revenue for cartoonist in nineteen, eleven Mackay moved papers. Once again, he was hired away from the New York world by William Randolph Hearst ME, moved with Mackay, although the strip took on a new name in the land of wonderful dreams that appeared in

New York American and ran for three years there. Yet his other cartoons moved over as well and in fact the hearse publications ram drawing by Mackay kind of announcing this move, where all of his characters were kind of delighted and happy that they were moving to a new home that turned out to be not really how things played out, but in nineteen twelve he made a second animated short, and that was a film called how Speedo operates at this cartoon. We the audience, see a large mosquito busily going about his job, that job being biting humans and the mosquito systematically goes after a sleeping man diligent despite getting swept out repeatedly

the mosquito, is so good at his job. It becomes massively swollen with blood so much so that it has difficulty flying there's a point where the mosquitoes body is so swollen. It's almost the size of a man's head and it finally exerts itself so much in trying to fly that it explodes waking, the sleeping human victim to a shower of bug, bits baths horrifying and disgusting and sort of is, but it's also really engrossing and what's really interesting, is the characterisation of the personality that the mosquito has something we take forward: hunted and modern animation, but it was really novel in nineteen twelve to give a mosquito a personality. Yet most of the things you being animated were humans, even if

very stylized. So this is kind of the first time that someone was like. I think this. This mosquito can be a character and not just a thing, but the project with which Mckay is perhaps most famous for to this day, at least among anybody who follows animation, was created for one thousand nine hundred and thirteen to nineteen fourteen, and that was Gertie. The dinosaur journey was important as an animated character in a number of ways, so one She was the first character that Mackay created specifically for animation rather than him, using an existing comic that he had already drawn and adapting it to a motion picture and second Gerda was a massive feat of artistry Mackay, who was working with an assistant named John H, Fitzsimons through every single frame of the Gurney animation by hand, thousands and thousands of drawings

and this is the time before, the idea of separating layers of animations into the background in the cells for the moving characters existed. So every frame was a full version of the scene with all the background objects there. And gurdy moving among those objects. The background for good You are also more complex than his previous efforts will be animation had virtually no background elements that was just the characters on a white page them ski no animation has some backgrounds, but their pre uncomplicated. They consist mostly of lines used to suggest the walls of a room but gurdy strolled along mountain paths that had rocks and other details. Yet there are trees. There's a water feature is the whole thing going on there and throughout the production of this ambitious work, Mackay was still doing his at a total cartoons and his voice.

Bill ACT, he basically never stopped working, but the also had no regular schedule whatsoever. So he, the blaze through a bunch of dirty drawings and then hand them off to his assistant fitzsimons, to trace the backgrounds in from a master version then he would be busy on the road doing his act and not come back to gurdy for a week or more to make gurdy as efficiently as possible. Despite the heavy workload required Mackay pioneered a number of practices that have become animation standards. One was right using the drawings. So once he had timed out exactly how many images he needed to make gurdy breathe in four four seconds and out for two, he drew all of them was frames, but they re photographed the same drawings for more than a dozen cycles that you see gurdy lying on her side breathing continually. Yet he has a great store

about how he was time, a train of time, his own breath and kept being a problem until he found himself in front of a clock that had a really unique and easy to follow, if that was like a matter nome and then just as you, talked about in the latter right episode. Once he had that timing, he calculated by how many frames per second in the film would run out and that's how he got the number of frames that he needed to make, and he also invented the concept which came to be known as key framing, so he identified key poses that the character would hit, and then he broke the workload down into the sections between one key posts in the next. And drawing those connectors between the two came to be known as in between, and this is our way to manage the project and keep the story focused and it also kind of combat it. Just growing very tired of the work begun, It would ok no working on this section. Now I can move over to this Action now in this action now

but other really interesting thing about Gerda use how she was presented to audiences. Unlike previous animated shorts, gurdy didn't appear on her own while she was shown on the vaudeville screen. Windsor Mackay was her live action, Co Star, so he appeared on stage as goodies trainer carrying a bull whip. He spoke to her on the screen and she would respond at one point in the act. He tossed courteous, snack in the form of an apple and then the on screen dinosaur would catch the apple delightedly it's so charming, it's just so charming, and it's one of those things that to me. I think someone did this in the modern era, people would be wound and, like all business, so creative, an interesting him. It's like this has been going on since the knife into its Windsor Mackay was way ahead of the rest of us. While Windsor ACT with gurdy was a huge hit, they literally became international stars. He did not repeat this act,

