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welcome to stuff. You should know from house, therefore extend working broadcast on Josh Clergy shows that each of the bright jerry's over there making life difficult and there s usual means of Cyprus, the train. How are you guys get well Tubby put yet there I'm! Ok, that's meet him with my mother, Sigurd cookies, Would you like to have some time solely for early in the morning where the home of the library targets I didn't realize that you're, the intra or should I call it pueblo- no extra Senora, Laurina De Los Angeles one us, I think it's hard to

that, yes Annalisa thinking really is here, but yes, there was regional name of LOS Angeles Chuck. Did you know that before this year I did not sure it's a mouthful. I can see why everybody just cause. It was dangerous or if you really hip allay yeah or if you're jackass city of angels knocked that's like movie painfully hot Lana, some people say that you can get a magnet still. This is hot waiver. Here will know it. In it or from Atlanta says that that's a total outsider thing? You don't think they make it lay in a magazine alien year, but they saw him at the airport right now Atlanta, but also in hotline. That's like Sand Nevada said another is that really who is supposed to be pronounced? The vat yeah man? You don't hear everyone every time you see those emails from angry Nevadas, the variants after a while they just cannot become a blur

we get taken the debts were there, and I said you know what everyone outside Nevadas Nevada break the like everybody. Can they say you know what everyone outside Atlantis hotly and I don't think they say that some people do. But now I know- and I hold a grudge against you say it. I just pretend you aren't there now. You know just ignore hot Lana, so that was my intro there's a good man and he should do when people should put here is mine. Chukka, have you ever been LOS Angeles were used to live there. Yeah and you ve been very interprets obviously buncher times. Surely I've been? What do you mean? I went through lack. My dear I had. No idea was like right: there MID Wilshire Miracle Mile, it's like you, you walk out the back entrance into japanese garden at the LOS Angeles, Tony Museum of our blackmail, and you just walk in a little further and all of a sudden there is a huge mastered on

and then you go into the museum, the time forgot was closed. While we were There- and I'm really sad, especially after reading this article, the page museum is what it's called are they did they update it? I think they might have a no no, I mean like it was closed for the day. We spend our time in like mine and came out. It was closed for the David. I think they may have of daylight, it very since I left, because when I went in I've been there in late two thousand early nineties early two. Thousands it was delightfully

all the while I was open and seventy seven year- looked pretty untouched year by mechanical mastodons inside that we're all like Conky, and now I'm really are dangerously. Mr, we gotta go back here. Screening the her kid Jerky Macedonia there did, he gets tell their old yeah, not in the ways that mastodons are supposed to be old, no from the seventies get excited gets here. Then I haven't been page museum, but I have been to the tar pits himself. His need interprets actually is a misnomer there. Actually they should be called them. Ass. All pits arbitration pits, because tar is derived from coal and these pits derived from petroleum yeah.

So that there is the fact that the pod care, sadly, is it that the fact that we have as yet the oil crude oil seeps up through fishers in the earth crust and then some of that evaporates in at least behind that tar asphalt, asphalt. Bullets go back even further that these tar pits. The braer targets, which are basically but he hasn't been there. If you're walking around the grounds of the targets, there is basically black ponds that look like they have oil slicks. On top of that, when you look a little closer like oh, it's all oil yeah everyone's fathers bubble coming up. Their quota and am again there's like a huge mastodon coming out like a model The coming out of here out of the one of the pit is pretty cool well, not quite coming out, but trying to write he's, never get

come out here ever myth that played out as a film. You would not make it out right and it's the whole reason that the targets are even numb have fences and plastic mastered on in the first. Is because many many millions of years ago, LOS Angeles, was underwater, there's a lot of aquatic life, that lived and died in that area and went to the bottom and over time were compressed into the fossil fuel petroleum, fossil fuel. Yes and then, as the ice age came and the waters were seated in we're locked in a glass sure up north yeah, that land became drier and, as a result, like you said that bitch you mean started coming up through fishes in the ground and has been ever since those are the library atop it s right and in those pits we're talking about the place to seen people

which is about two point. Six million to eleven thousand seven hundred years ago in the meeting is, is except for a handful of mourning, except for some, these huge land mammals that they found a lot of them, for the same as they are now, and this was the last time we had major climate cooing. So studying these fossils in like we can learn more about our climate. From studying these things, then I don't know what I was that we have with us in. This is like wait a minute. I don't know it brought to us nothing made the point here, but that's how you know you can learn a lot from future climate by setting pass climate right exactly in that one of the things that are doing now

