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hey, unwelcome in Pakistan, Josh Clerk in their trials, they reach a bright, and that makes the stuff you should know. Did you hear me, dogs for vascular system, yet so did the Pyrenees nowhere Yan? Actually Sean Kansas was the first to Heaven knows about a month ago, and a lot of people get upset casual.

We shouldn't you now be paying for this millionaire multimillionaire son to go to college. I should see that, but it was all explained, sports Gus came out and really defendant said it's not you paying for it. It's athletic scholarships that are earned by athletes and it's their peoples are embraced. Her cloak well, probably put it. It was like. Basically, it's not like some kid is missing out an education, because PETE Eddie Son earn a football scholarship. Ok, he should be treated the same associates and it doesnt work. Was there an outcry about new thugs on noise? Much cause he's the g, see right, no one likes Bobby a girl. I understand things like a nice enough guy, whose friendship piggy small I was in his house once it everything you know. I had

I was working on a music video with him and I had to deliver as appear something to his home in Beverly Hills and I went to the door and I rang the doorbell in some really large guy and a warm up suit and lack of Congo hat invited me in and took my thing and then escorted meal cells likened the little for yea and it was like, what's a white marble and made it look, it could have been like the king of France living there smart, I Nokia physical fountains Siroc, Martin Hook. It was really like pretty plus. Of course, you know is rich by took The thing that legal you talking about everything above the border area. It was, it was like a video cassettes, further she's or something like that. I wouldn't be delivering an illegal. I didn't know if he did some the illegal to you. By taking your thing, it was on the up and up get going chuck anyway. I have an innocent himself. Yet, although it did seem one night in Atlanta, you did you. I can't tell a story that our really

for their part. Time doesn't! Ah yes to believe what a weird start for this

yet it is a little work, especially since retirement space. Elevated has nothing to do with it. This is not like we're talking about. Like peace, conquered George Clayton, I know there are even Bill Clinton, although that George Clinton could build a space elevator in his mind, he has many times Chuck five get. I've got something I really like a real injure here. It seems Kenneth, stupid now, matured, oil, ok, I'm five, fifty seven, a m on July, twenty first, two thousand eleven about a year ago, something big ended something that really helped with our childhood. Like really was an icon of our childhood, I'm not gonna, let you guess. The space shuttle Course Programme ended near it started in nineteen eighty one and it went all the way to two thousand eleven get very great year. She had a good run. Yeah agenda

more than a hundred missions. Hundred thirty five in actually theirs is awesome thing I guess moto it. You can watch all the space shuttle lodges at once. Really it's like a hundred thirty five little tiles. On the screen alone. It's like starting from countdown to lift off, unlike its got everything. Well, they pride. I have them the one ill fated attempt there are two accidents, one of yet it's there. I think I found it and it just goes dark at about the time the challenger exploded era, but it was. This is a huge deal for our childhood, but is also you know, he'd still for space programme, because, they launched. The first shuttle, I think, was Colombia. It was the first time that anyone had ever shot a spacecraft into space and then brought it back intact. You re usable, huge yeah, wanna turn like capsule were like Larry, Hagman comes down, and so

into the sea gets out here, because the capsules when we use this is like we have an appropriately named special cases in their back. Basically exactly even like a plane, so it was a big deal when this happened in improved, like ok, we'll go to space and back using the same equipment. It brought costs down. Tremendous later, there's still pretty high end, then that the special programme ends in our basic Harvey Energy Space and back now, Obama did you think this through right and are above it didn't say it, but I'll bet he was thinking it when you can't skulking away after being shouted at basically closing NASA matter. He probably thought. Have you ever heard space elevated dummy each had said it s organ to talk about Josh, and I thought this was a thrilling article. He thought the article itself has thoroughly none in the end.

And said to his face all of it? Well, it is yet are suffers little me two thousand five, yet so outdated, but it's pretty cool I'm. So you mention the space shuttle even though the space shuttle took place over the span of what you say thirty years yet eighty one to two thousand and seven the price of getting the thing Darwin didn't change a whole lot, which was pretty remarkable yeah it state about ten thousand dollars per pound right. They originally predicted when they were working on the shuttle programme, for it started that it was good Be about fifty million emission yeah, it came to about five hundred million emission in every mission they spent half a billion dollars on the shuttle, the shuttle mission near and that ten thousand dollars per pound. Ninety percent of that as fuel. Yes, at the per pound of everything on their yeah. I think it's just like that kind of equation, so lighter astronaut would be cheaper.