of veto, creating and animation that he then went out as an actor in interacted with he turned back to editorial cartoons, which he was still doing as an employee of William Randolph Hearst, and it turned out that Hearst was not super happy about the fact that Windsor Mackay had his hands in so many pies outside his job at Hearst Publishing. In his mind, he had hired a faint cartoonist and what he had gotten was a busy vaudevillian who is phoning in his editorial work. Mackay was forced to sign an agreement eventually that he would only take vaudeville bookings in New York so that he could always be available to his boss. Eventually, there was a second version of the gurdy cartoon, MRS One, that can play on its own outside of New York. It starts with an exterior shot of the Museum of Natural history in New York.

De the entered Hidell card, announces that the famous Windsor Mackay is on a joy ride with Roy Mccartin quote and others and the car there and get the flat and for the museum, so they decide to go inside while that flat is fixed and after they all are observing a dinosaur. Skeleton Mackay bets one of his friends and the stakes in this bet are a dinner for the whole group

can bring that dinosaur to life with drawings and the case process is depicted dramatically. The similar you may recall to his previous work and at one point my case friend, comes to visit him in his studio to check on the progress and Windsor dispatches his assistant, who was played by his son to get the drawings from the folded apartment where there being photographed. But the young man is carrying a huge stack and, as he enters Mc Case Office, he drops them and pages fly everywhere. And at this point the friends that Mackay is made. The bet with seems completely incredulous that that Windsor Mackay will ever be able to pull off this boast. And the next scene is the big dinner where Mackay will succeed or fail in his bed, because that is when he is expected to show the moving dinosaur and he initially just draw a picture of dirty for the assembled friends who remind him that it has done

move for him to win the bet. That's when the Gerda cartoon begins. Mackay asked Sir to come out from our cave and the dinosaur shyly emerges. The cartoon plays out with Mikhail Directions Ass, her trainer appearing in the inner title cards. Needless to say, Hey Windsor won the bet the film wraps up with his friend paying for everyone's dinner. I obviously love the gritty cartoon and, while Mckay was at this point, really successful and quite wealthy from all of his artistic endeavors, his life started to have some challenges after the massive success of Gertie and we're going to talk about some of those challenge. After we take a quick break forward from a sponsor miles and Jack framework, we recorded a pike has together in the Maldives

the Ex thirty ass. You might remember how I've deadly remember. I want to take this opportunity just straight for in a straightforward way, talk to people about what the miles to see us thirty looks like ok looks like it's constantly in motion. It has beautiful design water built when you mean like it's got its making In a way I need away like the interplay of light and shadow in the body. It does create a bit of a wave. The thing that I, like look is being some of whose japanese I like the attention to detail and that's what's going on, especially in the interior of the car, it's got like half leakage Sheikh have utility. I'm on the go anywhere any time any who anyhow it also with Maza connects you Craig have wifi, you could do remote engine start, stop seeing dont on your ring, is wonderful and plus I've been in the thing, and I was better corners and shut out the for letting that happened. So if you are

information on Malta and the first ever six thirty had over two Maza USA, dot com, says I heart or better yet go check it out in person at a local area Masilo. Today lackeys work as a newspaper cartoonist evolve over the next several years and is dreamy fan as scenarios were slowly supplanted by political commentary unless made his cartooning career, something of a complete circle, since his early work in cartoons for periodicals had consisted largely of political material. This is actually interesting in that it's one of those things. People point you can go. No one actually knows what Windsor MC case. Political opinions were because he would always to say I am drawing what my editors tell me too. He now other than a time when some of the more pacifist articles or pacifist images were being published, and people started to think that Hearst

and Mackay, and anyone associated with it was somehow pro german and he wrote a letter speaking out against. That was like no, of course, were not other than that. He read we never let on where he stood on most of the subjects, even though he had drawn cartoons that kind of indicated he may have felt one way or the other. But all of this transition to more politics and less of the fantasy cartoons was also part of Hearst for to control Mackay, he kept reining in the artist opportunities to create new strips by way of signing more and more editorial pieces. The nineteen teams continued to bring challenges into the life, drifters tried to extort Money from him claiming that they will reveal that his wife Maud had had an extramarital affair. She hadn't had an affair and the truth eventually came out in court and then, a few months later, Mikhail Father Robert by this, was like one of those phases of live where he just got hit by hassle.