kind of a second wind. That's going on at the library interprets the first when came about what we should say, since the braer carpets made their first debut about forty thousand years ago, it's Vienna, they ve, been successfully trapping animals of all sorts of this animal and plant life, You yet mostly Colonel Forster, yes, and there's a reason that there is mostly carnivores. They figured it out because there is a disproportionate amount of carnivores in the library. Tar pits nanny, yeah, which is way more than there were carnivores proportionately speaking here during the place. The scene epoch specifically this last forty thousand year era, and they they think they haven't figured out. Why well, it makes total said animal gets stuck interpret, bigger animal comes along and wants to eat that animal right it gets stuck interpret it

even a bigger animal, once the both of those it gets stuck interpret. Yo Pus, also lotta, carnivores hunt in packs sure. So, if they're like, while this stupid mass, did, I can't get out of this pond, I'm going in Africa right, let's all going after everybody gets stuck pretty much it yeah. That's why there's more carnivores is whether disproportionately represented here as I said he talking about the mastodon outside the fake when at the believe, it's if I remember correctly, a Mamma oriented. Be senders. Rabies like on the shore and the Mamma is trapped, and it's really kind of sad. It is what they pick there, but I guess that was the realism of the place to see buck. Jethro mommy, Gus hunting, it doesn't come back its rights like Bambi yeah, and you can. I think I told this Before I was shooting there once on a tv commercial- and I was far from the the large pools

and I'll stand in there, and I look down and those a little to foot diameter pool of far right on my feet, throw for the place yet mean that they're not all walled up in fenced off, and it was bubbling. You know that is whether the it's nothing, I guess you're from bacteria. They found a sure so that like I was six years ago that they learn. That may discover like two hundred new kind of bacteria. That's neat petroleum, loving bacteria that Greece and that is still burping even in these tiny little puddles yet, and those that even the big puddles early about twelve feet, deep yeah for meat or something like that for non liberian friends. So the topics of interest trapping animals, like you said even there's lots of reach.

Animals and if they thought they still fine cattle bones Ronnie Dangerfield. Here he was found in their apparently there was a LOS Angeles police Department, Scooby Diver, that drove into the pits to retrieve evidence for cold murder case and was successful apparently, but he said like I've dived all over the placing of residency, so those the craziest diver may went in the tar. Yes, how he scuba, diving the torpid yeah the article I read, wasn't really am began detail wouldn't even say what evidence is looking for. It must be less dense as you go, because the tar that I've seen it's like I mean it's like road towards a thick grass. I cannot see how you could move out. Excluded, arrogant, strapped, I think, is probably more dense toward the bottom interfere,

asked it on your like? This is public quick sandy and this guy was probably avoiding the bottom plus. I'm sure there are a lot of people like pulling out yet think that bad rob low movie they he did a bearded body in their yeah. I mean it's what was said bad, that influence bad influence, their behaviour, familiar that something that movie his pride, pretty bad his before Russia, had come back right as the post sixty years TAT when he uses China. Hang in there shining a figure you're going to make it back rob low, but they got out. Like Sabre to tigers, in dire wolves in like original original native horses to North America, that don't exist, anymore: yeah came to be horses here, there is to be camels like the european horses that everyone thinks it horses here. You're focusing on a horse is due to be camel. Is here I know and, like you said, safer to tigers, they found about four thousand Avow

the higher wolves they found about two thousand dire well so far and then they also found something called the african lion. This thing was the cool, the animal in North America ever right. They got up to eight feet, long for feed at the haunches yeah. They weighed something like up to seven hundred and seventy five pounds, which is three hundred fifty kilograms. These are giant mammal, fear about twenty five percent larger than an african lion. Here they were huge if they wanted you dead, you're dead, now, like these lines these days right laser this American, why and would have just taken. You had clean off here and burn all sorts of flightless predator flightless flying predators in the sky yeah there in the tar

early so far. They found six hundred sixty species, fifty nine mammal species, a hundred and thirty five bird species tons of everything, MIKE molluscs to their new bacteria. You're talking about the laborious targets have been so vital in providing a picture of the of life during the late Paleozoic yeah that ere the the time period from three hundred thousand years ago. To the end of the not paleozoic. Did I say that I met Pleistocene, so the three hundred thousand years to the end of the place India is called the Rancho, the brain or one word, land mammal age. They renamed for all its activity. Right yeah like that, how important these little pits habitual and we'll talk about how all this was discovered in just a moment

