When doktor, posse Jani at Dana farmer cancer institute showed how the easier mutation in lung cancer patients switches on cancer growth, it led to an fda, approved drug. That was the first brought, application of precision medicine in lung cancer. This each. F r inhibitor has led the way for other active, targeted lung cancer therapies find out more about dean of harbour momentum at work at Dana farmer, dot, org, slash stories. From the new york times, I'm sabrina tavern easy. The daily, on the first nationwide test of american students, since the pandemic scores permitted to levels not seen in twenty years. Today I speak to my colleagues, serum of ash, on what the scores tell us about remote learning and on how space or now scrambling

to help students recover its Monday november, fourteenth sera, high hi sabrina, so the last time we worked together was during the early months of the pandemic, and I remember that there was this really heated debate going on over schools and what teaching remotely would mean for students, and it sounds like now we're getting some answers on what we were all guessing at back then yeah. That was one of the most heated debates of the pandemic at animated, so many parents anti tours it was unprecedented to have school, was across the country shut down for months and then going into that next school year. It was a question of when to open how long to stay remote and, as we know, different states and different places.

So different path and now, as time has gone on, we have some more insight into how kids did. during the pandemic and one of the clearest insights behalf, is this key national test and the results are pretty sobering since you're a tell us about this test, I mean. Presumably people have been tracking this already right. What's so important about this particular test yeah. So this is a task called the national assessment of educational progress. It's considered of a gold standard, and it offers one of the only comparable common measures of how students are doing across all fifty states and for more than a dozen large school districts, For that reason, it is often called the nations report card. This test measures, skills in two areas: math and reading, and tests kids in two important grades, which was fourth grade and eighth grade, and these are considered in important

I'll stones and fourth grade you're sort of exiting early, elementary school learning, all the basics and heading into opera, lamentably, school and then middle school? And an eighth read your soon be headed into high school, and typically this test is given every two years, but because of the pandemic, it was delayed a year. So this is the first time since twenty nineteen- and it is our first in a real, comprehensive, authoritative assessment of how kids fairer during the pandemic and Cyril. What were the results of this really important test? The results were pretty devastating almost across the board, but particularly in math,

and so in math. In eighth grade, for example, scores declined in forty nine of fifty states and nearly every state wow, twenty six percent, so one in four eighth graders are proficient in math and that's down from thirty four percent or about one in three in two thousand and nineteen. So, for example, in eighth grade it means that fewer kids could do something like measuring the length of a diagonal in a rectangle or fewer kids can convert miles two yards so only a quarter of all each breeders, your proficient in math. According to this test, now pretty sobering. and sir. What about? Fourth graters yeah? Fourth greater spared only slightly about our, so there were

klein's and math and fourth grade and forty one states, and that has meant that just thirty six percent, a fourth graters- are proficient in math down from forty one percent, and in the nineteen also very low yeah. It's been started. What about reading what happened there? So there were still declines in reading. It was a little bit less across the board, but definitely still concerning so reading, scores declined and more than half the states and no stage showed sizable improvement in reading. So, in terms of proficiency for both fourth and eighth grade, the results were pretty similar and meant that about one in three students were proficient in reading that can sound like a pretty startling number, only one and three, but it doesn't mean that the other two and three students can't read it all, but they may be not have in a full mastery

of the material on the skills that are needed. So things like analysis and comprehension. so it sounds like the pandemic really had this just devastating effect on academic progress on american Yeah I mean in the matter of three years the pandemic wiped away, essentially twenty years of slow progress and and more or less We and and particular on mass, very steep decline. The largest declines, though we ve ever seen in math and fourth end eighth grade. So sarah. Given all of that, what do we now know about remote learning and whether a works? I'm going back to that argument, we were all having at the beginning of pandemic. Like do we know the answer now, yeah I mean I think, at the highest level, We know that remote learning was not great for kids and

in general, the longer that schools were closed, the longer that kid span learning online at home, the worth of they did, but how that breaks down as pretty complicated, for example, you know and fourth grade math the longer that places were remote, the worse kids tended to do. But if you look at reading, for example, the connection is weaker and why would that be? Sir yeah? You talk to experts who believe that this is because math in general is more affected by what happens in school, whereas reading in a parents are generally more comfortable with reading there during bedtime stories were their kids, whereas mass like you're, not saying like hey, do some. You know bedtime fractions, you know before you

go to sleep tonight right side. I think there's what about half a set that maybe parents were helping kids a bit more worth reading at home and another example of where this stuff it's a little complicated, is when you look at state by state comparisons, so there are places that state remote in quite a long time like maryland or virginia. That saw some pretty significant declines, but then you will get a place like california, which was sort of a leader nationally and in keeping schools close the longest and compare california to a place like florida, which was a trailblazer in opening schools sooner, and you see that those two states have ad declines that were pretty similar interesting. What do you make of that and yeah? I mean I was a little surprised by california's results and both of those places where are sort of claiming political credit for their decisions in florida. As saying like this arms our decision to open school sooner and california sang look at her