After hassle and then heartbreak and William Randolph, Hearst, open and animation studio in nineteen. Sixteen, with Mackay listed as one of the creators he would be turning his popular characters into films there. This seemed like it might be an uptake in the whole situation and that Mackay might have a new outlet. But in fact this was a terrace fit. Winders approach to innovation was really not compatible with the factory style production that Hearst wanted and the other studios were already starting to do. Instead, Mackay finally made another animated sort with a very different style release and nineteen eighteen The sun was the thinking of the Lusitania man too, as we may suspect, it was not a funny our turn. It was an eight minute, animated account of the ship being struck by torpedoes, launched from a German you boat and going down claiming almost twelve hundred lives before King of the Lusitania use fell animations though, unlike the gurdy cartoons faction of the scene was painted onto clear celluloid,

aids and then overlaid onto the background which streamlined the animation process yeah as a little historical side. Note at One point: it was believed that the U boat had launched two torpedoes against the Lusitania. And then later analysis was like. No, it actually got hit once and then the second explosion was from something inside the Lusitania exploding, which has come up with people. Talk about this cartoon being not accurate, but at the time he made it, it was believed that it was too torpedoes and the sinking of the Lusitania was a passion project for Mackay. It took two years to make any paid for the production entirely out of his own pocket. It was one of his few remaining outlets away from his work, because Hearst at that point had managed to cut off my case vaudeville performances by upping his pay to a matching rate and adding a clause to his contract that he couldn't moonlight as a vaudeville performer any longer

cake clung to animation as one remaining non hearst controlled, creative outlet. He made several more animated shorts, including three that were based on his dreams of the rare but being strip. These were the flying house, the pet and bug vaudeville. He also made the centres featuring featuring to Centaurus falling in love. There was also flips circus about a circus owner in his various tricks and the MID summers nightmare, but just as her TED managed to block Mckay's other interests. Animation too, was eventually cut off. Hearst realised that Mackay was spending far more time on his side projects than his newspaper duties. He felt that Windsor Mackay was turning ends. Power, work, and there were, however, number a vaudeville appearances. The hearse did agree to allow his employer to book. It's unclear how they came to this arrangement or agreement, because there was sort of this weird their relationship. It looks so

healthy and toxic when you're reading about it, because it is a lot about control and billion in sometimes we agree on things and then everything turns around and falls apart. It really see that they never were in agreement about exactly what their relationship was, because Hearst seem to feel that he more or less owned his employees. He thought that Mackay should be on call for him at all times, and Mackay saw his job as just that It was a way to make money while he was pursuing other interests, and in his busiest periods or he was juggling multiple careers at once. Whizzer Mackay never missed a deadline. On my case, contract with Hearst ended in nineteen twenty four. He left me went by. Directions to the New York Herald and revive little Nemo. For another brief run there. He thought he would once again rule of the Premier comics artist, but his relaunch of Nemo just didn't have the same, enthusiastic audience that the Strip had used to head previous

enjoyed just three years later after much wooing on the part of the papers leadership. He was back at Hearst's, New York american amounts. Year, which was nineteen twenty seven. He, that a minor scandal when he was addressing a group of artists at a dinner that was held in his honor, he first started speaking about his split system, key framing and in between and other technical aspects of animation, but to the assembled crowd. That had become pretty common knowledge and they were not especially engaged. And, finally, a very frustrated and irritated Mackay shifted the tone of his speech and he said abruptly animation should be an art. That's how I conceived it, but, as I see what you fellows have done with it, is making it into a trade not in art, but a trade, bad luck, and that was the end of his speech. Mackay continued to be at all