I don't really symbolic, I think here and I think it's more like like if you, if you take the full weight of this this year and divided by the money spent. Yes, I get it so, in theory, a lighter astronaut will make a cheaper, but not really really, because I think they had those astronaut like weighed down at a gram exactly what they wanted and away they favour. Pallaby, like you need to excrete, because you're about to suit up go excrete yeah, you need a p six ounces right now, open a big, a great astronaut. Then there can be any man. Can you almost always? Ok, so I got something for you. Six ounces. There have you seen the little diagram of the solo cup you're the lines on a solo cup. Yes, there measurements the bottom line. Are there really is an out the top? Once you like liquor meet the Middle one five hours for wine,

I'm not kidding that the lowest top banned this report- Greece- is that's the sixteenth NOS twelve hours, forbear ha. I never knew that. That's ingenious! It is a little too that's like that. Like the amount of matches in a macbook is equal to the amount of cigarettes in a back I didn't know, we should talk about those things all day space earlier, Let's talk about space, elevated, alright, let's talk about it quickly, space, a waiter and what will get into the specifics here, but what it basically is. It's a a ribbon. A carbon Nana tube composite ribbon, anchored to a platform offshore way on the Pacific Ocean, and it has a counterweight way up in space. Sixty two thousand miles They basically would. That would be the elevator shaft and they would send stuff crawling. Up and down the ribbon.

Do outer space. Yes, have you seen somebody like a piano mover with the piano second story? Point that, except in space this privilege it? I dont like a comparison to the game of tether. While here I thought it was a terrible, terrible, announce, silver to skip it. Does it make much sense to me here? I think you, I think you said it like basically were or connecting a line between a platform in the ocean and satellite up in space yet and were putting something I can go up and down yet in the pestle thing. If we should stop the cool thing about this is Is it every single part of this is feasible right now to do, except for the one thing that they need to do it, which are the carbon nanotubes stick of sixty two thousand miles in the space? Yes, there are around right, but we can't make him long it right. There are some that I think he. I think that is a really good.

Like wheat. All of this just waiting yet- and I saw a little video that meet you, ok, cool or cuckoo, made about this explaining it. I saw it and he was saying, like everything's, been surmounted like now, it's all in the realm of physical possibility that just a few more breakthroughs in its all carbon narrative, which are, we talked about grafting before right, yeah, strongly substance known to man or humankind, attract its or one Adam thick layer of carbon. Incredibly strong, it's like a hundred times stronger than steel at about one fifth of the weight and carbon nanotubes is a layer Griffin rolled in due to yet like like chicken wire. Exactly like a soccer ball chicken Y yeah. It looked like if you spread out at length of chicken why enroll ETA Nana to yeah carbon and we say soccer ball, because the shape of the traditional soccer ball, not these crazy ones. Reason these days, I don't even recognizes the sack,

but the old school soccer ball, that shape is the same. The same shape, as is these carbon atoms. Russia is the key to its strength, in it, I've seen it described, is stiff but flexible, like steel guitar string. So it moves but is still super super strong even though it's just a few atoms across, they are too

million times as long as they are wide once you get the single in right, so like a guitar sharing, because these are nanotubes like their diameters like a few billionth of a meter, one billionth, thereby yeah, because Anna was a billion, a billionth, yes, which also it's worth it that's the point, and ultimately I saw that the sixty two thousand mile cable would be it could be ass, thin ass, a piece of serene rap yeah would still be strong enough to knots NASS. Her crazy, under its own weight, sixty two thousand miles. I there is no quality of material outside of this. The wooden to snap yeah, like a hair like pulling one of your hair,