You want to hear something amazing discover matches all the cash back that you weren't at the end of your first year, automatically dollar for dollar, with no limit on how much you can earn amazing can I being showered with cash from above. It would also be pretty amazing. In fact, it's so amazing that millions of people a year are getting their cash back matched the just can't get enough whether it's raining down on your head, reining in your bank account it's your cash back and discovers matching it discover cash back match. What are you waiting for? Learn more discover, dotcom, slash cash back match so took this. If these are basically pools of bubbling crude yankee asphalt, how did of bone ever get pulled out of well because of the progress made?

and the fact that was engineers was not going to sleep web loaded. No, I stress in Euro area they'll assign Hillis worth addition. There was bound to be developed because of whether there in a beautiful pacific coast and I M so progress people came along and started making a city there and it such a volatile area. They realize hey this is you know this dangerous, this area right here till it drilling for oil, and it was, I think, they're Hancock family yeah got park fame, which is right there as well a moral Macarthur Park person here. Well, if you get so, I thought you might you dislike scoring cheap drugs.

Someone leaving a kick out in the rain, yet Macarthur Parks and that the greatest area nobility gives a Gerda gets on their behalf. Our part boy is a nice lusher. I say that like it should be obvious yeah, it's! It is nice. Ok, so we're term progress, yes, the Hancock family in eighteen, seventy started drilling for oil right and they, basically the pits, have been used

since by paleo Indians for things like um, waterproofing canoes and someone had stuff you wanna patch, a hole in a canoe sure. You can do a lot worse than asphalt here because of that was before I was that, like a numerical tape that they make like one of those products using on tv, they think the only one I am familiar with is that spray that the guy on the clear plexiglas, yellow that data roaming gets the, but we don't buzz market here. No, we didn't remember the names of any he had served, but back then this target.

That was like that was magic to their native american industry. Sidney now don't get too close, and then, when the Spaniards came inserted using their area for cattle Ruslan, they used it also for waterproofing further roofs. They also use it as fuel and then once a Hancock families redeem for oil. They cannot let the tar pits alone, but as far back as eighteen, seventy five, a guy named William Denton. Yes, the first person to describe a fossil taken from the brain carpet. Somebody gave him a Sabre tooth tiger tooth canine tooth inspired. It did so, and so the nascent natural History Museum from LOS Angeles, contacted the Hancock families that hey Why did you let us turn tooling around there and they let em starting in nineteen o one They were allowed to basically do some,

kind of random small, misguided excavation here. They are only concerned about the big daddy bones, well, that's him in the canaries and authorities when they started. Like really dig in the pit, I thought nineteen thirteen is when they started their first full scale. You're right, I'm sorry. They also do in thirty, whether from nineteen thirteen till now right. Ok, so in nineteen thirteen, they started digging pits around the library. Carpets further pits ninety six home in total. Yet headed down these out there were just pick natural pools of black talk. Is people would have seen that previously been like? Hey up about that stuff right. So they they were dig down. Remove all the bones and, like you said there are really only interested in the big ones, so they cannot discarded in what the loan a lot of the bird bones and plant fossils and all that stuff was boring and the other thing they didn't do was catalogue the bones,

together, so they briskly just remind piles and there's a picture on the page museums website of one of the early led excavators here surrounded by like boxes in boxes of bones, they're like what do we do with all the stuff yeah they found him like a million or so a million and a half bones. I think you're. They dug ninety six pits and total and we'll talk about the the new progress, but before the new progress stayed had close to four million fossils in. That sounds like a lot, but they said yes, have they get like once every ten years, some big animal will? Yet I wasn't anything today like all this doesn't make any sense in forty thousand years. How could you have In a four million bones, expert show, and they say what you do, the math. I think, if you have thirty per ten animal stranded every decade, it would account for the answer

What more that cause? I mean animals wandering the target year. They might also get smart and avoid torpid when when they see their mommy coherent that come, if I guess, Sir, it is those little baby master doesn't look like they were gone and after they were out of their way to the beach anywhere on earth, far score the tracking they dogmatic pits. Not all of them bore fruit, quite a few of them dead and pit number was a ninety one- was noted for the bounty of fossils. It provided, as always the fifth, the last one. That is not the same as always a bit less and they ve for about forty years they really concentrated on pit ninety one. I don't think there

