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over and over, and I just whistled injurious know that that's took my head yet with whom we are grown up. My sister was singing it and I realized tat. She was singing turn like what what she's a good sign that then Helen fun don't be an idiot this within the so interesting cancer. So many misinterpreted song where its famous Lee over the years, but I never have heard Panama as being one of yet is, especially since the song is named Panama, near print this eastern and run

they were talking about the people who are working on the early french effort to build a canal in Panama here boy that in over so well we'll get to that. Ok, spoiler, the French didn't build the Panama canal. I thought we were going to run out. Do you want to talk about the gamma, the Balboa, which one which one is George? Who stands his favorite export was d Gama or Balboa man? I was one of the two together yeah. I think so I felt a funny conversation. Zia Balboa back in the day was was why run around in a region called Darwin and he summoned to the peak there was like holy cow. If I like this away, I see the terrific ocean. If I look at that away, I see the Atlantic Ocean or the caribbean the only thing between these two big bodies water, this little its mass,

of land young and have a lot of trouble with that word. Nasa decency strip, ok, so the strip of land here is the only thing tween, and we should figure out a way to use this as a thorough, yeah yeah because Is it can in the world the it does exactly at the time the Spanish were trying to trade with the Chinese. And we're doing a pretty good job of it in the Philippines and the best way to get to that with you come across the Atlantic. And go into the Pacific. Very, very well, and the idea of just having a place where you go. Rather than go all the way down South America and then back up we'll just mind. Boggling dear it's like you, said it opened up the world. This guy got it immediately. The problem was, think about four hundred more years before anyone finally got around to completing it successfully we're in.

The rest of the world, the United States, just like hey, I wanna ship, this by boat from New York to San Francisco. How can I do that? I can do I can't sleep around Florida right, nope blot right What am I gonna? Do you go thousand miles nautical miles around South America to get to California or you know what you mean. I were in Nicaragua. We're in a town in the nineteenth century was away station for minor forty nine is going on to California and they would sail Nicaragua take a train and then ship out from Nicaragua to California, except the handful that was like. I think I might. To have a better. There were sending out. Definitely I'm sure here. But yes, there is

There is a continent and the way in the idea that it was just a little narrow strip of land and now that that made a lot of people say this is the place to be in the sixteenth there. No, the eighteenth century, the Scottish showed up yeah. They tried to establish an outpost, failed spectacularly near that there's a great section in forty nine but it s really yeah the Spanish. Were there the French were there. They establish pretty good outposts there. It was very clear that this little area, which was then part of Colombia, is now present day. Panama was going to be a happens, fought because there is no thinner portion of the north or south. Incontinence than this one in every one need to figure out a way to get through yet, and it wasn't as easy as like: hey, let's just dredge, all the sand and let the waters meat, because that's not too hard. It's like dense jungle and mountains.

And the little device yeah. So it's it's. My first thought was like how hard can it have been. I didn't realize how treacherous that area yeah, and I think there that Bobo and a lot of people who succeeded him thought the same thing like how hard is it, but it is like. That's the continental divide, that's a tough thing, the breakthrough! That's why they call it a divide. There are two tectonic plates, come together, a mountain range and like that's your cutting through not one but two tectonic plates, everybody wrap your head around them. Seriously, let's talk about it because, obviously than we were successful eventually, but the first attempt was not in the first attempts by the French who, in the eighteen twenties, I believe to undertake a what is known as a sea level can now, which is basically, they were going to cut their way straight through the isthmus of Panama. In canals were all the rage at the time because of steam technology, so

sudden you didn't have to use the very cool and quaint towpath and have a mule walk along side of a river canal Europeans are you, though, that we are a lot of narrow like jogging trails and stuff? You know which you know. That's great mixed, forget his share exactly and I'll see the mules on these days, but it's great that people can use these two passing out of breath like a nature trail. Ah, yes, the steam technology gave the French the idea that hey man we can. We can build the sea level canal here, because we can t great through we have steam. We don't need the the mules for the top have any longer. Are we now some good steam shovels, Rennie cut right through this continent, wide right through the jungle and as a result of this ambition, twenty thousand people died yeah, and I am therefore able to it. You know get all little far thanks to that, the railroad there in Panama,

believe it or not? It was the first railroad in the world to connect both sides, the continent, but wasn't very big, but it didn't need to be Nora S, gonna great but that when the French to get in there, they were deciding between it I'll go in Panama at the time, and they said like he said we can do level. We don't need these locks yeah. If you look at a map of Nicaragua, Likud Panama, like the idea going through Nicaragua, Panama, NUTS yeah, and will explain how the locks work, but it essentially just raises and lowers your ship right feature in low like base station of water. That's flooded in drained right. Actually the public works Ogier, the French organise this thing called the company universal. Do can now enter oceanic. Thank you and I by a guy named Ferdinand adolescents who had created a sea level canal through the Suez you connect to the Mediterranean and the Red Seas