and in half year this one well, but the problem is: is you don't make carbon narrative? You grow them. Yeah, there's really cool Nova video to on Youtube where it shows in the lab pulling a braided forest of carbon nanotubes. And he starts going it and see it all. Like coalesced together and he gets like ten feet away and then finally snaps here and then it is it's like smaller than a human hair dislike floats away almost okay. So that's that's longer than I have seen the record that I saw for seven metres in length. Yet while this was ah, I dont think I think it was stretching. I don't think it was the original gorgeously. Ok, so they d the carbon nanotubes grow and then, after the vets, though

record for centimetres, which is like a one point six inches at short, then it is not exactly two thousand miles more the bright exactly the problems with them not being able to figure out why it stops growing is scientists, don't know why it grows in the first place. Like that, they have no idea there. Just like. Oh this happens when you, when you do this right and they figured out that there are some things like hydrogen ass in certain amounts makes it grow longer. If you do too little too much hydrogen gas, it won't go at all sectors. There, there figuring this out, They still are really at a point where they're not didn't understand carbon now to get off their only officially discovered in ninety ninety one year, which is of a blip scientific community, but we're making headway and, like you said once the carbon anti take

Energy is able to be made in the things that are may be several metres long or they can figure out how to basically rapid smaller peace together in, like you know how you insulate wires with plastic year, something like that without the the alloy coming away there, then we will be able to make this space ribbon Thy Riven for the elevator space revenue, which essentially is gonna, be like there. They would break these things together, like a rope correct, yes, which would still be tiny, though you're. So ITALY there be, like you know, several metres in length, Braille, together or really short ones, braided together, but either way the night is gonna make one continuous sixty two thousand meters sixty two thousand mile strand. Yet the one thing I don't get, though, if it's a small

like it needs to be a certain size to have these litters attached to it. You know like it can be a human hair right like that. You look at your attached to that, where the gain traction with three other. Couldn't it couldn't be, his thin is passed a crap. Even though strength lies right could be. So that's one of the things are working on his broken it up. I guess so. Because you have to put the lift her on it, like you're saying so. The letter we all from now on everything like this all exist. We can make this today, you and I can make it right now. Well, let's get it in the space verse what what the ideas they would spoil the sing up once it created. They would shoot it into space with some kind of spacecraft once it's in space They would start lowering it back to the earth toward the platform out in the middle of the sea.

While it still going out into space right. It's that lowering the ribbon. Yes, so if this forward continued still gonna, it's gone into opposite direction. Scibili some kid walk in the dog and eventually it gets lowered and there's a dude standing on a platform saying our aid sit down and then he would take it and click it onto a sea platform, although it would be much more complicated than I think about the operation. So this platforms can be like four hundred miles from any shipping or airlines which is important in the equatorial passive, yes, and a sixty two thousand mile long strand of rope even say it say it is thick- is like a cable one of the cables holding the Golden Gate Bridge, imagine catch I mean it's obviously mechanism will be. I triggering a bit like there's somebody piloting machine that now and in the EU, I don't know how you would move the the

counterweight around this poor. So that let us agree ready down the merciless. Oh, how are you gonna get? The thread of this is the most difficult aspect of the whole program. If you ask me annex a driving that that ribbon in connecting it, although they act like they ve got it all figured out there like we had this narrative. There was this long process to trust like they ve got a guy on a platform to sit around wait waiting for the same price to come down from space, so they so that guy catches, the ribbon ties at all. Probably with the pretty decent sailors, not here, and then you attach the lift her too that's right. The lift. Her is a robotic thing. It basically is sort of like a train track. It uses these traction, tread role. And it would clamp onto this ribbon and through

something a little more advanced than a gasoline engine, I think what are they using a free election laser to create the energy to do that. Basically, what they're doing is they're gonna, put solar panels, foot and made of stuff that really absorbs light from a laser right on the bottom or on the top problem. Sites and then there's gonna, shoot lasers up and down the ribbon and then that laser just powers, its briskly directing suddenly under full of photovoltaic cells and then converting them through electricity is the same night. Then it's just plain on mechanical energy: it's like a little motor right crawl. At a hundred and eighteen miles an hour mind you throw exactly across a hundred climbed. It would shoot up this ribbon and space to the final destination, which would be anything I think that first they talked about capturing an asteroid service. As here which is just

it is the counterweight to what I think is smart, which would potentially be a satellite or the spacecraft that brought it out there too. And when he had this unfolding reconfigure ensure whatever damp. There's your counterweight there's the other end of the string right now you that's it I mean it