in their own right now, although they may have started again, I think they're hot and heavy on project twenty three or should we go in good project? Twenty three we'll get a project TWAIN through second was still message: breakthrough click. Ok, hello stuff, you should know listeners. Do you want a new year's resolution? That's easy to keep yes resolve to help! your identity and personal info with lifelike identity, theft, protection, lifelong alert, you to potential threats, your identity, and they see more, though what you can see by just monitoring your own credit like your info on the dark web and that's a big deal yeah, and if you have problem lifelike. U S based restoration specialists, no, the steps it take to help resolve your case,

draw only one in five identity theft. Victims who had accounts open in their names discovered their theft through a bank or credit card company and of course no one can prevent all identity theft or monitor all transactions at all businesses. But life lock is the new year's resolution does not only easy to keep it will help you protect what you ve worked so hard for get lifelike for up to twenty five percent off your first year, gotta lifelike, dotcom, slash stuff, that's lifelike, dot, com, slash stuff for up to twenty five percent off Ok! So let's talk about project. Twenty three ya! Think project. Twenty three started in two thousand six, and that was basically a plan to continue digging and find more fossils and take better care with the small guys to get a more complete fossil record and they call it twenty three because they

While this whole thing started because lack my wanted to build a parking garage, an underground pardon growth which can do unless a round that area because civility without getting some help from archaeologists, and so they ended up digging twenty three just big chunks of land, essentially in these creates the have you ever seen. You know if you buy a fully grown tree from a nursery. It comes in a huge box here wooden planter here, seen em like there that's a thief: yeah, it were a much larger, even in some of them capable of like close to sixty times of soil, oh and tar and bones or whatever about in there, and that's what I call the project twenty three to twenty three of europe- and this is too doesn't six other using much more specific kitty techniques, the mirror using even in the sixtys when they really hitting pit ninety one hard

That's on its surface city, please forgive me everyone, but they're using sophisticated techniques and the the the luxury of coming at these deposits. From the site, or from underneath rather than having to go down through the targets from above their so scored a lot of like just a trove of deposits of bones in cleaning. A woolly mammoth names ed, yet eighty percent of them yet, It was a colombian Molly mammoth. It was the most intact skeleton India ever found of Colombia, emoluments beer and though the woolly mammoths, you see, reconstructed the page museum or they were, like. You said these two just put all the bonds together. So those were bones made up of all kinds of Willie mammoth setters

dead or eighty percent of them is all that and then in a dead in honour of zero. The british way of saying zero and the reason they named him zeros because he represents basically like is a new start in understanding of not only that that species, but in all of the life around the era, patients, you're, pretty much and the cool thing is, I mean I, like all the convening of the page museum, but one of the really neat parts about it is they have what they call the fishbowl. They have a, the room where they're doing this work is all glass and You can walk you and see other skeletons. Put together and other funny old dated. Amazon are going near. You can count on my glancing, a nerd stare scientists. We can do that the very end of it. You can the this therein there

brushing, and they have microscopes and all sorts of neat little tools that scientists here Are you gonna waited in any way seek to run off right after you say that you and their recording all the stuff? It's very detailed, there there, whether doing as you're, getting a fossil record from that time like they didn't have before, because they were lazy in the nineteen thirteen and on right, so one of the reasons why they're looking for this farce workers- because this is a particularly curious time period- that the libretto carpets encapsulated literally their humans of all the Well, that's who remember with the year the early Americans here the debate over that this is around that time. There was something called the late placed the scene. Extinction there were alive. You'll notice, a lot of animals large animals that used to be in North Amerika. There aren't any longer, there's no camels, there's no indigenous American.

Horse any longer. Here is no american lion and All of these animals is what are called megaphone, sordid dying off at about the same time in North America. Scientists are really sure why, and I think that one of the reasons are so excited about said, is their hoping. He can kind of tell em, there's three competing or combination hypotheses for what caused this extinction. Humans killed them. That's one year that humans either overhung it all of them are over a hundred. A keystone species like mastodons that led the collapse of the ecosystem as a whole doesn't seem likely to me another time. I suggest that, but I think that's correlation as is wiping the other. One. Is climate change itself too, that this is the end of an ice age. Temperatures were rising. Sea levels were rising, it's possible that a lot of these species just couldn't possibly dat, possibly because they were large, because this late,