Are our recovery is going in and we're doing really well, and so I guess, but I make a bet while there are there's a lot of reasons and in evidence that remote learning was harmful for kids, it is complicated and there are a lot of other factors I play besides just the status of remote learning, One thing that we do know is that our countries, education system- Incredibly, unequal and the pandemic and decisions, Remote learning only exacerbated some really deep eggs,

staying inequalities and education will be re back. Indigenous peoples must be in this patience for all the work. We are only five percent of the once populations, but we are protecting eighty percent of the word this by a day. The city, so we are not only victims. We are also a solution that was hindu, merou Ibrahim, a role towards laureate in environmental advocate, who works to raise the voice of indigenous people to help tackle climate change, to discover other inspiring leaders visit in times dot, com, flash modern dash leaders, I'm gonna, Martin, the host of the modern love podcast in every episode peak into it, intimate corner of someone's life and learn about what

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you can listen to modern love wherever you get your pad casts so sarah, before the break, you were talking about inequality in education, as is a really serious downstream consequence of all this learning lost within talking about tell me what that means. Equally well. I don't think it's gonna. Come as a huge surprise to anyone that, even before the pandemic, there was massive inequality and our countries education system, so some care. come to school and go through school with incredible advantages. They have wealth at home, they have resources, they have a safe place. study and all of those supports and others come in behind and not manifests itself in things like what kind of access to books today have growing up as a young kid are there disparities that make their school not have a ton of money who can afford a tutor or extra help outside of school, and it probably also as a surprise,

that this often breaks down along lines of class and race. So, kids from low income, families, are generally more likely to struggle and school have lower scores than kids, from wealthier families and in general, blackness. Like a native american students on average score lower than some of their white and asian pierce right. Basically, schools referred Our broader society and all of its inequalities. Exactly and those issues of inequality have control to this really worrying trend that was already taking place before the pandemic, which is this growing gap that we ve been seeing, between our highest performers and our low us performers and school. So, even though, the condemning those groups of students, the kids at the bottom of their class at the top of their class, were going further apart that was really being driven by law, says among the lowest performer. So you know kids, who were struggling the most in their bottom ten. Twenty five percent,

and had only been losing ground, while top reformers at the top of their class may have been holding study or even gaining. So this was haven't even before the pandemic and wood spain's it I mean. I think there are a lot of factors I plan to it in its inner, probably fair, to speculate that all of the ways that our society is becoming unequal plays and tonight, but one day take away. We have from the task and a lot of other information we? How about there is thought that gap is only growing worse in what way so, for example, in fourth grade math

the top performers, the students and the ninetieth percentage of their class, lost two points on the test during the pandemic, so they lost some ground, but the bottom performer, so students who, in the bottom ten percent of their class they lost seven points so more than those at the top of the class. Whilst the kids who struggled the most lost a lot more ground than the top performers did, yes so two points compared to seven points and again it's important to remember the students at the bottom were already at the bottom. They didn't have a ton of ground to lose and so to see the top performers sort of generally holding steady. Two points is sort of a flat line compared to the students at the bottom, who are dropping off and again, as you said, this lines up with the types of inequalities that have been part of our society for a long time, yeah and in fact some researchers from Stanford and Harvard did an analysis of these latest

test results and found that yes, remote learning was a driver of educational outcomes over this period. But actually poverty was more of a driver, then even remote learning, and what do you make of that? Sir? Well, there are a lot of reasons why remote learning the pandemic, everything that came with these past few years or harder for lower income students struggling students. There was a pretty striking statistic that was part of this test in a survey to students. They asked you know about their conditions of learning, and you know in fourth grade math, for example, the low performing students, those students who are sort of in the bottom their class. Only half of them had access to a computer at all times during the twenty twenty and twenty one school year compared to eighty percent of high performing students,

a similar sort of dynamic played out with having access to a quiet place to work. So you can imagine in a low income student, a kid who struggling in school. You know in a crowded space at home, there's also like a lot going on during this time. We know that during much of his time, vaccines were not available. We know covert hit and comes community is black and a spanner communities at harder rates. Family members may have been dying, they may have had it been caring for assembling LAO apparent is working there's there, so many factors that go into this and a lot of them reflect the deep An equity is in our society and the pandemic, as we know, really laid bare all of those sera for these kids, the ones Talking about here who had the most learning lost during the pandemic. What does all this mean for them? What does it mean for their future yeah? This is really important. Students who are

What sort of on track to be proficient readers and early elementary school can go on to struggle the whole rest of their careers. Students who are not on track by ninth grade can be less likely to graduate from high school and go on to college, and all of that can affect the quality of your life for years to come. they are healthier happiness. How much you make and those are millions, millions, american children who are in school right now and we're talking about their futures. So this whole times here, we ve been talking about the problems, but I want to talk about what about the potential solutions and what we can say about them? What are people doing to try to fix this yeah? This is where it gets back to who we're just talking about like who are the kids who are most harmed, and how can we target resources to help them the most? So the federal government has invested historic amounts of money in schools to help students recover from the pandemic. This is part of