they get this go in. There saying again, basically be a constant operational elevator to the sky, lifting as much as thirteen tons of payload at a time. In some cases, humans, maybe eventually a crazy. I guess the whole point now would be needed to shuttle stuff to say this. The international space station yeah supplies that kind of thing gruel food, or if you had some sort of asteroid mining operation, you could take your daily hall to the space elevator to be brought down. The point is this thing could be used for trips to lower thought

every day you several times a day because I think are lower earth orbit is between five hundred and fifteen hundred miles. So that's like arm for twelve hours trip, basically and their time. I go further than that right. Lower earth orbit is where, like all of the others, we all the action is generally to the problem. Is that also were all the space? Debris is yeah and I think I think we mention what the best part about all this is is that it would cost about the closest estimating is about two hundred dollars: a pound, oh yeah, to deliver stuffed outer space and more with especial costs, ten thousand dollars a pound pay. So that's why they're pursuing this is because it much much more affordable. They likened to the Trans, got no railroad back in the day linking space to earth. Yeah, ok, so the problems Josh avoid

junk flying around space like it would suck. If you got the singer picked up in some asteroid, came flying out of nowhere and snapped the singing her will not just asteroids. Apparently, space debris largely refers to junk man made jointly and lower earth orbit is lousy with one. There is a satellite in old out of use satellite collided with a new in new satellite recently and blew it up and all of a sudden to pieces became thousand piece of news and that had nothing to drop in the bucket it is so. The problem is like even a small like one centimeter diameter peace is a threat to the space, elevated near

oh right now, nor Ed tracks things as small as tinsel me did. You know that I didn't want her this, but I was pretty out pretty shocked, but they're gonna have to start tracking stepped down to one centimeter. So this is another kind of challenges. It don't think people talk about his tracking space debris or there also proposing that we just got there and get rid of it like pay contractors to go to space and bring these things down and clean up learn ass, That being the Unita approach right, it's called active avoidance and it's pretty amazing that

it actually potentially because hissing is tethered to see platform move this platform to dodge these things yeah. But that would mean that there's like some guy whose job it is to near joystick. It yeah, that's crazy. It sounds very far fetched, but its supposedly not super perpetual. I mean this company lift port there there, one of the private firms that have been ethically partner with NASA for a while until NASA, you know their funding, his to a large degree. So they had a scrap things like patenting with live port but live port. As of now, I think, are in two thousand eleven. They have sort of scrapped or not scrapped, but they put on the back burner the space to earth version and their working on a lunatic

oh yeah. So they want to put one of these on the moon, which can be done right now. Yet if they had the money that makes sense to me most much gravity so that only the carbon nanotubes- oh really yeah they could you stuck up Zile on its synthetic polymer and apparently they get like do this within the decade like everything's in places, just men are doing well, so yeah. I thought about having wondered, from the earth to the moon or one that gave him the earth and Mars or ages one in from the moon tomorrow. Ina connect them right like state. And one is here than you have another one that goes there, and ideas are going to build a bunch of these, but the sea idea because of one goes down because some space debris

No problem we ve got another one that we built even cheaper over here in this part of the ocean. Tat s the idea: what's Alzheimer's disease administers far reaching it sounds, futuristic actually pretty smart, simple idea like risk, now later that goes to space, ineffectually kind of an old idea. There was a russian scientists named Constantine, see a cop ski who proposed this in eighteen, ninety five year ahead of us and then on the kind of when I think, you're right, those a crackpot for a while. They thought the when she was still actually did. They know not a vision. They did. They think usage