The scene extinction was mostly among mammals or animals, a hundred pounds or more yeah thoroughness, only called hyper disease, any highly infectious disease, possibly introduced by man and then transferred from manned animal if they found a human bones and the targets at all- and I heard about it yeah I didn't come across anything. Do you think they? They would have made pretty big, hey tat, kind of thing actually Josh. I did something we rarely do and I just looked it up mid show and they did find a human skull cap libretto woman evident. Like early on in nineteen fourteen, and that I think, that's the only human bones they ve ever found. Well, so there you have it there Do you have any idea? Why, like when she lived a price

wait. Ten thousand years well so she's like between twenty five and thirty first Need issues old, supposedly, that's affair, yeah once once you they had a high infant mortality rate back then you let your average life expectancy downward, but once you survived infancy, you could expect to live like to a nice ripe old age, but anyway, it's possible that they will give us an idea of what the heck happen at the late pleistocene extinction near because North America

in particular, had a peculiar peculiarly large die off, like it happen elsewhere in roughly the same time in other continents, but in North America is vague massive. So why happen? Maybe humans kill them? Maybe I'm wrong. Ask said well known as thoroughly, but there are humans and other places too were the extinction wasn't nearly is pronounced. Maybe they're vegetarians so go to elaborate carpets because he said with a ten foot, long tusks, it's an ally institution, yet that if you ever do spend a movie sexual organs of movies in their unravel a movie yet other great movie mere coma.

Anthony Edward Security, that now you should check that out. That's a little known called classic about nuclear war in the last, like twenty four hours before the bomb is suppose they had Ella, really in all takes place at the Miracle mile area. Since in the carpets and there's a diner thereat on Wilshire that think Johnny's diner, that's not even opening more, but they keep their cause. They from so many movies, highly recommended by me, nuts, while I will see Here- Maricopa yeah very eighties alike, get ready for that. Synthesizer right score on, you have use everything needed. The comment of dear love nodded common. That's that go into

Dude nuclear bombs are allay buttons, create the possibility of yet another they haven't. I was behind Anthony ever that the rally to restore sanity I think the right guy right, the guy from top gun in your area through the thin, mere coma prevented the nerves out. Well sure yeah, I remember his name. The unbelievers does his best role We saw the pattern of his arm, but when we were in EL aid for that that, tv show that we had? No, what when they brought us after the press weekend thing the camera with its call, but we the the junket year, the junk it's a chunk at that revenge bugger in them the carrying our both their promoting their new show and they walked by me

I probably cow, that's oh yeah, birds of their revenge, the nerds gang here, Irma reasoning. In their nails, pretty said, I felt like a mosquito nets are not seen them really was in a big deal nor Matt Damon Agenda, Michael Douglas. There too, promoting the Liberace movie here, we're, seeing them go. What are they doing together, and that is what our tv show has to do with behind the candelabra If you want to know about more amazing connections, you can check it out, and social media were all over the place we're on Twitter. As far as get past run instagram in Pinterest worm Facebook that complex that we should know you can send an email to stuff POG cast at how stuff works duck the triumphant return of that. U R, L and if you want more about the laborious carpets. This totally out of order. What is wrong with me today? You get a case of the Monday's

weird I've been waiting today anyway, I guess leave it in her sure, no sense in recording something in error over again, while in since no one ever knows how to get in touch with us its clear that most people do not by this time anyway, right, ok well, anyway, if you want to know more about the very targets type that in the search bar has two weeks outcome and that will bring it your mail, amnesia export is we're gonna call this. We called out for amnesia experts and we got one hour. She says I sort of am her name. Is my etches Phd student working on her dissertation in Neuroscience, she said my work focuses on spatial working memory and our lab actually mean human amnesia and rats. While there were a few things that were knit picky NIT picking wrong most wanted to write in about your discussion of short term and working memory. While in the park ass, he stated that there were two separate things: they were

separate things in that working memory forms a bridge between esteem and Elsie. I am in fact that, short term memory is no longer really used in the memory field. Working memory now encompasses what used to be rough referred to as short term. The working part is in reference to the fact that these items be remembered as long as the brain works at rehashing the information like say repeating it to yourself rather than for certain arbitrary of time. That's why they use a clydesdale to represent There is also competing theories about the actual limits of working memory, but our lab believes in a shown that it is capacity dependent that additional idea of seven items really holds true for simple things like numbers are letters, in fact the more complicated making the fewer items you're working memory can hold. This amazing, for example, like uneasy, remember the tin digits by repeating it in your head,

He could only remember one or two faces using the same strategy, so that is for Maya and good luck on your Phd daddy's. Things are correct two. Maybe it would a helluva more weight come after you get your phd, but we appreciate you right, either way. If you want to be guided by me or Chuck listener mail, or if you wanted to correct this, we appreciate that in all seriousness, you can write to us, as I said before, stuff podcast at how that works, that com and while you're on the computer, you might as well check out our beautiful luxurious home on the web stuff. You should

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