is a big deal you're, so they brought him in his lecture. Will do another sea level canal and feeling about this, like I did the Suez Canal with my eyes closed exactly. I can do this with one arm d by my man, Why you didn't realize that digging through a bunch of sand is not like digging through two tectonic plates now and Uncle a malaria and, like I said, twenty thousand people died as a result of this like this guy was like no, we can do it. We can do it, we're gonna do sea level can out. We can do it and finally resolved. I think we can do this. It was too late the odd a lot. A lot of people were dead from yellow fever, malaria from accidents, arms pro we find it. So a lot of people lost a lot of money. Do exactly is in his company goes under why try to salvage the first. The higher Gustaf Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower Vain Right said: hey. I think we need those locks. After all, in your good at building big still things so can you help then he was like, of course again and then

still. I know that the business was done, what they had done a little bit all they had them a lot they made a Levin MILES a canal up to that point. That went about a quarter of the weather right, but this was the When did they start shook the eighteen? They want twenty easier, so check his ruin they started in the eighteen. Twenty six and this thing went bust by nineteen o too, I believe, Well, that's when Congress I mean they were bus before that. But that's when the? U S step tenanted, hey will buy your junk. Oh I'm, sorry, eighteen, eighty eight! So it's like sixties, sixty year here they they had managed to do. Eleven miles a canal, though a bunch of buildings, they'd alot of equipment supplies their job

and yet the? U S said I we smell. I really really great opportunity here and Congress overspent. Some cash were feeling good about things these days where we annexed Hawaii recently Porter Rico Philippines. What else have why not take over this very and ass his project? Why it's the american century by now and we could stick. It did the French at the same time exactly so they did this in nineteen o too, with the one stipulation that said, you know what you guys have to Colombia, controls Panama right now, and you guys have to work out a deal with them, and we tried and that failed. So he said you know it overthrow Colombia then and give the control to the Panamanian yet,

We supported the panamanian independence movement and yeah threw off the shackles of Colombia in Colombia is like what did you just do, because we gain control of that debate. We followed that congressional mandate and gain control this Panama Canal Zone, basically the swath that went through Panama, was considered american soil thanks to a treaty firm, I believe, nineteen or to the hay banal variety, we're Panama signed over the canal zone, there is no spanish translation of this treaty, yet so, basically, the U S went in overthrew colombian control of Panama, Firstly, Panamanian: U S went in, Panama, its canal in one fell swoop like a year, yeah economies like others, I guess we'll start exporting Cocaine we'll back one day so arm in the end

They paid about forty million bucks in nineteen o four for the assets of this french company, just a lot of money back then about ten million dollars. As this very cheeky article, by the way, did you notice cheeky little they offered. She referred to it as alimony of sorts to Panama, ten million bucks to get gainer rights today canal zone and basically hey we're gonna run the show we're gonna finish your canal from and mild mark to the EU to the ocean, yeah we're plants and, like you set it out, I think there was a certain amount of snub to probably so but they said you know what we gotta do. First, though, is they decide on. If we can go see level like was it just. The french competent, or is it really impossible at sea level? Yet like we needed your own due diligence basically

and they did that and Theodore Roosevelt chose chief engineer John Frank Stevens in he was like it's all about the locks. Did you wanna can now here you gotta, go over these mountains, not through them right. So here's the thing in this is too brilliant, because there is another problem with this isthmus and there's a thing called the shark s river yet and it is very temperamental yeah was prone to flooding all sorts of crazy stuff associated with this river. So not only did you have the canal divide in the jungle and malaria to deal with once you completed it or are you gonna do with this river? Stevens came up with this great idea that you over the mountains and you got over the mountains. You kill two birds with one stone by damning, the river and you create a lake that will carry you over the mountains. Gettin lake yeah, I'm sure this up, and I really think about that debt is why the most brilliant feats of engineering I've ever heard of the Panama Canal gave, but that specific aspect,

oh sure, damning, the river to create a lake. So you can go over the mountains. That's just incredibly beautiful the whole thing to you the time dude in the early nineties, hundreds of dislike. It's amazing that they could be out of your kids, are all wearing like knickers. Instead is very there's some awesome documentaries other by the way you should watch. In fact, there's one there's one cool just go to the Youtube's and put in time lapse: Panama Canal, oh yeah, and it takes you the full rout. Unlike a minute and a half nice said eight to ten hours and it's gonna need. You know. The book goes in thanks and in that thinks but lowers and then raises ia and tools,