Back then do probably happen. I accept first flying machine. I think. Well, that's what I like about credibility within arson. Arthur's De Clercq comes along and in right about this. In the sounds of paradise in eighteen, seventy eight- and he was very clearly saw like the Big problem- was the ribbon. You can figure out the ribbon. Everything else will be fine, which is still the problem Arthur Cyclone ahead of its time here. So this pretty much it. I mean a thing it. This lunar would go in there they're talking about deep space exploration from a lunar based system, which he now the benefit there is. Is it cost a lot of money to get from here to the moon? If you could shuttle a the components of Iraq it up to the moon and is getting

let there be a lot cheaper ray. We talked about that with asteroid mining that that was another idea is launched things from these asteroids or whatever, because that the vast majority member ninety percent of the weight of a special rules in the fuel yeah, almost all that is just used within the first like ten miles here then after that you start to escape earth orbit, and then you urge Jews were exactly so tat. You could, if you could get rid of all that, like you, just drop the cost tremendously pretty cool stuff face. I know I'm curious to see within a decade. If we're gonna have a space elevator from the moon to something else. We will be writing one, you think so yeah. Well, it all depends on finding nets like these ideas are all great in practice, but ass, you have billions of dollars to get a growing but think about Jeff,

Those has billions of dollars per year in Moscow, Cameron change the tyrant you automatic these guys have cast in this is what they're putting their money into this kind of thing. So I don't think it's gonna come now NASA funding. I think it's gonna come down to the will of guys, like her Cameron. Well Kirkham in does not have billions of dollars, but he does have a fine collection of faith based movies, direct video check out did not the dirty kind of directive, video known in it. I guess it's about right. It's pretty much! I'm looking forward to it near private space exploration is definitely the weight of the future. We should put in a request for this article two b of the Treaty of Lisbon.

Yeah, I'm afraid you do well life. You wanna, Rita, hilariously out of date, article on how support that still captures. What's going on with the space of the area and with some cool artists, rendering of stuff you can type in space, elevator little handy search bar and a great little website called has approached. I come search bar, which means is time now for listener. May recovers. Dead sea follow up and I should mention we got a lot of emails from debts. He visitors in tourist and what a photos and one thing we did not cover because I haven't been there and experiences, but we said women the dead Sea, a lot less swimming going on in the dead sea. Loading, there's a lot of floating in flailing because they just say it really disorienting, because you're so use The way you move in water and other submits totally different, so people are like gasping

eventually they'll learn the trust and relax and flowed on their backs I want to go in your stomach. You don't try and swam, and you don't get it in your face because it Oh really sting your eyes and a taste really bad, and we had this. One takes the hurt him. His husband was suffering. They advise you not to go on open source. Obviously, here her husband was suffering from a little called many different things when you walk a lot and get changed between the legs, because by many different name's forget about case of this, and that didn't tell us family that he's travelling with his wife. You and he went. Let's see promptly got out,

the family is like: where did you know the cinema, their shoes? I did you just got into it, so this is from Daniel, but thanks to everyone else who wrote in just finish, the teapot gas had a cup of interesting tidbits. You briefly mention the great SALT Lake when talking about the high salinity, the dead sea. These two actually have quite a bit common. Both legs are located in a desert region. Although the elevation is drastically different. I, like the dead sea, the great sought here in Utah has a very high salt content, not twenty seven percent making a hard for anything, but how a village bacteria in some brine trip to grow. This has a graduate student. Above lakes were mainly by smaller freshwater lake. Roughly fifty miles away the dead sea being fed by the see Galilee to the north. By way of the Jordan River, the great SALT Lake is fed by Utah linked to the south, also by the Jordan River coincidence.

Not sure. In both cases, the water leaves the lake only through evaporation and like that see. There are many areas, the great salt lake that are quite stinky at times only the muddy waters, with a level as though the great salt Lake is also dense enough for you to float with little to no effort. So if you are not able to ever make it over to Europe to visit the dead sea, At least you can head on over four afloat in its little american cousin out your neuter. I keep up the good work guys. I really enjoyed a wide variety of topics that is from Daniel. He was a grand student below you studying, microbiology, so good for you, my friend, smarter than I yet great things I have to say it was under grad microbiology as well. Rounded human beings agree awake you, the English underground,

The two of you to get your well run exactly if you have some ideas of how to put me in shock together reform, another superhuman harm we wanna hear. I also want to say hired, has something cooler, interesting, tat, a great fact: we love those level they you'd like us, the tweet or put on Facebook. You can send those to be a twitter as why escape. I kissed the facebook faced with that conflict that we should now and you can send us an email junk mail to stop. Podcast discovery duck for more on this and thousands of other topics visit how stuff workshop com brought you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camry. It's ready,

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