odds with his job at Hearst, when the Americans, tobacco company offered the cartoonists a sum of money larger than his annual salary to take its side, project, drawing advertisements and nineteen, twenty nine Mikhail editor blocked the deal the owner of the tobacco company threatened. So withdraw all advertising from Hearst magazines of he couldn't have Mackay for the job and then Mackay was granted permission to take us offer he got permission in writing to protect himself year, the verbal Agreements of oh, I guess you can do it was not enough. He was like. I do not trust you, people anymore. You need to put this down on paper. There's a dangerous thing, anecdote that comes up in nineteen thirty two, which was when Mackay was called on once again as a journalist for kind of the last time, William Randolph Hearst son, William Randolph Hearse Junior, so junior needed someone to travel with him to cover the kidnapping of the Limburg baby. Charles Augustus, Limburg, junior ass

an alleged eighty. Five mile per hour, car ride, hearse Junior and Mackay arrived at the scene ahead of any other reporters. It was apparently two hours after it had been reported to the police and they started interviewing police on the scene. They had access that later. Journalists did not has simply because they got there first before anyone thought till a close everything off The sketched out images of the scene, including the latter that had been used to reach the child's bedroom from the exterior of the house and the story including Windsor's art was so sensational and popular that the New York American started running stories on kidnapping and homicide as often as possible to keep readership engaged on July 26th, one thousand nine hundred and thirty four Mckay. He was at home at the time, called out the mod from her bedroom door that his head hurt and then he collapsed, but he realized that his right arm, which was his drawing arm

paralyzed? He was terrified and soon he lost consciousness. He fell into a coma and dived several hours later. Having had a massive stroke while Windsor Mackay is certainly talked about with reverence by people who love or have studied, animation he's not exist, We are household name today, but his legacy lives on in virtually all innovation. If you ve ever been to Disney Hollywood stewed it was in Walt Disney world. You may have noticed that there is a giant dinosaur by the man made lake in the park and I have often heard people. What I'm there go. I don't understand what this dinosaurs doing here, because it's not from a Disney movie. It is, in fact a nod to gurdy while TAT, about Windsor in Gurdy on an episode of the nineteen. Fifty five tv, so Disneyland Walt Disney said, quote: Windsor, Mikhail Gurdy and other ants

Asia. Novelties stimulated a great public interest and created a demand for this new medium. This, in turn encouraged other pioneers to creative efforts that in time lead to the establishment of the animated cartoon as an industry,

clearly love, Windsor, Mackay, even others, part of me the things he might have been a pill to actually no. I have to postcards today because in trying to get a little bit caught up on the many awesome postcards that we get here. The first one is from Christina and she sent us a postcard from the nineteen. Sixteen rising it's a picture of Sackville Street in Dublin in the aftermath, and it is the sort of terrifying image but historically very cool, and she writes dear history, Ladys, I'm sending you this postcard as a thank you for the hours of enlightening and educational audio entertainment. You have provided me. I've especially enjoyed being able to listen to the Ireland, seemed episodes as I've been exploring this incredible country. For the past few months, I visited the GPA Dublin Castle and then she list the places that she has visited the end, how they are all steeped in history, all the best Christina Christine. I hope your

levels have been delightful. Thank you so much for thinking of us and sending us a postcard, it's lovely. The air is also from some travellers. It is from Allison Jesse and they re all Ali and Tracy were huge fans of upon cast. In fact, you have been our two bonus travel buddies throughout Cuba. They tell us about the cities that they visited and then they said we thought it was only fair for us to send you a postcard and let you know how much we ve enjoyed your company. They cps. We tried to find a unique postcard for you. This one is from Acumen film and it's very stylized and cool and has a little bit of an animated style. I don't know if this is an animated film. I don't know this phone, but now I'm going to look it up because it looks fabulous as buy bitters on a Havana

so if it is vampires- and it appears to be, one of them is at least possibly both in its this stylized animation. I love it. Ah, like settlement. Look it up costs. Lord knows a loving metion feel like you're right you as you could do so at history, Pike Ass to house towards dot com. You can also find us across the spectrum of social media. As Mr History, Emmett missed in history dot com. If you would like to learn a little bit more specifically about dirty and the little about Windsor Mackay, you can actually should check out my other biogas drawn, which is about the history of innovation. The second episode in the series goes into some more depth about. I gurdy was really landmark moment in animation. History in its are really fun talk. We have some great innovation historians on that episode. If you would like them to visit us, as we said at missed in history, dot com, where our entire archive lives, as well as show notes for any of the episodes Tracy and I have worked on. So we can't wait to see you and missed in history that com

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