in the late for a little while and then thinks and lowers and raises, and yet beginneth like an eighth ten, our transit right, if Roma, from deep water deepwater eight to ten hours a year depending on your boat again when you finally get clearance to go through attract so he's damned up the river created cartoon lake ships going toward the Pacific can enter it. Lemon bay in the Caribbean go through couple, Alex upward Just it's like walking up steps basically said it's a big boat in its done with water, and then they navigate through that lake for a little while and then go towards animosity through another series of blocks. And down down down over the mountains and boom? You are connected to the rest of the world right, so when they, when they agreed on the lock method, they had one other thing the handle, and when it that's why the Scottish made

Get confused with lux meaning lakes. Maybe his eyes therefore have devoted a lot like we're on a lot like the right there that I know but where the locks. Why were so? there is one other big problem that had a level the french effort which was yellow fever near which you can be immune to if you're exposed to it in childhood. But if you're from New York yeah you're, not so you go down to Panama and you are stunned by mosquitos, you die, I'm the thing is nobody knew,

it was mosquitoes until a guy named Ronald ROS in eighteen. Ninety seven studied mosquitoes in India and found malaria present in their stomachs and that it was transmittable through their saliva, yet didn't know what it was. There are all sorts of different theories yeah. They thought it was maybe from mom. I can unclean living here, whatever that, when they found out that it was the mosquitoes they that that changed everything, so they Institute is really rigid and time mosquito the programme they cleaned up the country basically and basically Eradicated- came close to eradicating yellow fever in the area which paved the way for this lock system to be built. Yeah.

Thank you and away, I'm gorgeous for heading up that sanitation squad and yeah. I mean it worked, and that was the key as he can't have your workers dropping debt of yellow fever every day, but you have the they have to drop dead of of landslides. Yet, even though a lot of these workers were you poor black people, I think eighty five percent of people that died were black in a lot of people still died, but it wasn't like the twenty two thousand dropping dead from yellow fever wreck. But a soldier dangerous project, mudslides out of sorts of drownings things like that hello step, you should know listeners. Do you want a new year's resolution? That's easy to keep yes results. To help protect your identity and personal info with lifelong identity theft, protection, lifelong alert you to potential, that's too your identity and they see more, though what you can see by just monitoring your own credit, like your info,

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And he was a walk expert and he looked at the plan, and he said you know we're gonna die this up into three sections. That makes perfect sense it as you. The Pacific section is going to be working from limb on Bay which, by the way means line in Spanish. Did you know that I did not they're working from them on bay to the newly created? Let's get you get out the Atlantic division? You ok, So the Atlantic division is synonymous with the Caribbean. Yes, and then say you, ve got

learning division working from get turned to their Lamont? Getting you have the central division was the hardest part, yet their working in like a tune to basically created channel through this continental divine here you'd have to cut sea level, but you you do need to make sure these ships are gonna like run aground in the mountain cheer, and then you have the Pacific. The vision which is working from the end of the continental divide pass, which is Pedro Miguel, walk down to the Pacific right, attract and, like we said, the railway, the panamanian rail railroad is there we had like awesome gear at the time it was is no longer, you know men with jewels and pledge, hammers and stuff. It would seem shovels rock dynamite and they moved ninety six million cubic yards of earth and rock right, which is seventy three million cubic metres.

That's right, and it was really hot, though in it was a pretty bad scene and they call that health gorge and it was dangerous and that's where I think most of their lives were lost on this second yeah. That was definitely the hardest work, but they made it through and by one thousand nine hundred and fourteen a crane that was used in the construction of the Panama Canal was the first thing that ever make it through all the way, we're like swayed yeah and eight months later it was open for business. As far as I understand, yeah, big business, shall we We want people through or a guess, swim people through you. I think we should ok, you approach from the Atlantic. You go through the gets hemlocks, it's gonna, lift your vessel up. Eighty five feet, death pretty awesome yet, and