The thought are all pandemic relief package that was passed, and so the last round of that was a hundred twenty three billion dollars well and that works out about twenty four hundred dollars per student. sensible, not a. It, is a lot of money. It represents the federal government's largest single investment and american schools, but there's not a lot of oversight on what schools should do with that money. One of the only requirements the government has given. As that schools need to spend at least twenty percent of the money on academic recovery. Just twenty percent isn't the whole point to catch,

up, it is, but there are also a lot of other things that were going on and kids lives in a lot of kids had struggles of mental health during the pandemic, so lots of places are using some of this money to fund things like firing. Extra councillors and schools have been under invested in for a very long time and so someplace to deciding to use this money for things like upgrading the facility is or a new building projects. So these are things that would actually directly benefit kids but might not be considered academic recovery per se yeah? Exactly schools have had a balance a lot, but there is a growing consensus and sort of call of alarm to really make sure were spending their money on academic recovery because It is important to remember that we have a limited amount of time to catch kids up, particularly kids,

We were older and middle and high school and they've had several years now affected by the pandemic and we're on a time frame to make sure that they're on track to graduate. So a lot of this money is being spent on academic recovery and one of the most promising areas and in pillar strategy is tutoring. The researchers shown. We know that tutoring, when done in small groups of three to four students with trained tudor multiple. times a week during the school day. That is one of the most effective ways to help students excel. their learning got its tutoring works, but is it enough to catch kids? so tutoring alone is unlikely to solve this problem for all of our children, for example, there's some research that has shown tutoring when done while, under these conditions can yield something like nineteen weeks of additional gains for students. That's a lot but for low income. Kids, who,

and at a school that was remote for a long time. Those students have lost delay twenty two weeks of instructions, so you can see that there is still a gap even with one of the most promising interventions out their nineteen weeks versus twenty two weeks. and so there are people who are calling for even more dramatic action. Doing things like extended in a school day or even extending the school year, and I talked to one researcher who sort of made the argument that actually there are ways to combine these strategies to sort of supercharged them. If you will so, let's hey you extended your school day for an hour or two, and you use that time to make sure that kids were getting tutoring during the school day. You could see how that would help kids make up that lost ground. Right, but totally reinventing the school day or school year that sums it gets a tough, so yeah

I can't be controversial and politically a big ass, more talking about things that are really valued in our culture and of american tradition like some are vacations and time after school for sports activities. Other things and at the same time there are experts and people who are well versed in this. You are making the case that the pandemic disrupted our lives in society and changed the trajectory of students, careers, and so the interventions need to be equally disruptors. So this is busy. the a giant experiment that our schools or having to perform in real time, with huge consequences for students yeah has a timer on it, because the money, the federal money, that the government- Ok, it needs to be a sort of spoken for by twenty twenty four. This is our shop to spend the money in the right way and help kids catch up

You're. One of the lessons of all of this I mean given everything you ve described. You know how difficult and quite devastating it's been for underprivileged kids, who really are the future of the car Three was this much remote learning, for So long a mistake. You know it's a good question, serene and it's a really hard one to answer. If you think back where we were in twenty twenty. We didn't have as much information. As we have now, families and educators you're, making very very deeply personal decisions that sort of pit health and safety, no versus the academic and social and emotional wellbeing of kids against one another. That's an impossible position to be able were afraid. Yeah people, work and people have strong opinions on both sides, as they should, because these are our kids. While it is a good question, it is maybe not the one that we should be focused on right now. The question that I think we should be focused on now is: where do we go from here

What do we do about this? How do we, you know, use this moment to help kids catch up, but also begin to close gaps that, as we've talked about, have existed for a long time and were existing or the pandemic. This is a pivotal moment and mistakes could not be higher, because these are our kids and it's their futures, sierra you think, he's sabrina, we'll be right back. here's what trending. Now you can defer payment of a full nets. Implementation for six months. Thirty, three thousand but he's have already upgraded to meet sweet, gaining visibility and control over their financials inventory. Hr e commerce and more everything they need to use manual processes, boost efficiency, build forecasts and increase productivity. Whether your business generates millions

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To account for male in which favoured democrats, those victories mean Democrats have, at the very least, reestablish there. Fifty fifty majority in the senate, where vice president Kabila Harris holds the thai breaking vote for the party democrats, could increase the majority to fifty one, depending on the outcome of a run off election next month in georgia. Meanwhile democrats have a small chance of keeping control of the house after flipping a seat held by Republican in washington state to hold the chain Democrats would have to win the majority of house races still to be called many of them in California. Finally, Ukraine took back the southern city of her soul on friday, a strategic prize that a major blow to russian president vladimir Putin? It was russia's third major treat of the war and came just weeks after Putin declared the her suddenly to be part of russia,

over the weekend scenes of jubilation laid out in her son, were crowds of local residents, greeted ukrainian soldiers and waved cranium flags welcoming them along on the main street, unlike russia's sudden retreat several months ago from an area in ukraine, store feast which happened almost overnight. Fridays retreat was slower and more controlled, with no evidence that russian soldiers were fleeing, haphazard Lee. Today's episode was produced by look wonderfully and will read it was edited by patricia villains, contains original music idea in power and marion lozano and was engineered by Chris. Would our theme music is by children earth and by means of wonderment

That's it for the dignan, I'm sabrina tavern. You see cinema.