Did you get here like very nice? There you're gonna wind through that channel for about twenty three miles then entered the colored cut the power eight miles through their and you're gonna reached the Pedro Miguel locks and then they're gonna lawyer ship about thirty feet. The mere force lake in the past. It is about a mile long and then the two stepped mere floors. Locks organ out return you finally, back to sea level, the seven my passage from there to the Pacific and all told you ve gone fifty miles and about eight

yeah and mind boggling? We I saw that it takes fifty two million gallons of fresh water to move a ship from one end to the other, while fifty two million and their getting all that from late Gettin genesis, magic recycled back into the system. I know what is it, what happens if they lose it most of it? It it it's either pumped back in either got flows back into like get outta, or else it flows out into the oceans. Ok, which is not necessarily get their worried that, like a teen may become brackish area and like a tune, is now the fresh water supply of Panama and it they're using a lot of it. Yet while it's always presented a bit of environmental quagmire

especially with their plans to expand which will get you. But right now they have to wait traffic there looking to make that a three layin highway, which would actually adding that third lane will double the amount of traffic near, which is crazy, you'd think it would increase by third yeah me. I don't know. Maybe it's wider allows for two ships at a time which is generally aid in their own right, and I do know that if you are a large enough shit, they dont. Let you drive yourself, because you know you get one drunk sea captain and all of a sudden, you Luxor, our commission said they use a electric towing locomotives to tell those big bad boys right and we should save and just briefly with the locks. If you want to move a ship upward, you flow into a lock. The lot closes behind you and it fills up with water so that you can flowed over the lip of the next higher locking that the causes behind you with that one in that fills in

water and so on and so forth. Its remarkably basic here in an opposite takes place when you're stepping down here, it's basically going into a little square pool. Raising a lowering the water levels. He can go up or down. It's really neat yet and if you ve got a minute I have to tell he could take this voyage Europe in high speed on the Youtube. So, like we said the: U S used, gunboat diplomacy didn't may, and I guess- good old fashion, old Timey, nineteen, oh two swindling church to gain control of the Panama Canal Zone and it had complete control until nineteen, seventy nine. When Jimmy Carter. Malays forever, but there is the assistance they unveil a statue, Jimmy Carter and dismal. Rather it is one of the townspeople does. Is histories greatest monster boy anyway, Carter negotiated with the leader of Panama at the time,

Omar Careers, Herrera and said hey. How would you like to sing back? Give twenty? I think they said: hey we'd, like this back, I like to think of them american magnanimous Dennis measure. So he said you know it without ever this long postpone we're talking Carter, it's entirely possible. He decided containing people answer was yours. Have that we can tell her. Give back is good point, so we're heat he'd be sold like one of the like that the Presidential yeah whistled buy him a really. Why does he thought his revolver in Panama Canal he's like how about this? Let's get rid of a significant portion of art. Me anyway, gives it back after twenty years in December? Thirty. First, ninety, ninety nine, which is why I suspect they made it a twenty year deal yeah, I mean ahead to transition. You can't stand the keys over and the like are Senor crew in

but not only that like why not a fifteen year dealer eating you D Artagnan deal they want with twenty, because it was gonna end in December, thirty. First, ninety nine million here actually that and startled when the right yeah, but you know, look so its symbolic ok, so the Panamanian take over well and dumb immediately start taking flak because the things aging traffic's jammed up. Yet they done a good job with doubts, it's just by nature of how things are these Victims a circumstance, the five percent of the world's trade goes through the Panama canal. We saw them a lemon over can how her over there, the millionth ship went through in two thousand ten hundred forty four thousand ships go through a year and it's a very narrow, little strip you're. That means like a lot of waiting in line puss? Also, there's an upper limit to the size ship they can go through. Its called Panama panel MAX here is

Is this ship size that I've never heard of them? What a great name for the biggest ship, the Panama ex? What could be bigger than that? What these ships that are called post in a MAC. It's actually a lot of verse, shippers or, like you know why I'm tired awaiting its actually going to be more economical. For me, you build a ship that kinda through the Panama canal. We can hold a lot more and all the sail around the lower part of South America and dumb that's kind of increasingly happening plus Iraq were threatened to open their own canal. Subpoena says: ok, whatever way, what's the told a referendum and see if we can expand the thing and modernizing and save the canal and Panamanian said yes, let's go into doesn't six, they approved this third lane yet is expected to be opened. My two dozen fourteen there is Nicaragua still planning a canal. I don't know- I don't know if that shouted down are not well, and there is also talk now. The northwest passage, thanks to what some people might say is climate change in Milton.

Icecaps. There may be a way to get there by land. Henry Hudson is clapping in his grave, so we'll see. If that happened, don't know I didn't get a chance to really look into that research and like how real is that even still, the Panamanian will probably make their five point. Two five billion investment back eventually other took the. U S good forty years to make four hundred million back yeah the Athens to nineteen fifty says when they finally broke. Even yet that's crazy and I'm the break even by charging at all, and I think we, the mention that you always say like any way station or or the passage you gotta pay according to have what how much stuff you got when it I think the record is I looked it up is like a hundred fifty thousand or something yet they do it by tonnage. The thing is, if you are

carrying a lot of really expensive natural gas right. You're gonna pay a lesser toll than if you're carrying a bunch of less expensive or even equal, expensive coal, which is unfair, here, if you transporting a lot of raw steel, why should you pay more so they're they're trying to figure out a new toll system, especially for the newly expanded version, the canal that takes into account the value of the of what's on board, rather than just the wait right. So They make a little more money. Thou I yeah. I don't know this is still accurate, but the record that I have is a hundred and fifty three thousand dollars. Six hundred hundred fifty three thousand six hundred sixty two dollars yeah and the cheapest was when

keep us was when a dude swam across it anyway, like a hundred fifty pounds, and so they charge somewhat like thirty. Six sets yeah that back and nineteen twenty eight Richard Halbert and he swam the Panama Canal, and I guess it was some sort of publicity son, I'm sure people love doing stuff like that back then yeah. But if you look at this, route on Youtube. It's pretty neat and there's a lot of times. We like oh, look out for the vote, and then it turns out tat. Look out, and then it turns out tat, yeah, there's a lot of activity. Other yeah, you know it's not a pleasure crews. Well now, and it's not one ship at a time they they have, like you said two way: traffic going through as efficiently as possible- and I say also the the new acts that they have yeah

serve about sixty percent of the water use. The bill is addressed a lot of environmental concerns. Hopefully I got a couple of facts here. The interested the entrance to the canal neatly oxide is twenty two and a half miles west of the Pacific entrance which has entered Ok, because as a unique S shape- and then the locked themselves are seven feet thick each. So if you wondered how to keep out that much water like two two basic aim of the oceans, you need to do seven foot that concrete ninety two percent of the workforce is panamanian right now, which is rate and its, but all I got sixty million Pounds of dynamite was used to construct this thing. It's a nice, that's chuck! Yes, not bad! You anything else. Now there is Caesar Cowboy Panama Canal,

forever. If you want to learn more about the Panama Canal, you carry this very get article on how the efforts that count, type in Panama, canal or turn and run can now see what happened the latter check on what was a message break. It is time to listen to me. Caution with all this when listener mail about with as an early. Only seven train hidden wings, the Manhattan after a long day, working as an auditor at achieving apron as usual and listen to pack, has the sign of the death mask episode and you are concluding with some of your mail and this is in since it was from Martha regarding peak oil and think Martha was talking about the auditing of reserves- and he says this- she was dreadful. Most part regarding the audit of oil reserves held by into these stocks may be publicly traded on the stock market,

One thing I was so aghast by what I felt needed to type this for my own as among the train, still the SSC, not perform any audits of its own on these companies. It is firms like the one. I worked for the otter. These companies, albeit under Assisi guidelines, actually pc a public company, recite word guidelines. If you wanted it, then the SSC may perform a type of audit. Do they are usually auditing and audit firm or an audit that has already been done by an audit firm as part of some kind of investigation. What so, though, audit and I'd like to ask if I got I have actually been through one of these audits and it is no one at all and it seems everyone who works at s. You see, is what you stereo typically picture. As an with no humor

Put the word. Audit loses all meaning. I digress. There goes the people of a tin k, annual filing for any public company in sea. In the audit opinion, the audit firm, which perform the audit for that particular year, hope that clear things up in recommends and Henry. I am not sure that cleared it up. Madam the thousand accounting, I would probably say: yes, I thank you very much. I mean those very nice of you to correct somebody who is correcting us yet an observer. Sorry, I think this thankee seven train man, the terrible trade. Do. The answer to all red train looks like it's about. I think the midnight we train here now at midnight when I meet training

have any Jones and readily Cooper, and it is actually based on a clear partner. Short story is at an all job between a minimally. He took out spring asleep. It is a great shout Jeff, but he was so. Are you to please take so long? We referred his meals at midnight. I made a joke about culture like twenty four hours. This is not a flame on Fiji. No, we live in and if you have anything you want to know, if you want to crack somebody's corrected us or you just want to say hi whatever you can t do said as well as cape, I cast you can join us on Facebook that complex that we should now. You can send an email to stop. I guess it's carried out common chuck, they can

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hi. I'm Bobby Brown Welcome to my party has beyond the baby so from her radio, I'm here to be sitting down different people each week that I think we can all learn from. I hurt radio is number one for podcast, but don't take my word for it. Listen to on the beauty. I hurt radio APP Apple Todd cast or ever you get your podcast, because we all have something to learn about the real me.